Wayekuphi waseConstantinople? Njengoba manje ibizwa ngokuthi iConstantinople?

Umuzi edume uye esikhundleni amagama amaningi, izizwe imibuso ... I imbangi okuphakade waseRoma, sombuso ubuKristu Bobu-Orthodox kanye inhloko-dolobha yombuso, obabukhona ikhulu leminyaka ... Ngo Emabalazweni lo muzi ngeke ukuthole, Nokho, uyaphila futhi ukhule. I endaweni ayekuyo waseConstantinople, elise engekude kakhulu kithi. On the umlando waleli dolobha legends salo esikhazimulayo ngani kulesi sihloko.

ukuvela

Funa umhlaba, elise phakathi ezilwandle ezimbili - Sea neMedithera, abantu baqala esikhathini BC VII ekhulwini Njengoba Bathi imibhalo ngesiGreki, ogwini enyakatho Bosphorus azinza ikoloni eSamo naseMilethu. Asian Coast Strait obzhili Megara. Imizi amabili emi ngakubo zibhekane - eYurophu eyayiyingxenye laseMilethu kwaba eByzantium, ogwini eningizimu - Megara Kalhedon. Lesi simo avunyelwe emzaneni ukulawula Bosphorus. ukuhweba Brisk phakathi amazwe kweBlack Sea-Aegean Sea, notshwala njalo kwezimpahla, ukuhweba kanye nemikhumbi lempi bomkhankaso ukuhlinzeka imisebenzi namasiko kokubili wale mizi, maduze nje abe umuntu.

Ngakho, indawo encane le Bosporus, kamuva yabizwa ngokuthi i-bay of iGolden Horn, futhi kwaba esinye iphuzu lapho umuzi omkhulu waseConstantinople.

Imizamo uthwebule Byzantium

EByzantium Rich futhi onethonya yabakhanga ojenene eziningi abanqobi. Eminyakeni engaba ngu-30 phakathi ukunqoba kaDariyu, eByzantium kwaba phansi kwesandla umbuso yamaPheresiya. Igalofu ukuphila kuqhathaniswa ethule amakhulu eminyaka ukuba Amasango awo wasondela yempi yenkosi saseMakedoniya - Philip. Ezinyangeni eziningana zokuvimbezela kuhlulekile. izakhamuzi engumthengisi nezicebi ayethanda ukuthi ngincome abahlaseli eziningi, kunokuba bahlanganyele ezimpini olunegazi futhi eziningi. Nqoba eByzantium kuphumelele enye inkosi saseMakedoniya - Alexander Omkhulu.

Ngemva Aleksandra Makedonskogo umbuso lwaqhekeka, lo muzi waba ngaphansi kwethonya eRoma.

UbuKristu eByzantium

amasiko zomlando namasiko Roman nesiGreki kwakungezona imithombo kuphela isiko Ngokuzayo waseConstantinople. Evela ezindaweni empumalanga yoMbuso WaseRoma, inkolo entsha, njengoba umlilo kwasakazekela kubantu bonke izifundazwe laseRoma lasendulo. imiphakathi yobuKristu wathatha zaba izigaba zalo abantu bokholo ezahlukene, ne amazinga ehlukene ezemfundo kanye engenayo. Kodwa kakade ngezikhathi zabaphostoli, okwesibili AD leminyaka, lapho izikole eziningi Christian namatshe ezikhumbuzo lokuqala izincwadi zethu zobuKristu. UbuKristu Multilingual kancane kancane abasafufusa of catacombs kakhulu uthi uqobo jikelele.

ababusi Christian

Ngemva uhlukana omkhulu imfundo yomphakathi esempumalanga UMbuso WamaRoma waqala endaweni ngokwabo njengoba isimo yobuKristu. UMbusi uConstantine wathatha amandla edolobheni lasendulo, wawuqamba ngokuthi iConstantinople, ngemva yena. Ukushushiswa kwamaKristu ayisenziwa, amathempeli nezindawo zokukhulekela, uKristu waqala okumelwe lihlonishwe zilingana nezinhlobo izindawo eziphakemeyo. UConstantine ngokwakhe wabhapathizwa lapho esezokufa ngo-337. ababusi Okwalandela njalo tigcugcutele tiphindze tivikele ukholo lobuKristu. A uJustinian VI e. BC UbuKristu ushiye kuphela inkolo isimo eyayinalo imicikilisho lasendulo endaweni yoMbuso WaseByzantium.

