Amathayili aphansi: ubuchwepheshe bokuhlangana. Ubuchwepheshe bokufakwa kwezibhamu ezithambile "Shinglas", "Tegola", "Doke"

Ukwakhiwa kwanoma yikuphi indlu kuhilela ukwakhiwa kwephahla kanye nokufakwa kwendawo yokuphahla, ukuhlinzeka ngokuvikeleka okuthembekile nesikhathi eside nganoma yisiphi isikhathi sonyaka. Intuthuko eqhubekayo kwezobuchwepheshe inikeza abathengi ngezinto eziningi zokuphahla.

Eziningi zazo zihlanganisa ngempumelelo izixazululo ezisebenzayo nezihle kakhulu ezakhiwe amakhulu eminyaka edlule, nezentuthuko zakamuva zesayensi. Lokhu kuboniswa ngokucacile ngamathayili athambile, ubuchwepheshe bokufaka kanye namathuba amaningi okuba yimiphumela yezimpumelelo zabathuthukisi banamuhla, futhi ukubukeka okuyingqayizivele kuyimfanelo yabakhi beYurophu ephakathi.

Ukuphahlazeka okunamandla noma izinsimbi zesikhumba ezincane ziyizinto zanamuhla ezisetshenziselwa ukumboza uphahla futhi zakhiwe nge-glass wool, bitumen kanye nama-granules amatshe.

Umlando, izinhlobo nokubunjwa

Naphezu kokuthi ama-bituminous shingles aqala ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule, ayengakaze yande kuze kube phakathi kwekhulu leminyaka eMelika. Okokuqala, ngenxa yamehlo amathathu, ngakho-ke cishe yonke indlu yesibili yayihlanganiswe nophahla olunjalo.

Iqiniso elithakazelisayo lihlobene negama. Ubuchwepheshe bokufakwa kuwo wonke amazwe buyafana, kepha eMelika igama elithi "shingle" lisetshenziselwa kakhulu, ngokufana nebhodi lezinkuni lokuphahla, futhi eYurophu, njengasendulo, "ama-shingles".

Ubuchwepheshe bamuva bokukhiqiza, obuhlanganisa nokusetshenziswa kwendwangu ye-fiberglass enqabulisa izinyembezi, eguquliwe, enezithasiselo ze-bitumen ne-bitumen polymer, kuye kwaholela ekusungulweni kwento yokuphahla yonke indawo.

Izinzuzo, ukungalungi kanye nesilinganiso sokukhiqiza

Ukusetshenziswa kwanoma yikuphi ukumbozwa kwephahla kunezinhlanganisela zayo nezincane. Izindwangu ezithambile azikho. Ubuchwepheshe bokufaka, ukusebenza okuphezulu kanye nemibala ehlukahlukene yokuhlukanisa ukuhlukanisa kwezinye izinto eziningi.

Phakathi kwezinzuzo eziyinhloko yilokhu:

• Ukungabikho kwamanzi okuswakama, okufaka ngokuzenzakalelayo izinqubo ezilimazayo futhi kunikeza ukungena kwamanzi okuthembekile;

• Ukuphikisa kunoma yikuphi ukushisa;

• Ukungaboni emisebeni ye-ultraviolet, ikakhulukazi ukungabi khona kwezinga lokushisa emazingeni aphezulu;

• Ukubekezelelana okuhle cishe yonke imiphumela yemishini;

• Ukukhanya nokuguquguquka.

Enye, kodwa ukuvelela okuphawulekayo yizindleko eziphelele zomsebenzi. Lapho amathayili athambile esetshenziselwa ukugqoka, ubuchwepheshe bokufaka kuhlanganisa isisekelo esiqinile esiyibopho, ngokuvamile esenziwe ngamapulangwe e-plywood noma e-OSB. Ngisho noma ibhodi isetshenzisiwe, izidingo eziqinile kakhulu zifakwe kuwo ukuze kube nobukhulu nendawo ebusweni. Izindandatho zonyaka kufanele zikhonjiswe phansi.

Namuhla ukukhiqizwa kwenziwa emazweni amaningi emhlabeni, ikakhulu eMelika naseRussia. Kusukela kubakhiqizi basekhaya basekwa "Shinglas" ("Technonikol"), "Rufleks", "Doke" kanye ne "Tegola" (kanye ne-Italy), ephethe okungaphezu kwama-80% emakethe.

