Izingxenye eziyinhloko zezindiza. Ukuhlelwa kwezindiza

Ukusungulwa kwe-indiza avunyelwe hhayi kuphela afeze iphupho elidala isintu - ayokuhlula esibhakabhakeni, kodwa futhi ukudala imodi esheshayo zokuthutha. Ngokungafani Balloons kanye nezindiza, ezindizeni engaphansi kancane phezu vagaries of sezulu, ingahamba amabanga amade ngejubane eliphezulu. Izingxenye indiza aqukethe amaqembu elandelayo kwesakhiwo: iphiko, fuselage, umsila, kokwehla gear, amandla isitshalo control izinhlelo, imishini ehlukahlukene.

Umgomo we operation

Aircraft - indiza (LA) kusinda kunakho emoyeni, ifakwe isitshalo amandla. Nalokhu kuyingxenye ezibucayi indiza ukudala iphuzu kudingekile indiza - ezisebenza (ukushayela) force ukuthi siqhamuka phansi noma indiza injini (bendiza noma jet injini). Uma screw itholakala phambi injini, ibizwa ngokuthi wokudonsa, futhi uma emuva - baphokophelele. Ngakho, injini ukhiqiza ukunyakaza Translational isihlobo izindiza kuya medium ezungeze (emoyeni). Ngakho, umoya ihamba isihlobo ephikweni, nokuthi kudala amandla nokuphakamisa ngenxa ukunyakaza Translational. Ngakho-ke, le mishini yayithatha ungagcina emoyeni kuphela uma isivinini ethile indiza.

Yini igama indiza

Umzimba siqukethe le izingxenye ezilandelayo:

• Fuselage - iyona umzimba omkhulu izindiza, yokuxhuma ku lonke iphiko (iphiko), izimpaphe, amandla izinhlelo, chassis kanye nezinye izingxenye. I fuselage izinkudla crew, abagibeli (civil aviation), imishini kanye Inkokhelo. Kungase futhi ibekwe (ngaso sonke isikhathi) fuel, chassis, izinjini, njll .. d.
• I motors esetshenziselwa ukushayela ukuhamba izindiza.
• Wing - ebusweni ukusebenza, eklanyelwe ukwakha lift.
• umsila Kuqondile eyenzelwe handling, kulinganisa nokuzinza ohlangothini indiza mayelana eksisi eqonde ngqo phezulu.
• umsila ovundlile eyenzelwe handling, kulinganisa nokuzinza ohlangothini indiza mayelana eksisi evundla kabili.

Amaphiko futhi fuselage

The main ingxenye isakhiwo izindiza - iphiko. It kudala izimo ukugcwaliseka izidingo esiyinhloko amathuba indiza - khona lift. Iphiko unamathele umzimba (fuselage), okungenzeka isimo esithile, kodwa ngangokunokwenzeka nge sakugcina hudula sokunciphisa umoya lapho zindiza. Kuze kube yimanje, inikeza elula yokuquba ovikelekile ukuma.

Ngaphambili ingxenye izindiza isetshenziselwa nokubekwa abanikeze asebenza nabo kanye radar izinhlelo. Ngesikhathi ezingemuva kuyinto okuthiwa umsila. Usebenzela ukunikezela ukulawula ngesikhathi indiza.

Umklamo izimpaphe

Cabanga indiza Ngokwesilinganiso, ingxenye umsila zazo senziwa ngokusho isikimu zakudala, okuvame ukuhlotshiswa ngayo izinhlobo eziningi amasosha nezakhamuzi. Kulokhu, umsila ovundlile yakhiwe yingxenye esinqunyiwe - isimame (ezisusela olimini lwesiLatin Stabilis, ezinzile) kanye ezithathekayo - ikheshi.

I isimame ukhonza ukungadluliseli ukuzinza izindiza mayelana eksisi transverse. Uma ekhaleni izindiza ziyokuwa ke, ngokufanelekile, fuselage aft, kanye nezinsiba bavuke. Kulokhu, umfutho womoya on the upper ebusweni isimame ukwanda. Kwenziwe ingcindezi isimame ukubuyiselwa (ngokulandelana, futhi fuselage) isikhundla yayo yasekuqaleni. Lapho ephakamisa ekhaleni we fuselage of komoya kuzokhulisa ingcindezi ephansi ebusweni isimame, futhi uzobuyela esikhundleni saso sasekuqaleni. Lokhu kunikeza okuzenzakalelayo (ngaphandle kokungenela umshayeli) LA nekusimama indiza longitudinal maqondana eksisi transverse.