waseConstantinople amathempeli

ukwesekwa State ukholo entsha kwaba nethonya elihle ekuphileni futhi isakhiwo sepolitiki omuzi wasendulo. Izwe lapho waseConstantinople, egcwele amathempeli eziningi kanye nezimpawu zokholo lobuKristu. Emizini umbuso kwakukhona amasonto, izinkonzo yayiqhutshelwa, edonsa ezikhundleni zawo ngaphezulu futhi adepts ngaphezulu. Omunye ababhishobhi lokuqala abadumile sekukhona ngalesi sikhathi, kwaba ithempeli Sofia eConstantinople.

Church of St .. Sofia

Umsunguli wawo kwaba Konstantin Veliky. Leli gama bekulokhu okwandile eYurophu eseMpumalanga. UZandile ngokuthi usanta Christian, owaphila BC II ekhulwini Ngezinye izikhathi obizwa ngokuthi uJesu Kristu ngenxa yokuhlakanipha scholarship. Ukulandela isibonelo waseConstantinople, amasonto wokuqala ongumKristu naleli gama chithi amazwe empumalanga ezingxenyeni ezikude zombuso. indodana uConstantine futhi indlalifa yesihlalo sobukhosi WaseByzantium, umbusi Constantius kabusha ithempeli, okwenza kube nakakhulu futhi ivulekile. Eminyakeni eyikhulu kamuva, phakathi noshushiso unjust isazi semfundiso yenkolo yokuqala yamaKristu sefilosofi Ioanna Bogoslova, waseConstantinople amathempeli baqothulwa lezi zihlubuki, futhi Cathedral of St .. Sofia yashiswa.

Imvuselelo yesonto Lwenziwe phakathi nokubusa koMbusi uJustinian kuphela.

New umbusi Christian wayefisa kabusha sesonto. Ngokusho kwakhe, lo Hagia Sophia eConstantinople kumele ahlonishwe, futhi ngokuzinikela isonto lakhe ubophekile ukuba udlule ubuhle kanye nobuhle yanoma yisiphi esinye isikhungo lolu hlobo emhlabeni. Ukuze ukwakhiwa kwalesi wobuciko kaKesari abamenyiwe abaklami abadumile nabakhi bezindonga isikhathi - Amphimachus kusukela Thrall futhi u-Isidore eSamo naseMilethu. Ngo kuhanjiswa abaklami wasebenza eziyikhulu abasizi, nezinkulungwane 10. Abantu babesebenza ngqo ngaphakathi ehholo. Umnikelo Isidore futhi Amphimachus laliwukuphela kwesakhiwo ephelele kakhulu izinto - egwadle, imifekethiso, namatshe ayigugu. Ukwakhiwa lweminyaka emihlanu, futhi umphumela kakhulu.

Ngokwe-akhawunti ababephila ngesikhathi, zihlangana khona endaweni lapho ithempeli waseConstantinople wabusa etikwawo onkhe lawo umuzi wasendulo, njengezinye umkhumbi namagagasi. On isimangaliso emangalisayo bahlangana ukubona amaKristu abavela kulo lonke elase umbuso.

Ukuwohloka waseConstantinople

Esikhathini VII leminyaka in eNhlonhlweni ye-Arabhiya, a nolaka entsha state Islamic - sompristi Arab. Zacindezelwa yakhe eByzantium elahlekile izifundazwe zalo empumalanga, kuyilapho indawo yaseYurophu elingana kancane kancane yanqoba BaseFrigiya, lwamaSlav, baseBulgaria. Le ndawo lapho waseConstantinople, ngokuphindiwe bahlaselwa lizungezwe inkokhiso. I WaseByzantium ukuthi ulahlekelwe isikhundla eMpumalanga Yurophu, futhi kancane kancane yawela kwamazinyo.