I-terminology nezinto zokwakha

Ubuchwepheshe bokufaka amathayili athambile womkhiqizi ngamunye unemiqondo yawo siqu. Kodwa izigaba eziyisisekelo zoke okufanayo. Ukuze uqonde kangcono ulwazi lobuchwepheshe oluqukethwe kuyo yonke imiyalelo, kubalulekile ukuqonda kokubili amagama asetshenziswayo kanye nezinto ezisetshenziswayo ezisetshenziswayo.

Noma yiluphi uhlamvu lwe-tile lwephahla luqukethe izingxenye eziningana ezivamile:

• Ubuso obonakalayo;

• Izindawo zokuqoqa;

• Ukunquma;

• Umshwana wokumisa;

• I-petal.

Ukuvota ngokuvamile kuhlanganisa:

• Ukuhamba kanye nama-cornice;

• Esigodini noma emaceleni angaphakathi ekuhlanganiseni kwemisebe emibili;

• Ama-Ribs nama-fractures, okuyizindawo zokujoyina ezihlukahlukene ezihlukene.

Ukufakwa kwesimbozo kwenziwa emva kokulungiswa kwesakhiwo sokuphahla, kufaka phakathi i-hydro kanye ne-steam insulation, ukugxilonga, uma kudingekile, kanye nendawo edingekayo yokuphumula umoya.

Ubuchwepheshe bokufaka amathayili athambile kuhilela ukusebenzisa izinto eziningana ezigunyazayo:

• I-tile, ejwayelekile futhi eqalayo yonke, isetshenziselwa ama-cornices nama-skates;

• Isisekelo sokugqoka (i-carpet), esingaba nezinhlobo eziningana;

• Isisekelo sokugaya isigodi;

• Imigoqo yensimbi yama-eves futhi iphela, kanye nokuhlehlisa, isibonelo, ipayipi;

• Izakhi ze-ventilation;

• I-Mastic esekelwe izithasiselo ze-bitumen ne-polymeri, ezivumela ukusebenza ngaphandle kokulungisa;

• Izipikili zokugcoba.

Ukulungiselela isisekelo sephahla kanye nokuphuza umoya

Lapho amathayili aphansi ophahleni asetshenziselwa ukuphahla, izinqubo zokuzihlanganisa zidinga ukwenziwa okuqinile kwazo zonke izinyathelo eziqukethwe imiyalelo yokusetshenziswa.

Isinyathelo sokuqala ngaso sonke isikhathi ukulungiswa kwendawo ephahleni yokubeka amathayili ophahleni. Ngenxa yalokhu, ungasebenzisa i-plywood, amapulethi we-OSB noma amabhodi wokuhlela, okungcono ukuhlanganisa izikrini. Ubuningi besisekelo bubekwe ibanga eliphakathi kwezinto zokugcoba kwesakhiwo sophahla futhi kubalwa ngokwetafula elinikeziwe.

Ibanga phakathi kwama-rafters, mm	I-OSB, mm	Plywood, mm	Ibhodi, mm
300	9th	9th	-
600	12	12	20
900	I-18	I-18	23
1200	21	21	30
1500	27	27	37

Ukuvuleka okufika ku-5 mm kusele ebhodini. Ebandleni elibandayo, kubalulekile ukuthi kube negebe lokungenani u-3 mm ukuze ukwanda okungenzeka kube ngaphansi komphumela wokushisa ehlobo. Ukuphakama okumele kube khona kufanele kube flat, eqinile futhi eqinile.

I-ventilation eyenziwe ngokufanele ine-airflow, isikhala ngenhla yokushisa nokukhipha amadoksi. Kulesi simo, indawo yalezi zitolo kufanele idlule ezingenayo ngo-15%. Ngokuvamile ama-cornices aqokiwe ngezinto zokuqeda, ngaphandle kwemigodi yokungena, okuyinto ukwephulwa ngokweqile.

Ukufaka ama-cornices ne-lining base

Ukuze kuboniswe izigaba eziyinhloko zokufakwa, isibonelo, ubuchwepheshe bokufaka ama-shingles aphansi "iShinglas", anama-40% emakethe yaseRussia.

Esikhathini esilungele ukuzungeza umjikelezo wezinsimbi ezikhethekile zemishini, ngokuvamile okuthiwa i-droppers. Zifakwe ngokugqama kwezingu-50 mm futhi zizinyathelo ezinyathelo ezingafinyelela ku-150 mm kwiphrigi yegzag. Emagumbini, i-pitch iyancipha ibe yi-30 mm.

Ngemuva kwalokho, ukufakwa kwesisekelo sokugaya kuqala kuqala, kube nokungafani okuncane kwamagundane anezingalo ezahlukene.