Ezingemuva izindiza sihlanganisa umsila mpo. Ngokufanayo, ovundlile, liqukethe a esinqunyiwe okuyingxenye - the keel, neselula - iphini. Keel kunikeza indiza ukuzinza ezinyakazayo mayelana axis awo mpo indiza ovundlile. Umgomo we operation kuyafana isenzo fin isimame - yokwala ekhaleni keel baphambukile ngakwesokudla kuya kwesokunxele, ingcindezi sangakwesokudla indiza inyuka nokubuyiselwa keel (kanye fuselage) isikhundla eyedlule.

Ngakho, ngokuphathelene ezimbili eksisi indiza ukuzinza kuyinto izimpaphe kuqinisekiswe. Kepha kwakukhona nolunye-eksisi - longitudinal. Ukuhlinzeka othomathikhi ukunyakaza ukuzinza maqondana ukuthi-eksisi (ku transverse indiza) glider iphiko console ahlelwe hhayi nendawo kodwa ngesikhathi isihlobo engela komunye nomunye ukuze kube semikhawulweni aduduze baphambukile phezulu. Ilungiselelo elinjalo ungathi incwadi «V».

nohlelo lokuphatha

Control evele - izingxenye ezibalulekile indiza yokulawula izindiza. Lezi zihlanganisa ailerons, umkhumbi futhi ukuphakama. Control inikezwa ngenhlonipho efanayo izimbazo amathathu efanayo izindiza ezintathu.

Elevator - ingxenye ezithathekayo ezingemuva isimame. Uma isimame siqukethe kubakaki ezimbili, ngokulandelana, kukhona ezimbili ikheshi okuyinto hlanhlatha liye phezulu noma phansi, bobabili synchronously. Ngalo, umshayeli Ungashintsha engamamitha indiza izindiza.

IRudder - ingxenye ezithathekayo ezingemuva keel. Lapho ibizwa baphambukile kwelinye direction noma kwenye ke kwenzeka amandla sokunciphisa umoya lapho zindiza okuyinto uzungeza indiza mayelana eksisi eqonde ngqo phezulu edabula maphakathi mass kolunye uhlangothi kusukela isiqondiso ukuphambuka amasondo ayo. Ukuzungelezisa kwenzeka nje umshayeli ingabuyeli amasondo ayo kuya kokungathathi hlangothi (non-baphambukile isikhundla), kanye LA siyofeza ukunyakaza entsha.

Ailerons (kusukela French Aile, iphiko.) - ingxenye eyinhloko indiza, okuyizinto ezithathekayo izingxenye iphiko panel. Zisetshenziswa ukulawula indiza mayelana eksisi longitudinal (indiza transverse). Kusukela iphiko panel ezimbili, kanye ailerons futhi ezimbili. Basebenza synchronously, kodwa, ngokungafani kuya zommbila, hhayi baphambukile ohlangothini olulodwa, futhi ehlukile. Uma omunye aileron is baphambukile upwardly, omunye phansi. Iphiko console lapho aileron baphambukile phezulu ephakamisa amandla kuyehla, futhi lapho phansi - iyakhula. Futhi fuselage bezindiza uzungeza e isiqondiso aileron ephakanyiswe.

izinjini

Zonke izindiza anemisila uhlelo ngamandla elivumela ekuthuthukiseni isivinini, futhi ngenxa yalokho unikeze amandla nokuphakamisa. Izinjini angase abekwe ngemuva indiza (ejwayelekile ekuphonsweni), ngaphambili (izimoto ezincane-injini) futhi amaphiko (izindiza empini, ezokuthutha, webhomu).

Basuke ihlukaniswe:

• Esisheshayo - turbojet, ejabhile, ezimbili-circuit, ngokusebenzisa-ukugeleza.
• Intulo - Piston (bendiza enophephela), turboprop.
• Missile - ketshezi, okuqinile.

