Ubani wathola amagagasi kagesi? amagagasi kagesi - etafuleni. Izinhlobo amagagasi kagesi

amagagasi kagesi (Ithebula okuzokwenza inikezwe ngezansi) amele ukuphazamiseka kazibuthe kanye kagesi basakazwa isikhala. Kwabo kukhona izinhlobo eziningana. Ekuhloleni lezi thuthuva waziphatha physics. amagagasi kagesi ikhiqizwa ngenxa yokuthi ukuthi kushintshana kagesi kazibuthe edonsa, kanti lokho edonsa kagesi.

ucwaningo umlando

Imfundiso yokuqala, okungase kubhekwe ezahlukeneyo endala amagagasi kagesi imicabango, okungenani ezikhathini Huygens. Ngaleso sikhathi, ukufunisela safinyelela ukuthuthukiswa quantified. Huygens e 1678, unyaka uhlobo oluthile "uhlaka" inkolelo-mbono - "Treatise on emhlabeni". Ngo 1690 wabuye wanyathelisa enye incwadi enhle kakhulu. Kuye kushiwo imfundiso yokuziphendukela qualitative reflection, kwalungiswa izinkunga zokubona ngesimo lapho namuhla amelwe zesikole ( "amagagasi IElectromagnetic", grade 9).

Njengoba sihambisana nale washayelwa Huygens 'isimiso. Nge sebekwazi ukufunda ukunyakaza ngaphambili wave. kamuva lesi simiso esitholakala ukuthuthukiswa yayo imisebenzi Fresnel. Huygens-Fresnel isimiso ayenencazelo ekhethekile imfundiso yokuziphendukela umumo womsebenzi futhi igagasi imfundiso yokuziphendukela ukukhanya.

Eminyakeni 1660-1670 we semali iminikelo zokuhlola kanye theory enziwa cwaningo uHooke futhi Newton. Ubani wathola amagagasi kagesi? Ubani ucwaningo yayiqhutshelwa ukufakazela ukuba khona kwabo? Yiziphi izinhlobo ezahlukene amagagasi kagesi? On lokhu kamuva.

Ukuqondanisa Maxwell

Ngaphambi sikhuluma eyathola amagagasi kagesi, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi Usosayensi wokuqala ngubani labikezela khona kwabo bebonke, isibe Faraday. umbono wakhe wabeka phambili e 1832, unyaka. Ukwakhiwa theory kamuva wahlanganyela Maxwell. Ngu-1865, ngonyaka wesishiyagalolunye ke kuqede umsebenzi. Ngenxa yalokho, uMaxwell ngokuqinile semthethweni theory zezibalo asekele khona imihlola enixoxa ngalo. Ubelokhu kunqunywa velocity esiphelweni amagagasi kagesi, uqondane ukubaluleka ke osebenza isivinini ukukhanya. Lokhu, wamvumela ukuba obuqinisekisa umbono wokuthi ukukhanyisa uhlobo emisebeni kubhekwe.

ukuthola zokuhlola

ithiyori Maxwell sika kwaqinisekiswa esikhathini ucwaningo Hertz ngo-1888. Kufanele kuthiwe physics German olwenziwa ucwaningo lwakhe ekuphikiseni imfundiso yokuziphendukela, naphezu osekelwe kuyo zezibalo. Nokho, sibonga ucwaningo lwakhe Hertz waba ngowokuqala eyathola amagagasi kagesi practice. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokuhamba ucwaningo lwabo, ososayensi baye bathola izakhiwo kanye nezici yokukhishwa kwemisebe.

Waves kagesi Hertz wathola ngenxa excitation ishayela uchungechunge ngokushesha egeleza isidlidlizi esebenzisa okusezingeni eliphezulu umthombo voltage. Imvamisa High imisinga kungatholakala by wesifunda. Imvamisa oscillation ngesikhathi esifanayo kuyoba ephakeme, ayanda capacitance futhi inductance. Kodwa lokhu imvamisa high asikho isiqinisekiso ukugeleza okusezingeni eliphezulu. Ukuze ukuhlola kwabo, Hertz umshini kahle elula, manje esibizwa - "dipole antenna". Idivayisi kuyinto wesifunda oscillation ohlobo evulekile.

