Amaqembu izitshalo kutshalwa. Izibonelo izitshalo kutshalwa lwamagama

Kwaphela isikhathi eside ukuze usungule uxhumano ngokwanele obuseduze flora womuntu. Kukhona ezinye izinhlobo abatshalwé bantu ngokwabo, anakekele izithombo, bese ukuvuna. Kodwa ngokwemvelo kukhona izinhlobo ukuthuthukisa kungakhathaliseki umsebenzi womuntu. izitshalo kutshalwa, esimagama aso ngezansi, zibaluleke ngokukhethekile kubantu. Ngubani kwezinhlobo kufakwe kulesi sigaba? Kuleli, kanye nalokho izitshalo kukhona cultured, kamuva kulesi sihloko.

ulwazi olujwayelekile

Amaqembu izitshalo kutshalwa okuzokwenziwa ezibalwe ngezansi, etshalwa umuntu ngoba okuphakelayo nemfuyo, ukudla, izimboni, kwezokwelapha kanye nezinye izinto zokusetshenziswa, nezinye izinjongo. Ngokusho edition yesishiyagalombili Ikhodi International ngesilwane esifuywayo, namuhla neyaziwayo izigaba ezintathu lapho nihlukana wenziwa khona ngaphansi ukucatshangelwa flora. Lezi zihlanganisa, ngokukhethekile, zihlanganisa ukubukeka, iqembu kanye Grex (i-orchid). Anakho konke kusuka kunezinhlobo zasendle. Kulokhu, it isicelo Ukukhetha, hybridization, noma izindlela genetic engineering. Lapho sifuna kunezinhlobo zasendle ngokuzalanisa izitshalo kwezitshalo kanye nokusetshenziswa yabo okwalandela, kwakheka imfundiso izikhungo azalelwa yezolimo. Ngakho, Vavilov efingqiwe ulwazi olwalukhona, akhonjwe izikhungo ezinkulu 7. Kuyadingeka ukuthi iqembu izitshalo kutshalwa, kunokusebenza kunezinhlobo zasendle, akuzona zemvelo isandiso maqembu (izindawo).

Ukuguqulwa kunezinhlobo zasendle

Ngenxa yalokho yokuzalanisa isiko sasendle saqala ukunikeza ezithela eliphezulu ezimweni zezulu elisha noma inhlabathi entsha - ezimweni engavamile ngabo. Ngenxa yalokho, ezinye izinhlobo zishintshile ukuze manje kunzima ukukhomba wawoyise. Ukuze uthuthukise umkhiqizo yezolimo abantu baqala ukusebenzisa umquba. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, yathumba ekulweni izinambuzane ngokusebenzisa zinambuzane nesikhunta.

izitshalo kutshalwa. Izibonelo. ngezigaba

Kunamaqembu elandelayo izitshalo kutshalwa:

1. Okuhlobisa (Rose).
2. Okusanhlamvu nokusanhlamvu (isb, ukolweni, ummbila, irayisi).
3. Okusanhlamvu (isoya, ubhontshisi, njll).
4. Ushukela (ushukela isithombo sebhitrudi).
5. Krahmalonosnye (amazambane, ubhatata).
6. Fibre.
7. Oilseeds (sunflower).
8. Izithelo (apula, ithini lamapheya, uphayinaphu).
9. Imifino (fennel, ukhukhamba, utamatisi).
10. Cucurbits (ikhabe, ikhabe).
11. Ivuselela (poppy, ikhofi, itiye).

incazelo

kwezitshalo iqembu kunqunywa ngokuhambisana nezakhi ezihlukene. It is kabanzi ngezigaba ngokwenjongo kwezomnotho ezihlukahlukene esithile. Ngokwesibonelo, kunamaqembu nemithi, uju, ukudaya, ukuphotha, ifolishi, ukudla, izitshalo zezimboni kanye nezinye izitshalo. Njengoba ukushintshashintsha lokhu ngezigaba (ngaphansi elula, futhi ngenxa yalokho, kuyaqabukela esetshenziswa) kungaba ngokwahlukana ngokuhambisana izinto abakhona kulo. Kulokhu, ukuhlukanisa, isibonelo, alkaloidosoderzhaschie, belkosoderzhaschie, zhirnomaslinichnye nabanye. Futhi ngokuvamile sisetshenziswa kanye ngezigaba okuxubile: kanye ukudla, imithi, okuphakelayo, angawodwa njengoba oilseeds, lunemicu amaqembu okubabayo-elimnandi izitshalo kutshalwa. Nokho, uhlelo enengqondo kakhulu futhi ilungiswe ngokuphelele kubhekwa ihlukaniswa ngokweminyaka isimiso legatsha.