Ezinye izinhlelo

Yiqiniso, kwezinye izingxenye izindiza nayo ibalulekile. Chassis uvumele izindiza suka futhi izwe airfields ifakwe. Kukhona izilwane zasemhlabeni, lapho yamabhola antantayo ekhethekile asetshenziswa esikhundleni chassis - abavumela ukuba akhumule nezwe ngasiphi indawo lapho kukhona emanzini (kolwandle, umfula, ichibi). imodeli Akaziwa bezindiza ukukhanya ifakwe eqhweni, ukusetshenziswa ezindaweni esitebeleni snow ikhava.

izindiza Modern zigcwele izimpahla ezisebenza ngogesi, amadivaysi zokuxhumana kanye ne-transmission kolwazi. Ngo zezindiza ezempi isebenzisa eyinkimbinkimbi isikhali izinhlelo, target wokutholakala isignali ukucindezelwa.

ngezigaba

Ngu aphoyintimenti izindiza zihlukaniswe amaqembu amabili: civil nezempi. Ingxenye esemqoka indiza umgibeli zinezikhathi kokuba gumbi ahlomele abagibeli bangazihluphi ingxenye enkulu fuselage. Isici ehlukile iyona portholes ezinhlangothini emzimbeni.

Civil Aircraft zihlukaniswe zibe:

• Passenger - izindiza basekhaya, omakhelwane main (ububanzi engaphansi kuka 2000 km), kusho (ububanzi engaphansi kuka 4000 km) eside (ibanga engaphansi kuka 9000 km) kanye InterContinental (ububanzi ezingaphezu kuka-11 000 km).
• Cargo - Khanyisa (isisindo wezimpahla abafika kwabangu-10 wamathani), eliphakathi (umthwalo isisindo izimpahla ezingamathani angu-40) futhi elisindayo (isisindo umthwalo phezu amathani 40).
• injongo Special - enelanga, ezolimo, ukukhalipha (ice kwesimo endaweni, ryborazvedka), nemililo, ngoba izithombe zasemoyeni.
• Ukuqeqeshwa.

Ngokungafani amamodeli empini, ingxenye izindiza zempi babe gumbi ukhululekile portholes. Ingxenye esemqoka ye-fuselage ubambe izikhali izinhlelo, imishini lujula, ukuxhumana, izinjini nezinye amayunithi.

Ngu aphoyintimenti yesimanje wezempi izindiza (kufaka imisebenzi yezempi abawenza) zingahlukaniswa zibe lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo: bomlilo, ukuhlaselwa izindiza, ekuhlaseleni (missile), ukuphepha kwesimo endaweni, zokuthutha impahla yempi, akhethekile izindawo asizayo.

kudivayisi izindiza

I-apharathasi bezindiza incike wesifunda sokunciphisa umoya lapho zindiza, ngazo akhiwa. umdwebo sokunciphisa umoya lapho zindiza libhekene enanini lama-elementi eziyisisekelo futhi ilungiselelo ezishelelayo izithelo. Uma ekhaleni indiza e iningi models efanayo, indawo kanye geometry wamaphiko kanye kwesigaba umsila ziyahlukahluka kakhulu.

Kukhona izifunda ezilandelayo idivayisi LA:

• "Classical".
• "Iphiko Flying".
• "Duck".
• "Waphansi".
• "Tandem".
• uhlelo Convertible.
• uhlelo Kuhlanganiswe.

Aircraft eyenziwe isikimu classical

Cabanga ingxenye eyinhloko izindiza kanye nemisebenzi yabo. Classical (evamile) ukuhleleka izingxenye neyesifunda esivamile amadivayisi kunazo zonke emhlabeni, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi amasosha noma zomsebenzi. The main element - iphiko - ezisebenza emsulwa ukugeleza ungaphazamisekile okuyinto zihambe ngokushelela iphiko futhi sidala ephakamisa ezithile amandla.

Umnsalo we izikebhe mfushane, esehlisa endaweni edingekayo (futhi kungakho mass) we isimame mpo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i-ekhaleni we fuselage okubangela kungasimamisi yaw ukucabanga eksisi eqonde ngqo phezulu indiza. Ukunciphisa fuselage phambili ukuthuthukisa kwamehlo phambi Nenkabazwe.