Ukushayela isipiliyoni Hertz

Bhalisa emisebeni kwenziwa esebenzisa isidlidlizi kokuthola. Le divayisi kwadingeka isakhiwo efanayo ukuthi zedivayisi likhipha. Ngaphansi kwethonya wave kagesi kushintshana kagesi emkhakheni excitation iyehla iyenyuka zamanje ezenzeka esikhathini idivaysi eyamukelayo. Uma kule divayisi imvamisa yayo yemvelo kanye nokuvama luqondane ecucuza, lo resonance kokuvela. Ngenxa yalokho, ukuphazamiseka zenzeke apharathasi reception nge amplitude enkulu. Umcwaningi uthola kubo, ubukele izinhlansi phakathi babashayeli e igebe encane.

Ngakho, Hertz waba ngowokuqala eyathola amagagasi kagesi, waba ikhono lazo ikubheke babashayeli. Bakhandwa cishe walungisiswa ekwakhekeni ukukhanya nokuma. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Hertz kunqunywa velocity esiphelweni amagagasi kagesi emoyeni.

Ucwaningo we izici

amagagasi kagesi asakaze cishe zonke izimo. Esikhaleni, okuyinto ugcwele into emisebeni ungalenza zisakazwe kahle ngokwanele. Kodwa kancane ukuguqula ukuziphatha kwalo.

amagagasi kagesi e vacuo kunqunywa ngaphandle attenuation. Basuke basakaza kunoma ibanga ezinqumela ezinkulu. Izimfanelo oyinhloko zihlanganisa amagagasi nokwehlukana, imvamisa futhi ubude. Incazelo izakhiwo wenziwa kohlaka electrodynamics. Nokho, izici emisebeni kwezinye izifunda bohlu bekwi olucacile izindawo physics. Zihlanganisa, isibonelo, kungafaka phakathi yokukhanya.

Tadisha kanzima emisebeni kagesi short-wave ekupheleni Spectral amadili nesigaba amandla aphezulu. Banikezwe Dynamics imibono yesimanje eyeka ukuba ukwazi ukuzithiba nokuba ngokuhlanganiswa ekuxhumaneni buthakathaka umbono olulodwa.

Theory isicelo ekutadisheni izakhiwo

Namuhla kukhona izindlela ezehlukene for lula ukumodeliswa nokutadisha izakhiwo ekhombisa nokudludliza. Esiyinhloko esenza theory efakazelwe futhi ephelele quantum electrodynamics kubhekwa. Therefrom elilodwa noma ezinye simplifications sezivuma ukuthola izindlela ezilandelayo, okuyinto kabanzi emikhakheni ehlukahlukene.

Incazelo mayelana ongaphakeme-imvamisa emisebeni imvelo macroscopic Kwenziwa esebenzisa electrodynamics classical. Kusekelwe zibalo Maxwell sika. Ngo isicelo, kukhona izinhlelo zokusebenza ukungena lula. Lapho eseyinsizwa efundela ezomthetho yokukhanya optical esetshenziswa. Imfundiso wave sisetshenziswa ezimweni lapho Kwezinye izingxenye uhlelo optical ubukhulu eduze nombono. yokukhanya Quantum isetshenziswa lapho eningi kusakazeka zinqubo, ukumuncwa izinhlayiyana eziningi zokukhanya.

Geometric theory optical - kunjalo nokukhawulela lapho nombono ngokunganaki kuvumelekile. Kukhona futhi izingxenye eziningana osetshenziswayo ayingqalasizinda. Lezi zihlanganisa, isibonelo, zihlanganisa isayensi yokuma kwezinto ezisemkhathini, i-biology umbono kanye photosynthesis, photochemistry. Indlela ihlukaniswa amagagasi kagesi? Ithebula ubonisa ngokucacile ukusatshalaliswa lweqembu aboniswe ngezansi.

ngezigaba

Kukhona imvamisa amabanga amagagasi kagesi. Phakathi kwabo, akukho ukuhwebelana ngokuzumayo, ngezinye izikhathi angezukuhambisana. Imingcele phakathi kwabo kukhona kunalokho isihlobo. Ngenxa yokuthi ukugeleza isakazwa ngokuqhubekayo, imvamisa is isandla elihlobene ne ubude. Ngezansi kukhona amabanga of amagagasi kagesi.