e 1204 kwamabutho ezimpi zokholo amabutho ngoxhaxha Venetian futhi elihamba French wathatha waseConstantinople ezinyangeni-eside iJerusalema livinjezelwe. Ngemva ukumelana eside yomuzi yawa futhi waxoshwa abahlaseli. I imililo ubhubhisé imisebenzi eminingi yobuciko kanye namatshe. On endaweni lapho kwakumi elinabantu abaningi futhi ocebile eConstantinople, kuyinto abampofu futhi aphanga inhlokodolobha Romeyskoy Empire. Ngo 1261 the baseByzantium bakwazi ukuba baphinde waseConstantinople kusukela Latins, kodwa ukubuyela edolobheni ngobukhulu bawo wangaphambili kwakungenakwenzeka.

umbuso Ottoman

Ngu xv ekhulwini uMbuso WaseTurkey ngenkuthalo enwetshiwe imingcele yayo ezindaweni European, esakaza Islam ngenkemba nokufumbathisa enamathela ezintweni zakhe ezweni ezingasho. Ngo 1402, i-Turkish Sultan Bayezid kakade wazama ukuthatha waseConstantinople, kodwa egqilazwe Amir Timur. Ukunqotshwa at Anker buthaka amandla umbuso, futhi enwetshiwe zazikujabulela ukuba khona omkhulu waseConstantinople ukuze uthole enye i engamashumi amahlanu.

Ngo 1452, Sultan Mehmed 2 ngemva ukulungiselelwa ngokucophelela wawatfumba le -dolobha yoMbuso WaseByzantium. Oku-wayezinakekela sokudla emadolobheni amancane, ezungezwe waseConstantinople nabasizi balo waqala iJerusalema livinjezelwe. Ngobusuku buka-28 Meyi, 1453 umuzi uthathiwe. amasonto eziningi Christian yaphendulwa amathempeli, nezithombe zosanta nezimpawu ubuKristu wanyamalala izindonga ababhishobhi, futhi phezu St Sophia landizela inhlendla.

I WaseByzantium beqiniso lashabalala, naseConstantinople baba ingxenye yoMbuso WaseTurkey.

Ukubusa Suleiman le Ezinhle wanika waseConstantinople a "Golden Age," entsha. Njengendlu eyakhiw Suleymaniye Mosque, okuyinto kuba uphawu for amaSulumane, iyafana luhlala St .. Sofia nakuwo wonke amaKristu. Ngemva kokufa Suleiman yoMbuso WaseTurkey kulo ukhona baqhubeka ukuhlobisa umuzi yobuciko izakhiwo kanye izakhiwo lasendulo.

Metamorphosis of igama lalo muzi

Ngemva umuzi abaseTurkey akazange ngokusemthethweni kabusha. Ukuze amaGreki, ke aye wasigcina igama layo. Kunalokho, emlonyeni izakhamuzi Turkish futhi Arab waqala umsindo ngokuya "Istanbul", "Stanbul", "Istanbul" - aqhubeka waziwa ngokuthi iConstantinople. Manje kuthiwa ezimbili izinguqulo imvelaphi yalezi amagama. Umbono wokuqala uthi igama - a kufunwe ibinzana ngesiGreki ezimbi lisho ukuthi "ngiyoba ungene emzini, ukuya edolobheni." Omunye umbono kusekelwe egameni Islambouli, okusho "emzini Islam". Zombili izinguqulo banelilungelo khona. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi laliyini, igama waseConstantinople isasetshenziswa, kodwa ekuphileni kwansuku zonke uyangena iqine, futhi igama Istanbul. Kuleli fomu we emzini, beza amabalazwe emazweni amaningi, kuhlanganise naseRussia, kodwa amaGreki yayingakasebenzi namanje ogama lakhe behlonipha uMbusi uConstantine.

Istanbul wesimanje

Le ndawo lapho kuyinto waseConstantinople, manje aphethwe yi-Turkey. Nokho, isihloko dolobha ilahlekelwe kakade: ngesinqumo neziphathimandla Turkish enhlokodolobha ngo-1923 washukumiseleka ukuba Ankara. Nakuba waseConstantinople, manje ebizwa ngokuthi Istanbul, izivakashi eziningi nezivakashi eByzantium lasendulo namanje idolobha elikhulu nge ezikhumbuzo eziningi izakhiwo kanye ubuciko, ocebile eseningizimu izihambi, futhi njalo emnandi.