I yokuntula kohlelo evamile zimi kanje:

• Jobe umsila ovundlile (HT) kanye iphiko slant ubuyophazamiseka ekusakazeni iyehlisa nokusebenza ngendlela, kube nesidingo ukusetshenziswa izimpaphe indawo enkulu (futhi kungakho mass).
• umsila mpo (IN) ukuhlinzeka indiza ukuzinza kufanele ukudala negative lift amandla, ie phansi. Lokhu kunciphisa ukusebenza kahle jikelele indiza: ubukhulu bale lift, okuyinto kwakha iphiko, kubalulekile ukuba siqale ukusebenza, okuyinto wadala on the GO. anda iphiko endaweni kumele kusetshenziswe iwukudambisa lokhu mkhuba (futhi kungakho mass).

izindiza idivaysi "duck"

Nge lesi sakhiwo, ingxenye eyinhloko indiza ezibekwe ngendlela ehlukile kuka e onobuhle "classical". Okokuqala, izinguquko umsila lomugqa ovundlile. Itholakala phambi kwelinye iphiko. Ngaphansi kwalesi sikhwama, ezakhiwe indiza yakhe yokuqala Bratya Rayt.

izinzuzo:

• umsila Kuqondile egijima ukugeleza bengaphazamisekile, okwandisa ukusebenza kwawo ngempumelelo.
• Ukuqinisekisa ukuzinza izimpaphe indiza kudala lift omuhle, ie yengezwe lift iphiko. Lokhu kuvumela ukunciphisa endaweni yayo, futhi ngenxa yalokho, isisindo.
• Zemvelo "antispin" Ukuvikelwa: kungenzeka ngokudlulisela amaphiko at engele supercritical zokuhlasela ngokuba "amadada" ezikhishiwe. I isimame isethwe ukuze uthola engela enkulu yokuhlasela ngaphandle iphiko.
• Ukuhambisa emuva indiza ebalulekile nge ukukhuphula ijubane lapho "duck" kwenzeka kancane kuka ilungiselelo classical. Lokhu kuholela izinguquko ezincane lizinga lekusimama longitudinal kazibuthe izindiza, esikhundleni salokho, lula ukuphathwa zezici zalo.

Okumbi kohlelo "duck":

• Ngu ukubhidliza ukugeleza ku feathering kwenzeka hhayi kuphela ngesikhathi indiza ophumayo engeli ezincane zokuhlasela, kodwa futhi yayo "nokuwohloka" ngenxa zokunciphisa yayo Imininingwane ephakamisa amandla. Lokhu kuyingozi ikakhulukazi ezweni ngenxa budebuduze ukusuka kanye kokwehla.
• Ukuba khona kule phambili fuselage umsila olimaza Ukubuyekeza izindlela Nenkabazwe aphansi.
• Ukuze wehlise endaweni ubude phambi GO fuselage phambili libalulekile. Lokhu kwandisa kungasimamisi yaw isikhashana, futhi ngenxa yalokho, ukwandisa endaweni nesisindo isakhiwo.

Aircraft senziwe "waphansi"

Ngo onobuhle yalolu hlobo akubalulekile, ingxenye ajwayelekile indiza. Photo of izindiza "beskhvostok" ( "Concord", "Mirage", "mlilo") ebonisa ukuthi abanakho umsila ovundlile. Izinzuzo esemqoka leliqhinga yilezi:

• Ukunciphisa engaphelele ukumelana sokunciphisa umoya lapho zindiza, okuyinto ebaluleke ikakhulukazi izindiza ngesivinini, ezifana sihamba. Lokhu kunciphisa kaphethiloli.
• iphiko elikhulu rigidity torsional ukuthi ngcono izici aeroelastic siyithola izici eliphezulu maneuverability.

nemibi:

• Ukuze ngokulingene kwezinye izindlela indiza ingxenye nokukhanda trailing onqenqemeni (enezinto) kanye ezidingekayo ukulawula evele azingenwa phezulu, esehlisa lift jikelele we indiza.
• Inhlanganisela LA ilawula izimbazo evundla longitudinal (ngenxa ukungabikho ikheshi), ke liwohloka izici yokusingatha. Ukuswelakala kokusebenza ngokuhlanganyela feathering ezikhethekile kwenza ukulawula evele kukhona onqenqemeni emuva iphiko, ukuze afeze (uma kunesidingo) icala futhi ailerons kanye nezinqolobane zommbila. Lezi evele ukulawula kukhona okuthiwa elevons.
• Ukusetshenziswa esebenza ngemishini ukulinganisela izindiza olimaza ukusuka kanye kokwehla libe nezici.

