Ancient Egypt: isikhali enegama

Kuwo wonke umlando omude we Ancient Egypt kwaba nokuzola kwezivakashi zakhe ezingavamile. Ngaphandle kweqiniso lokuthi abakhileyo Nile kwadingeka alwisane ekuhlaseleni omakhelwane abangophakimpi nezizwana eziningi ayimizulane, isimo ngezikhathi onyakaziswa zombango, batheleka nezibhelu olunegazi nemibhikisho. Ngakho-ke eGibhithe lasendulo izikhali ngokuvamile iba agumenti juqu ezibhalwe phansi ngesinqumo nezindaba eziningi ezibalulekile.

Izinkathi eyinhloko emlandweni waseGibhithe lasendulo

Ngokwesiko, umlando waseGibhithe lasendulo zingahlukaniswa izigaba eziningana, labo eziyinhloko:

1. umbuso sidilizwa esehlanganise isikhathi kusuka 3.2 th. Ukuze 2.4 ayizinkulungwane. BC. e. It kwandulelwe ukugunyazwa okwenziwe inkathi yangaphambi dynastic nasekuqaleni kwawo isikhathi dynastic.
2. Kingdom Ephakathi - kusuka 2.1 ayizinkulungwane 1.8 eyinkulungwane BC ... e.
3. New Kingdom - phakathi eziyinkulungwane 1.7 iminyaka BC. futhi 1.1 ayizinkulungwane. BC. e. Walandelwa nezikhathi sekwephuzile futhi amaGreki.

Lokhu Ukuhlelwa kwezenzakalo kunalokho okunemibandela phakathi ngamunye nezikhathi ezinkulu emlandweni ukuba kwakuwumsebenzi ngempela ushintsho eside kuba umzabalazo yesikhashana acute zezombangazwe nezenhlalo, okuyinto libhekene Ancient Egypt. Izikhali ngesikhathi zalezikhathi kwenzeka ziphoqa kunanini ngaphambili, ekunikeleni iragelo ezengeziwe ukuze yenze ibe ngcono.

Izizathu ukudalwa ibutho njalo

Ngesikhathi Old Kingdom, kusale inkumbulo ukwakhiwa omkhulu futhi elalidume kunawo wonke esikhathini sethu nje kwemibhoshongo yaseGibhithe, usongo olukhulu ukuze imingcele eningizimu laseGibhithe yayimelelwe yizitha zaso yendabuko Nubians, futhi empumalanga - Bedouins ayimizulane. Kusukela Ukuvikelwa nokungena zabo nokuvikeleka kuyo imizila yohwebo kubaluleke, oFaro baye zinakekelwe ngokwakha njalo ibutho amayunithi ube ukwakhiwa kwezikhali iyunifomu. Lezi zilimi zazihlanganisa abalimi ikakhulukazi khulula, ukuthola yezinsiza yabo iholo ethile.

Yini eyenza izikhali eGibhithe lasendulo?

Kuzo zonke izigaba ukuthuthukiswa komuntu izikhali zayo kwakuxhomeke kakhulu ezingeni entuthukweni yezobuchwepheshe. Njengoba wezimali odlule kwaba namanje isigaba saso sokuqala, izikhali eGibhithe lasendulo zazenziwe uhlu elilinganiselwe izinto, okuyinto zitholakala ngaleso sikhathi gunsmiths. Ngezinto abanazo yayimane nje ithusi kanye nethusi eliningi elingenakulinganiswa, okwakukhona womshini imimese futhi impi-izimbazo. Made yalezi zikhali ngaleso sikhathi ibiza ngokweqile futhi isetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko izinduna emazingeni ahlukahlukene nangesandla oFaro.

Nokho, i-main yesiteleka osikweni amasosha empi ayengamadoda ayeyizinkulungwane ahlomile ngemikhonto nezinkemba izihlangu ukufihla ngemuva. A legatsha ahlukene yesevisi babe abacibisheli namasosha, abhubhise amakilabhu isitha. Spearheads futhi arrowheads, kanye engxenyeni engenhla uqweqwe of the club, ngokuthi eziqongweni, eyenziwe Flint.