Ultrashort ukukhanya zingahlukaniswa zibe micrometer (sub-milimitha), milimitha, isentimitha, decimeter, imitha. Uma nombono ka emisebeni kagesi engaphansi kuka imitha ke oscillation yayo ngokuthi imvamisa super eliphezulu (SHF).

Izinhlobo amagagasi kagesi

Ngenhla, ububanzi amagagasi kagesi. Yiziphi izinhlobo ezahlukene notshwala? Iqembu of ionizing emisebeni zihlanganisa gamma futhi-X ray. Kumele ukuthi uyakwazi ionize kwama-athomu nezinhlayiyana kwe-ultraviolet, ngisho ukukhanya ebonakalayo. Eziseceleni okuyizinto gamma futhi-X-ray ecucuza, kuchazwa okunemibandela kakhulu. Ngenxa ukuma jikelele bamukele imikhawulo 20 ev - 0.1 MeV. Gamma-ageleza ngomqondo ewumngcingo esikhishwa nucleus X - igobolondo le-e-athomu ngesikhathi ejection kusukela omise ephansi lwamanga electron. Nokho, lokhu ngezigaba asisebenzi emisebeni kanzima elakhiwe ngaphandle nuclei futhi ama-athomu.

-X-ray ecucuza elakhiwe lapho decelerating izinhlayiya okusheshayo icala (proton, ama-electron, nabanye) ngakhoke izinqubo ezenzeka ngaphakathi e-athomu electron amagobolondo. Gamma oscillations zenzeka ngenxa izinqubo ngaphakathi nuclei atomic ukuguqulwa izinhlayiya aphansi.

umsakazo ukusakaza

Ngenxa amagugu enkulu ubude Ukuhlola la amagagasi esiyolandelwa ngaphandle ikhumbula isakhiwo atomistic medium. Njengoba i okuhlukile ukukhonza kuphela ukusakaza dlala ukuthi kukhona ezakhelene esifundeni infrared. Ngo umsakazo quantum izakhiwo oscillations zenzeka buthaka kakhulu. Noma kunjalo, kudingeka ucabangele, isibonelo, lapho ehlaziya ejwayelekile yamangqamuzana isikhathi imvamisa phakathi apharathasi Ukupholisa lokushisa a degrees ambalwa Kelvin.

izakhiwo Quantum ziyabhekelelwa encazelweni oscillators futhi yokukhulisa umsindo ku milimitha futhi isentimitha amabanga. kwakhiwa Radio wokugembula ngesikhathi ukunyakaza AC babashayeli imvamisa ezifanele. Dlula amagagasi kagesi emkhathini ekujabulisayo i zamanje kushintshana, elihambisana naso. Le mpahla isetshenziswa ekuklanyweni antenna e umsakazo.

notshwala ebonakalayo

Ultraviolet amaza okushisa iyabonakala ngomqondo obanzi izwi okuthiwa optical esifundeni Spectral. Gqamisa kule ndawo kubangelwa hhayi kuphela budebuduze ezindaweni ezithintekile, kodwa zifana amadivaysi esetshenziswa esifundweni futhi ithuthukiswe ikakhulukazi isifundo yokukhanya ebonakalayo. Lezi zihlanganisa, ngokukhethekile, izibuko kanye lens ngokugxila emisebeni, umumo womsebenzi imigqa eyamukela, neendulungu, kanye nabanye.

Imvamisa amagagasi fiber efana neyalabo yezinhlayiya futhi ama-athomu, futhi ubude bawo - ne amabanga aphakathi nobungako yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo. Ngakho-ke kubalulekile kulo mkhakha imihlola ezibangwa isakhiwo athomu ketshezi. Ngesizathu esifanayo, ukukhanyisa ne amagagasi futhi izakhiwo quantum.

Ukuvela notshwala optical

Umthombo edume kakhulu yile okuthiwa ilanga. Star ebusweni (photosphere) has lokushisa 6000 ° UKelvin, futhi ihlaba umkhosi ukukhanya qwa. Inani eliphakeme bohlu okuqhubekayo Itholakala "green" zone - 550 nm. Kukhona ukuzwela esiphezulu ezibukwayo. Ekushintshashintsheni uhla optical zenzeka emizimbeni lapho evuthayo. notshwala infrared Ngakho-ke naye kubhekiselwa kuye njengoMsindisi ukushisa.