"Iphiko Flying"

Nge leliqhinga, kukhona cishe akukho ingxenye izindiza ezifana fuselage. Yonke imali adingekayo nokubekwa crew, Inkokhelo, injini, uphethiloli imishini kukhona phakathi iphiko. Leli cebo has izinzuzo ezilandelayo:

• I aphansi hudula sokunciphisa umoya lapho zindiza.
• Ungqimba owesincane isakhiwo. Kulokhu, yonke inhlama uwela lundiza.
• Njengoba indiza longitudinal usayizi ezincane (ngenxa yokuntuleka fuselage), umzuzwana kungasimamisi maqondana axis awo mpo azinakwa. Lokhu kuvumela abaklami ukuba noma kakhulu ukunciphisa endaweni IN, noma ukukhetha ukuphuma ezikhangisweni ke (izinyoni zaziwa umsila mpo engekho).

I yokuntula kukhona yinkimbinkimbi indiza nokusimama izindiza.

"Tandem"

Isikimu "Ngohlelo", lapho amaphiko amabili ahlelwe ngokulandelana, kuyaqabukela asetshenziswa. Le isixazululo isetshenziswa ukwandisa endaweni iphiko at nezindinganiso ezifanayo amplitude yayo futhi ubude fuselage. Lokhu kunciphisa umthwalo ethize lundiza. I yokuntula kwalesi sikhwama iyona hudula ezinkulu sokunciphisa umoya lapho zindiza, kukhuphuke mzuzu inertia, ikakhulukazi ngokuhlobene eksisi transverse indiza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokwandisa ijubane indiza ukushintsha izici ibhalansi longitudinal indiza. Ukuqondisa ebusweni Jets ezinjalo zingase ngokufanele ngqo phezu kwamaphiko, futhi izimpaphe.

uhlelo elihlangene

Kulokhu, izingxenye ingxenye indiza ingahlanganiswa amaqhinga ahlukahlukene kwesakhiwo. Ngokwesibonelo, umsila evundla enikeziwe in the ziza kuqala nokuhlala fuselage aft. Bangabaholi okuthiwa ophethe amandla nokuphakamisa lingasetshenziswa.

Kulokhu, stabilizers acinene ovundlile kanye enezinto ukunikeza lift owengeziwe. iphimbo isikhashana lapho ephakama Kulokhu izodluliselwa ukwandisa engela kuhlasela (ekhaleni amanga). Ngenxa yalesi sikhathi UParry tailplane has ukudala iphuzu ukuze wehlise engela kuhlasela (ekhaleni lehla). Ukuze wenze lokhu, amandla phezu kwesigaba umsila kufanele iqondiswe futhi phezulu. Okungukuthi, anyuswe uNtshongwana emotweni yakhe ngaleso GO phambili ku ezamaphiko GO (futhi ngalesosizathu kuyo yonke indiza) ngaphandle ukuyivala indiza longitudinal. Kulokhu, indiza nje liphuma ngaphandle kwemvelo mayelana layo maphakathi mass. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma onjalo ukucushwa sokunciphisa umoya lapho zindiza indiza ke angafeza ukuvela maphakathi mass indiza longitudinal ngaphandle kokushintsha trajectory indiza yayo.

Amandla okwenza ezinjalo aqondisa kakhulu ngcono izici ukusebenza ukujika izindiza. Ikakhulukazi lihambisana ngqo ohlangothini amandla uhlelo lokulawula, okuyiwona izindiza akumelwe nje bagcine ngokufuna anomsila, futhi a longitudinal umnsalo feathering.

uhlelo convertible

Iinsetjenziswa indiza ezakhiwa isikimu Convertible, zihlukaniswa destabilizer ku fuselage phambili. Destabilizers umsebenzi ukunciphisa ngezinga elithile, ngisho nokuqedwa ephelele ukunyakaza emuva indiza sokunciphisa umoya lapho zindiza gxila leSupersonic indiza imibuso. Lokhu kwandisa maneuverability indiza (okuyinto ebaluleke for ukulwa) futhi kukhulisa ububanzi futhi kunciphisa petrol (lokhu kubalulekile ukuze leSupersonic umgibeli izindiza).

Destabilizer ingaphinda isetshenziswe ku ukusuka / kokwehla amaphuzu ukuze sivale lapho sisilela imodi yehle, okuyinto kubangelwa ukuphambuka we imishini kokwehla (enezinto, the enezinto) noma ekhaleni fuselage. Ngezinye Subsonic indiza imibuso destabilizer itholakala phakathi fuselage noma ukufakwa ekusebenzeni komoya vane (ngamakhasimende ngokukhululekile ezisezansi).