Ukwahlukana ngokuvumelana kwezolimo nezimboni

Ochwepheshe ukukhomba amaqembu izitshalo kutshalwa ngohlobo ukulima: izithelo zikhula, zemifino ezikhulayo futhi umsebenzi ensimini. Ngakho, kukhona izithelo, imifino kanye nohlobo ensimini. Lesi sakamuva, esikhundleni salokho, zihlukaniswe impande (isithombo, isanqante, beetroot), leaf (ulethisi, isipinashi, iklabishi), izithelo (ikhukhamba, utamatisi), stem (asparagus, kohlrabi), ama (garlic, onion). ukunambitheka Njengoba iqeqebana ekhethekile ezimweni eziningi esahlukweni (elimnandi) izitshalo (parsley, dill). Nezilimo eziyizigaxa kukhona nezilimo eziyizigaxa ezihlanganisa amakhorali ahlukahlukene ezidliwayo. Phakathi ukudla main kufanele ngokuthi amazambane (e-Europe), umdumbula futhi okwenziwe ngento efana namazambane (e-Afrika).

grade ensimini

Leli qembu izitshalo zihlanganisa okusanhlamvu (okusanhlamvu - rye, ukolweni, okusanhlamvu - udali, kabhontshisi uphizi, okusanhlamvu grade - amabele, nokunye okufana nokolweni, izimpande (itheniphu, beetroot), nezilimo eziyizigaxa (amazambane), ukwenza insonto (Hemp, yefilakisi, ukotini .), uwoyela (lwesinaphi, lamantongomane, ubhekilanga), ifolishi izitshalo (alfalfa, i-clover) kwezinye izimo, sibaluli ensimini futhi ikhabe izinhlobo zihlanganisa ithanga, ibhece, ikhabe, kodwa ngokuvamile kuwusizo kakhudlwana ukuba lokho ukubheke njengengxenye amasiko ahlukene noma format. yemifino amaqembu kwamasiko. Ngokusho kochwepheshe, kufanelekile futhi eceleni ukwaba grade zokwelapha (valerian, foxglove, njll), amafutha abalulekile (i-lavender, coriander), kanye nezinhlobo ezithile (Shag ugwayi).

izithelo izinhlobo

Leli qembu lucuketse ezolimo, anikeza izithelo namanzi. Nazo ngokufanayo, zihlukaniswe izithelo stone (ibhilikotsi, iplamu, cherry), izithelo pome (Quince, ipheya, apula), amajikijolo (currants, ama-strawberry, ama-raspberry, strawberry). Ngo iqembu elifanayo, kwezinye izimo zihlanganisa ezisawolintshi izithelo (orange, lemon), nut (hazelnut, alimondi, ziyadliwa). Isithelo Ngezinye izikhathi labelwe iqeqebana izinhlobo esihle. Lezi zihlanganisa, ngokukhethekile, faka medlar, emhlophe, komkhiwane. Vala izithelo kanye berry kucatshangwa izitshalo ezifana rose okhalweni, ijikijolo lingase nezinye vitaminonosnye.

okusanhlamvu

Ngo lonke iqembu izitshalo ensimini okusanhlamvu ibhekwa njengomlando wesonto obaluleke kakhulu. Phakathi ezichumayo kufanele irayisi, ukolweni, rye, i-oats, ummbila, waphawula amabele. Lezi amasiko kudatha ezahlukene hlala mayelana izingxenye ezintathu kwezine umhlabathi olimekayo kule planethi. Ukolweni Simila cishe kuyo yonke indawo: kuba isinkwa esiyinhloko umuntu ibusa nsuku zonke. Ingxenye sokuvuna, ngaphezu, isetshenziselwa ukusuthisa izinkomo. Ayikho kwezitshalo ezingabalulekile kangako kubhekwa Fig. Emazweni ase-Asia kubhekwa ukudla okuyisisekelo. Ngo inhlangano othomathikhi, ukubhula, isib, ukolo sihlanganise, amabele etholwe okumsulwa. Ukuphelelisa amayunithi, indoda uvuma ukuba ukuqoqa kanye nezinye izitshalo, ezifana kabhontshisi corn kanye nabanye.