Kunamandla umzimba Ukushisa okwenzeka, ayanda nobuningi lapho bohlu kuyinto esiphezulu. incandescence waphawula ezingeni lokushisa ethile ophakamayo (ukuvutha ububanzi ebonakalayo). Lapho kuqala livela obomvu ke ophuzi bese. Ukusungula nokubhalisa isikhungo ukugeleza optical kungavuka ukusabela begazi futhi amakhemikhali, omunye okuyinto esetshenziswa isithombe. Ukuze izidalwa abaningi ababephila emhlabeni njengoba umthombo energy wenza i-photosynthesis. Cishe le ndlela yokusabela begazi senzeka izitshalo ngaphansi kwethonya optical emisebeni yelanga.

Izici amagagasi kagesi

I izakhiwo medium futhi umthombo kuthinte ukugeleza izici. Ngakho yehhashi egibele, ngokukhethekile, ukwencika isikhathi zasendle, ecacisa uhlobo ukugeleza. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho ibanga kusuka isidlidlizi (okwandisa) engaba ugobile siba sikhulu. Imiphumela iba yinhlanganisela yokukhandleka indiza wave kagesi. Ukuxhumana nale mpahla kwenzeka njengoba ehlukile. Ukunciphisa kanye ekushayweni izinqubo fluxes ungahlukaniswa ngokuvamile ube echazwe usebenzisa classical okungu electrodynamic. Ukuze amagagasi kwebanga optical kanye ngaphezulu kanzima-ray kufanele kucatshangelwe isimo sawo quantum.

imithombo ukusakaza

Naphezu umehluko ngokomzimba, yonke indawo - in a Radioactive, Lidlulisela ithelevishini, isibani - amagagasi kagesi kuthiwa ezazivuswa amacala kagesi okuyinto ukuhambisa ne ukusheshisa. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko emithonjeni: ezincane kanye macroscopic. Eyokuqala kwenzeka ushintsho ngokushesha izinhlayiya icala komunye ezingeni ngaphakathi molecule noma ama-athomu.

imithombo ezincane ezishisa kakhulu zikhipha izinhlayiyana-X-ray, gamma, oku-ultraviolet, infrared, ebonakalayo, futhi kwezinye izimo, eside wave ngemisebe. Njengoba isibonelo mbuzo wesibili hydrogen Spectral umugqa okuhambelana negagasi 21 cm. Lesi simo kubalulekile ikakhulukazi kwi-radio astronomy.

Imithombo uhlobo macroscopic amelela emitters lapho ama-electron khulula babashayeli zenziwa zokuvumelanisa oscillation gqwa. In izinhlelo kwalesi sigaba ikhiqizwa notshwala kusukela milimitha ukuba isikhathi eside (e zikagesi).

Isakhiwo nezikhwepha notshwala

Kuvele kagesi kuhamba ukusheshisa nokushintsha ngezikhathi imisinga ezithinta nomunye namabutho ezithile. ezidlula zabo nesiqondiso bathembele ezintweni ezifana ubukhulu kanye ukucushwa kwe emkhakheni, equkethe imisinga futhi amacala, ubukhulu babo futhi isiqondiso isihlobo. Kakhulu kuthonywa izici kagesi kanye medium ethile kanye nezinguquko ophethe lokuhlushwa nokusatshalaliswa imisinga umthombo.

Ngenxa yokuba yinkimbinkimbi jikelele isitatimende inkinga ukwethula umthetho amandla ngesimo ifomula elilodwa bengayi. Sakhiwo ngokuthi inkambu kagesi futhi kubhekwe njengento edingekayo njengoba into zezibalo, kunqunywa ukusatshalaliswa amacala nemisinga. It, sekudala umthombo unikezwa, ngokubheka izimo akhawunti umngcele. Imigomo echaziwe ifomu ukuxhumana esishintshashintshayo kanye izici ezibonakalayo. Uma kwenziwa uhlelo isikhala asinamingcele, lezi zimo kuthiwa kwahambisana. Njengoba isimo ekhethekile eyengeziwe ezinjalo isimo ngemisebe. Ngenxa-ke kuqinisekiswa ukuziphatha "efanele" ensimini kusihlwa okufanekisa ingunaphakade.