Ezingaphelelweni kanye nasemagqumeni e-cornice, kusetshenziswe izinto zokugqoka, ezihlanganiswe ohlangothini olulodwa nekhamera lokunamathisela elibheke phezulu kwendawo ephahleni futhi kumele lifakwe kulo lonke uhlangothi lwama-cornices, lingangeni ku-30 mm ibha.

Esigodini sinamathele ama-500 mm ngakwesinye, eceleni kwamakhonksi kuhlanganise nobubanzi bonke be-overhang futhi ngaphezu kwalokho ngu-600 mm phakathi nophahla. I-horizontal ehambayo yenziwa ngamamitha ayi-100, mpo - 150 mm. Ukwandisa ukuthembeka kwesisekelo kuhleliwe nxazonke ngezipikili ezinyathelo ezingekho kuka 250 mm.

Kuwo wonke ophahleni ophezulu, kusetshenziselwa isisekelo esivamile, esibekwe phezulu kuya kufaka emaceleni futhi senziwe ngezipikili. Izindawo zokugaya zihanjiswa ngokungeziwe nge-mastic hhayi ngaphansi kwe-100 mm.

Ezingxenyeni, iziketi kanye ne-skate ihlukana nesisekelo sekwekwe ngu-500 mm ngakunye, okungukuthi, ububanzi bonke. Kulezi zindlela ezihamba phambili kanye namajoyini anezindonga, kuphela isigamu somqulu esetshenzisiwe, esilingana nama-500 mm.

Ekupheleni kwalesi sigaba, ama-front strips afakiwe, okuwavikela emoyeni nasemanzini. Zihleliwe ngezipikili ezinyathelo ezingaphezu kuka-150 mm.

Ukubeka ukuvikelwa kwesigodi

I-Endova yindawo esengozini kakhulu kulo lonke ukwakhiwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngesikhathi kulungiswa kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa izintambo ezimbili zokuphahla ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ngakho-ke, uma ufaka ama-shingles, kunakekelwa okukhethekile kukho.

Ngemuva kokufaka wonke ungqimba wokusekela, kuyadingeka ukuba uvikeleke eceleni kwesigodi. Ukwenza lokhu, kusetshenziswe ubuningi obukhethekile obunamaphesenti angu-1000 mm, obhekwe ngamamitha angu-500 ohlangothini ngalunye phezu kwesisekelo esivele esilungisiwe ne-offset kuze kufinyelele ku-30 mm.

Amaphethelo ahamba kuwo wonke umjikelezo ahlanganiswe ne-mastic enobubanzi obungenani ngamamitha ayi-100. Ngemuva kokugcoba yonke indawo yokujikeleza kuhlanganiswa ngezipikili ezingekho ngaphezu kwama-30 mm ukusuka ekugcineni kwezingu-250 mm.

Uma kungenakwenzeka ukwenza isisekelo siqine, ububanzi be-overlap kumele okungenani kube ngu-300 mm, ngokufiphaza okuyimpoqo kwendawo yonke nge-mastic. Kumele ifakwe eduze ngangokunokwenzeka phezulu.

Ukulungiselela ukubeka nokufakwa kwesiqephu sokuqala

Uphahla olunobuso lunamacabango alo, okubangelwa isakhiwo kanye nezici zokukhiqiza. Ukuze usebenze ngesikhathi esifanayo, amaphakethe amaningi asetshenziselwa ukugwema ukuhlushwa komthunzi owodwa. Ngesizathu esifanayo, lapho amathayili athambile esetshenziswa, ubuchwepheshe obusika obusika kudinga amaphakethe ambalwa kuphela okufanele athathwe endaweni efudumele.

Ngaphambi kokufakwa, kunconywa ukuba zithuthukiswe futhi ziboshwe izikhathi eziningana. Ngokunamandla akusifisi ukusebenzisa amaphakethe kusuka enkambeni ehlukile.

Kunconywa ukuba ufake inetha emgodini wokugaya, okuzokwenza kube lula ukufaka inqubo yokufaka. Ibanga elilinganiselwe lihambisana nobukhulu bemigqa emihlanu ye-shingles, i-1000 mm eqondile noma ubukhulu besikhwama esisodwa. Lokhu kuzokwenza ngokushesha ukuvumelanisa noma kube lula umsebenzi uma kukhona okunye okukhona ophahleni.