Izihlangu wigs-Marine

AbaseGibithe izihlangu ngokuvamile ezimbili zama - enkulu, cishe ukufinyelela iqhawe kwesilevu futhi ngensimbi phezulu, kanye ezincane, kwadingeka simise isiyingi. Njengoba labo nabanye zanikezwa ngaphakathi amabhande ekhethekile evumela ukuzigcina, futhi kalula enze ezihlukahlukene amasu ukulwa.

Ngokuqondene izingubo zamaqhawe lasendulo, uma sicabangela ezomile futhi ezishisayo kungekho iyunifomu ekhethekile ababenakho. Ngokuvamile, ingubo zabo ehlanganisa isiketi esifushane, kuvamile phakathi lezakhamuzi, kanye wigs ka semvu. Lesi sibaluli ezibonakala zokuhlobisa, kwadingeka nokho injongo luyingxenye utilitarian. Ezenziwe izingqimba eziningana semvu, noboya basonta leyo headgear nezigqoko iye yafeza indima, sivikele ikhanda iqhawe kusuka ukushaya club noma amakilabhu.

ndlela yokuhlasela yokuhlanganisa izihlangu waseGibhithe

Mayelana usayizi amandla amabutho aseGibhithe ukuthi phakathi nokubusa uFaro Sneferu (2614-2579 GG. BC. E.) ngu silwa abaseGibhithe bawabona uthwebule ngaphezu izimayini ocebile ngisho 700 ayizinkulungwane. Iziboshwa. Kusukela lokulwa kwadingeka ukuvula sezwe flat, i-main ukulwa amacebo kwabaseGibhithe kwaba ukwakha ndlela yokuhlasela yokuhlanganisa izihlangu - ezinhlwini obukhulu, ehlanganisa pikemen, ukucasha nezivikelo.

Ngemuva kwabo efika abacibisheli, siqhumisa owawuphezu kwamakhanda azo yithela isitha ngamafu imicibisholo. Uma leli qhinga uyasetshenziswa ezinye izizwe, iwine njalo isiyalo kakhudlwana futhi aqeqeshiwe ibutho. Kulesi sici, abaseGibhithe yayingekho efana.

Izici yebutho kwesikhathi Kingdom Ephakathi

Izikhali Ancient Egypt ngesikhathi Ephakathi Kingdom bajoyine ngembazo okwandile. Ngo odlule isikhathi zomlando yokuthi kakade zaziwe nomlambo iNayili, kodwa wasebenzisa akuvamile ngenxa yezindleko zayo okusezingeni eliphezulu. Lokhu cut-and-Ukubhoboza izikhali, okuyinto into efana nembazo ububanzi lwalugobile, abethelwe esigxotsheni eside, wazenza ngethusi, ngakho-ke kwaba ibiza ngokweqile.

Njengoba ngaphambili, ibutho lahlukaniswa laba amasosha asebenzisa empini izihlangu, labo yini ngaphandle kwabo. Lo mqeqeshi owake wapheka zihlanganisa nabemikhonto abangu, okuyinto ekupheleni Ephakathi Kingdom nawo ahlanganyela asemanzini ngezimbazo lesibili - amaqhawe ayehlome ngezibhamu nemikhonto, izimbazo, izimbazo, maces namaqembu.

Innovations empini amaqhinga

Ngokwengxenye okushintshiwe kanye nenqubo maqondana nokwakhiwa phalanxes lokulwa. Uma kunjalo umugqa owodwa, manje amasosha aqala ukwakha ezinhlwini ezimbalwa, ubhekene nesinye kwenye esikhathini esedlule. Ngesikhathi esifanayo nalabo ezibekwe kule emuva egumbini, saze sakhathala nge imiphini eside, siyivumele ukuba futhi hit isitha.

Le nqubo ye nokubekwa nabemikhonto abangu ngokuthi isakhiwo ngokujulile, wabe esebamba wamabutho eziningi by. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi iningi isibonelo sakhe esiphelele iyona ndlela yokuhlasela yokuhlanganisa izihlangu abadumile Macedonian, ihlolwe futhi ithuthukiswe le emisha Ancient Egypt, ogama isikhali ngisho ngesikhathi avunyelwe ukusetshenziswa kwalezi zindlela impi.

