Amandla ionization athomu

Ionization amandla - isici esiyinhloko ye-athomu. Ithola nemvelo futhi amandla izibopho zamakhemikhali, okuyinto uyakwazi ukwakha athomu. Ukunciphisa izakhiwo izinto (elula) futhi kuncike lesi sici.

Umqondo "ionization amandla" ngezinye izikhathi esikhundleni selithi "ionization wokuqala engaba» (I1), okusho ukuthi amandla amancane kakhulu, okuyinto edingekayo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi i-electron esuswa athomu khulula, uma usesimweni esinjalo sokwenziwa kwezinto zibe namandla, okuthiwa ephansi.

Ikakhulukazi, okuthiwa yamandla ezikhungweni zokuphehla hydrogen atom, esidingeka proton we lamabutho electron. Ukuze ama-athomu nge-electron ezimbalwa khona umqondo kwesibili, kwesitsatfu, njll ionization nekhono.

Amandla ionization of the athomu ye-hydrogen - inani ukuthi esinye isikhathi iyona energy of electron, kanye nezinye - amandla bezikhali ohlelweni.

Amandla amakhemikhali athomu ye-hydrogen luchazwa «Ea» uphawu, futhi isibalo amandla ezingaba kohlelo kanye namandla electron kungenziwa esashiwo ifomula: Ea = E T = -Ze / 2.R.

Le nkulumo ibonisa ukuthi ukuzinza uhlelo ngqo okuhlobene icala enuzi kanye nebanga phakathi futhi electron. I ezincane lokhu ibanga, aba maningi icala ku-nucleus, kulapho basondela, uhlelo sizinze kakhulu futhi uzinze ngokwengeziwe, amandla ngaphezulu kumele wachitha ngesikhathi sekhefu ukuxhumana.

Kusobala ukuthi ezingeni energy wachitha ukubhujiswa yokuxhumana izinhlelo ingafaniswa ukuzinza: ayanda amandla, ohlelweni uzinze ngokwengeziwe.

Amandla ionization kuyi-athomu ye - (amandla adingekayo ukuze aphule izibopho endaweni athomu ye-hydrogen) yabalelwa ngu zokucwaninga. Namuhla, inani layo ncamashi 13.6 ev (electron volts) eyaziwa. Kamuva abacwaningi, futhi esebenzisa uchungechunge ucwaningo bakwazi ukubala amandla adingekayo ukuze ukwa athomu ngenxa - electron izinhlelo ehlanganisa electron eyodwa futhi nucleus ngaphandle kwenkokhiso, kabili icala kuyi-athomu ye-hydrogen. Ukuze zokuhlola esabekwa ukuthi Kulezo zimo kudinga 54,4 ev.

Imithetho electrostatic eyaziwa siyavuma ukuthi amandla ionization edingekayo ukuze aphule isibopho phakathi bahlukene amacala (Z e), inqobo nje uma zisendaweni R ibanga, is fixed (enqunywe) kule ndaba: T = Ze / R.

Lokhu amandla wakhona inani amacala futhi, ngakho-ke, kuyinto inhlukanozigaba ibanga. Lokhu kungokwemvelo: amacala ngaphezulu, ukuya ngokuqina amandla yokuxhuma kubo, amandla amakhulu ngaphezulu iyadingeka ukushaya ukuze ngiphule isixhumanisi phakathi kwazo. Kuyefana nasendleleni ibanga: ezincane kuba, namandla amandla ionization, kulapho kuyodingeka ibhaxa ukuphula uxhumano.

Lokhu kucabanga uyachaza ukuthi kungani uhlelo nenkokhiso enamandla i-nucleus ye-athomu omoya-ezinzile futhi idinga amandla ukususa i-electron.

Umbuto bese uyavuka: "Uma ophethe kuyi-nucleus kuphela kabili njengoba enamandla, kungani amandla ionization edingekayo ukuze ususe electron, it is hhayi anda ezimbili noma kane kungani ilingana kabili icala, ukuthatha isikwele (54.4 / 13.6 = 4? )? ".

Lokhu ukungqubuzana wachaza impela nje. Uma namacala Z kanye no-E ohlelweni yilezi e mutual isimo baxhashazwe isihlobo, amandla (T) kuyinto wakhona Z inkokhiso, anda kulingana.

Kodwa uhlelo lapho ama-electron icala e ikhenela kwenza ashintshana Z inkokhiso, Z is iyakhula engaba kulingana encishisiwe ujikeleza R: electron kakhulu akhangwa kakhulu ekujuleni kwenhliziyo.

Impendulo isobala. Ionization amandla enza icala zenuzi, ibanga (engaba) kusuka nucleus ukuze iphuzu esiphezulu elingaphandle electron icala kwabantu; ibutho okunyanyekayo phakathi electron zangaphandle electron isilinganiso ikhono eyenza umuntu acabange eseZwini.