Ukufakwa kuqala kusukela phansi phakathi kwendawo. Ukuze uthole umqalo wokuqala, isici esikhethekile somhlaba wonke noma itayili evamile evamile ngaphandle kwamagundane asetshenzisiwe. Zifakwe kwi-adhesive support futhi zigcinwe yizipikili ezingu-4 eceleni kwe-perimeter ebangeni elingekho ngaphezu kwe-30 mm. Uma ithreyili ehlanjwe ngaphandle kwesisekelo seglue isetshenziselwa ukuqala, kufanele ifakwe nge-mastic.

Ukufakwa kwezikhwama

Ukufakwa kwenziwa ngokusika phansi nge-indentation ye-10 mm kusukela ku-element element. I-tile igxilwe ngezipikili eceleni kwendawo eyabiwe. Ngama-stingrays ane angle elinganiselwa ku-45 °, kunezipikili ezingu-4 ezisetshenziselwa ama-25 mm ukusuka enqenqemeni nasendaweni ebonakalayo, okuvumela ukulungisa izici ezimbili ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ngama-90 °, inani lezipikili liphindwe kabili. Kuye ngokuma kwe-petal, ukhetho oluhlukile lwezintandokazi lungenzeka, okuvumela ukuthi udale kokubili iphethini eliyinkimbinkimbi kanye nephethini ye-orthogonal.

Ezigodini, indawo yendawo yokudlela, lapho uhlala khona u-300 mm ngakwesokunene ngasinye, ibhalwe ngaphambilini, inqume indawo lapho izipikili zingapheli khona. Amathayili anqunywa usayizi odingekayo futhi kufanele azinziwe ngezipikili kanye ne-mastic. Eduze esigodini ikona elingenhla liyakunqunywa ukubuyela kwamanzi.

Emigqumeni ithini elungisiwe alifinyeleli ku-10 mm ekugcineni nangensika yokuphoqeleka kwekhoneni elingenhla, njengasegodini. Ukulungiswa kusenqenqemeni kwenziwa nge-mastic, esetshenziswa ungqimba olungaphansi kwe-100 mm, nezipikili.

Amapayipi, umoya we-ventilation kanye neziketi

Ngokuzibophezela kumbhobho, isisekelo sokugqoka sesigodi noma insimbi nge ukwelashwa okungaxhunyiwe isetshenziswa. Lezi zinto zifakwa ipayipi ngo-300 mm nangama-tile ajwayelekile ngo-200 mm nge-blurring ephoqelekile yendawo yonke nge-mastic. Emva kwalokho, ama-shingles ahlelwe kuwo, enza umgodi u-80 mm ububanzi. Ingaphezulu ivaliwe ngemigoqo yensimbi, ngemva kwalokho iphathwa nge-sealant.

I-ventilation noma ezinye izakhi zezobuchwepheshe ziphakanyiswe besebenzisa izakhi ezikhethekile ezibekwe phezu kwendawo ephahleni besebenzisa i-mastic nezipikili. Ngemuva kwaloko, ama-shingles ahlangene nabo.

Ihhashi livaliwe ngephrofayili ekhethekile, ekhonjiswe ngezipikili, ke, kanye nezimbambo, ihlanganiswe ngamathrekhi e-ridge wombala ofanayo. Ukuze uwuthole ungagcina ube izingxenye ezintathu ezivamile. Ukufakwa kwenziwa kusuka phansi kuze kufike ku-50 mm futhi kulungiswe izipikili ezingu-4.

Njengoba ungabona, ama-shingles aphansi, ubuchwepheshe bokukhuphuka esithombeni ngenhla nangaphansi kuqinisekisa lokhu, kuyinto ewusizo futhi elula eyaziwa kakhulu.

Izici zamatayela ezivela kubakhiqizi abahlukene

Ubuchwepheshe bokufaka amathayili athambile "Tegol" cishe akufani neze "Shinglas". Umehluko omkhulu efonini negama lezici ezisetshenziswe ngesikhathi sokufakwa.

Omunye umkhiqizi, u-"Doke", uhlukaniswa ngendlela edidiyelwe kuyo yonke impahla yokuphahla, okuyiyo, ngaphandle kokugqoka, kufaka phakathi i-heater, i-vapor barrier kanye nama-ventilation ducts. Ubuchwepheshe bokufaka amathayili athambile "I-Doke" inezo zonke izigaba eziyinhloko ezitholakala kubakhiqizi ababili bokuqala, okungafani nokungabikho kwengubo ekhethekile yezizinda zezinkinga kanye nezixazululo zombala ngamunye.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi amatayela akhethiwe, onke ahlukaniswa ngekhwalithi ephakeme, izindleko ezingabizi, iwaranti nemiyalelo eningiliziwe ephendula yonke imibuzo ngesikhathi sokufakwa nokusebenza.