Isici nobuntu izikhathi nebutho laseGibhithe Ephakathi yoMbuso ukuthi kwakugcwele ngokuphelele elihamba, futhi kungenzeka zisebenzisa amahhashi, nakuba saseNayile ngaleso sikhathi base kakade eyaziwa. Njengoba ngaphambili, ngokuhamba elwa indima ebalulekile wanikwa abacibisheli, izikhali eyayintula ukulungiswa eziningana.

Kwakuwuhambo ibutho esesabekayo. Izibalo zibonisa ukuthi amasosha, ayehlome iminsalo elula wenziwe ngesinye okhunini, namamitha eyodwa nengxenye ububanzi, bakwazi hit isitha at ibanga 150 amamitha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwase kukhona onobuhle okuthuthukile yalesi isikhali, kuqoqwa izinhlobo ezahlukene ukhuni embozwe lesikhumba. Kodwa ngenxa yezindleko zayo eziphakeme, kwakungeyona into kufinyeleleke amasosha abavamile.

Ukuncipha kanye imvuselelo okwalandela laseGibhithe

Ngoba laba bantu baseGibhithe Ephakathi Kingdom waphelela kabi kakhulu. Lokhu kwenzeka ngo okuyingxenye ngenxa yokuthi ukuthi kungukuthi ngokushesha ti- ibutho elisha ngesikhathi ukulwa ingalo - izinqola, osekuyisikhathi eside ibisetshenziswa omakhelwane babo. Ngenxa yalokho, bafumana sifundo ebabayo, prepodnesonny ngezizwe zawo Hyksos abayimizulane.

Ukusebenzisa ngesivinini impi double izinqola, benza umbani kuhlasela, showering emvula yabacibishelayo beshiya ngokuphepha kusukela icala. Ukuze ezindaweni eziqhelelene yabo mobile amabutho nezikhali eGibhithe lasendulo, uboshwe ngesikhathi esiteji odlule yentuthuko, akazange yingozi enkulu. Umphumela waba eqhoqhobelele futhi wagibela Hyksos isikhathi bese lincipha.

Revival phambi enamandla, kodwa wahlulwa namaqaba State baqala emhlabeni BC XVII leminyaka. e. Isizathu esikhulu salokhu inqubo wukuthi amaqhawe eGibhithe lasendulo nalapho izikhali zabo eziye zabhekana noshintsho olwenzeka avunyelwe ekugcineni lokuxosha abahlaseli.

Okokuqala, baye bafunda hhayi kuphela ukuzalela amahhashi, kodwa futhi ukuphatha kwabo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izingcweti waseGibhithe lathathwa abezinye izizwe yokukhiqiza ubuchwepheshe nezinqola, wangaphambili Marines baye kahle inqubo ukusebenzisa lezi zinto ngaso ezempi ngempumelelo.

Kwakubukeka njengolimi izinqola?

Lokho kwaba umGibhithe izinqola, namuhla kungaba liyokwahlulelwa izithombe esekhona, kanye zobuciko wathola ngesikhathi abavubukuli. Kwakuyisikhathi enqoleni ukukhanya, eyenzelwe abantu ababili, omunye okuyinto wagijima amahhashi amabili usetshenziswe kuso, kanti eyesibili ngalesi sikhathi udubule izitha ngomnsalo.

Design Its Ukhulelwe ngendlela yokuthi enqoleni kwadingeka esiphansi isisindo kungenzeka, futhi wawukwazi ngesivinini. Ngenxa yale njongo, thina usethe inani elidingekayo lateral ezicijile ngamapulangwe, ngakho la phansi wenza kusukela mncane aluka izinduku. Amasondo nge ewumngcingo hoops lokhuni futhi akazange abe nesisindo kangakanani. Ukuze ezinhlangothini enqoleni abethela quivers imicibisholo, bohlu lozalo okuvumela ukulwa okuqhubekayo.