Kwezikhathi isifundo

Corpuscular-kinetic Lomonosov theory abanye ezikhundleni zabo silindele okuhlala athile kagesi emkhakheni theory .. "Lobe" (ukujikeleza) ezinyakazayo izinhlayiya, "zyblyuschayasya" (wave) imfundiso yokuziphendukela ukukhanya, wenhlanganyelo wakhe nobunjalo ugesi, njll notshwala seso zitholiwe 1800 ngu Herschel (usosayensi waseBrithani), nakwesilandelayo, 1801-m, Ritter wayechazwa ultraviolet. Kushisa bhé kule ndawo esifushane kuka ultraviolet, ububanzi wavulwa Roentgen unyaka 1895, mhlaka-8 Novemba. Ngemva kwalokho, yabe seyaziwa ngokuthi ama-X-ray.

Ithonya amagagasi kagesi ibilokhu wafunda ososayensi abaningi. Nokho, owokuqala zicinge okusakaza, ububanzi bazo bube Narkevitch-Iodko (Belarusian sibalo ngokwesayensi). Watadisha izakhiwo notshwala maqondana nomsebenzi wezokwelapha. Gamma emisebeni kwatholakala uPawulu Villard ngo-1900. Esikhathini esifanayo Planck izifundo ezincwadini property umzimba abamnyama. Phakathi nesifundo base quantum evulekile inqubo. Umsebenzi wakhe kwakuyisiqalo ukuthuthukiswa of quantum physics. Ngemva kwalokho, Planck eziningana futhi Einstein yanyatheliswa. ucwaningo lwabo zaholela ekwakhekeni into enjalo njengoba i-albhamu yezithombe. Lokhu, kwasho ukuqala kokudaliweyo inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela quantum ukugeleza kagesi. Ukuthuthukiswa Its waqhubeka imisebenzi ehamba phambili izibalo isayensi kwekhulu lamashumi amabili.

ucwaningo nokuzilungiselela umsebenzi theory quantum emisebeni kagesi kanye nokuxhumana yayo nge ndaba kuye kwaholela ekugcineni ekwakhekeni quantum electrodynamics ngesimo lapho ukhona namuhla. Phakathi ososayensi oluvelele ababefunda le nkinga, kumelwe kuphawulwe, ngaphezu Einstein Planck, Bohr, Bose, Dirac, de Broglie, Heisenberg, Tomonaga, Schwinger, Feynman.

isiphetho

Inani ezweni lanamuhla physics ngokwanele ezinkulu. Cishe konke isetshenziswa namuhla ekuphileni kwebantfu, uvele sibonga ukusetshenziswa esiwusizo sokuba nezinto eziqondile ucwaningo lososayensi okukhulu. Ukutholakala amagagasi kagesi kanye nesifundo sawo, ngokukhethekile, kwaholela ekwakhekeni ezivamile futhi kamuva Funny, amagagasi omoya. Okubaluleke isicelo esithile esiwusizo ulwazi olunjalo theory emkhakheni wezokwelapha, umkhakha, nobuchwepheshe.

Lokhu kungenxa ukusetshenziswa kabanzi isayensi ambalwa. Konke ukucwaningwa ngokomzimba esekelwe nesilinganiso, Ukuqhathanisa izakhiwo imihlola lafundvwako ne ngcono amazinga akhona njengamanje. Kuyinto le njongo ngaphakathi isiyalo athuthukile eziyinkimbinkimbi sokulinganisa zomculo kanye amayunithi. amaphetheni eziningana kuvamile kubo bonke izinhlelo ekhona impahla. Ngokwesibonelo, imithetho nokongiwa amandla ezibhekwa imithetho ezivamile ngokomzimba.

Isayensi sisonke ibizwa ngokuthi ezimweni eziningi eziyisisekelo. Lokhu kungenxa ngokuyinhloko yokuthi ezinye eyala ukunikeza izincazelo okuyinto, ulalele imithetho yemvelo. Ngakho, ngo-Chemistry wafunda athomu, ikhemikhali etholakala kuzo, futhi ushintsho. Kodwa izakhiwo amakhemikhali umzimba kunqunywa nezici zabo ezingokomzimba molecule ama-athomu. Lezi izindawo ukuchaza izigaba ezifana physics, efana umugqa wemiyalo, wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka kwezinto, kanye nabanye.