Innovations izingalo icala

Nokho, isici esibaluleke kunazo zonke ukuthi ngizolivusa imishini yempi ezingeni elisha, babe ngcono ekucubungululeni metal. Siyabonga kubo, elidala nemikhonto Flint nemicibisholo kwathathelwa indawo yensimbi yizihlahla. Kuye ngcono futhi ukuklanywa neminsalo ngokwabo, ngeke kakhulu ukunemba kanye uhla ukulwa.

Phakathi nale nkathi, elidala izikhali waseGibhithe lasendulo, anamagama ukuthi lingama abathandi ajwayelekile yomlando, kulekelelwa emisha, waboleka, ngokuvumelana abacwaningi, kusukela Sumerians. Lokhu kwakuwumnikelo ka-KHOPESH okuthiwa - uhlobo steel ezibandayo, ehlanganisa blade isikela emise isibambo. Isici nobuntu lolu hlobo inkemba kwaba Ukungena yaso ephezulu, okuyinto bavunyelwe hit amasosha, egqoke zempi metal.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi phakathi abasafufusa kule nkathi izinhlobo ezintsha izikhali ezitholakele futhi boomerangs, ukubukeka cishe izakhamuzi zaseBosnia zifana kusuka ababeyisebenzisa abakhileyo e-Australia futhi Polynesia. Kusukela kulokhu, iyiphi kwemali kungenzeka nje ukuthi nokwami Ancient Egypt ukuthi ezweni lawo ngokuqondile.

Izikhali Iinhlangano lempi okusha Kingdom

Okungenhla-echazwe emisha technical ngeke kakhulu kabusha futhi yonke inhlangano lempi isimo. Ngaphezu kwalokho njengefa kusukela eminyaka adlule ka elihamba - "anezikhala", uvele bezinqola - "netheter", okuyinto eyaba uhlobo ibutho elite. Bona bachitha isikhathi sabo esiningi becwaninga futhi elwa amakhono kusukela ubaba endodaneni unikezwe indawo enqoleni.

Futhi eziye zabhekana noshintsho izingubo kanye izikhali waseGibhithe lasendulo infantrymen. Ngu iziketi ephrintiwe inhliziyo-ofanako uyangezelela amaphinifa zokuzivikela, esehlanganise esesiswini iqhawe. Kungafaneleki futhi disused noboya wigs indawo headscarves, bavikelwe imisebe okuchochobalisayo ilanga.

Ngo imishini yaphelela lamasosha aseGibithe kwesikhathi okusha Kingdom, esethulwa emihlanganweni Battle eKadeshi (1274 BC. E.), kuphi ibutho lawo zihlangana endaweni okwakwenzeke yempi ne amatutu umHeti Kingdom. Ancient Egypt, ogama izikhali kuye kwaqhubeka kuthuthuka, ngaphezu amafomu ngendlela yakudala, ezifana imicibisholo, imikhonto, imicibisholo, impi izimbazo, izimbazo, imimese, kanti uvele ngaphambi nje kokuba KHOPESH, njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, ngalolo suku phendla emhlabeni, futhi izinhlobo ezimbili ezintsha ngokuphelele imimese .

Ziyakwazi izindwani esika nhlangothi zombili kokuzihlanganisa kusuka steel (phambilini obuwaziwa ngo ekhiqizwa zabo kusukela zethusi) kwase kukhona owayeseke leaf emise, lapho basuke ngokushelela tapered emikhawulweni yaso. Kwaba ukhululekile futhi ingalo, ifakwe izinsimbi Isigaxa emise. Kwakumelwe ezifanayo, futhi umehluko kwakungenxa ebukhulwini yendlela aklanywe ngayo. Le mpi kwaba nakangaka, lapho zethusi ithusi ezandleni amasosha wakhala steel.

Ezinkathini okwalandela zomlando waseGibhithe lasendulo izikhali (isithombe amasampula zayo ngazinye ziboniswe sihloko) uye washintsha okwengeziwe, okubangelwa kokubili intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe ngaphakathi ezweni, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwamaZwe.