Ezemfundo samandla-Mongolian: izimbangela, Yiqiniso futhi umphumela

Imfundo ye-Mongolian amandla Izazi-mlando zibiza 1206. uzuza zalo zazikunye omkhulu: China, konke Central Asia, eCaucasus, Russia, eMpumalanga Ephakathi, Hungary. nokwahlukana Final kungenziwa kubhekwe njengento 1480, lapho izizwe elahlekile lokulwa umoya wabo, bachitheka, kwakuqala ukuba waziphatha izinkomo yokuzalanisa emaqeleni bomdabu.

ubuntu uTemüjin

Ezemfundo samandla-Mongolian zonke ubophekile uTemüjin (uTemüjin), njengoba wabizwa ebusheni bakhe. Uyise, wohlobo Esigey Bordzhigin, bathunjwa ngokwabo umfazi omuhle esizweni Markit lapho usushadile kakade. abeleka indvodzana yakhe uTemüjin phakathi kwekhulu XII esifundeni, owanhlanhlatha eduze lomfula Aumont. Lapho iningi Esigeya anobuthi AmaTatar, ukuthi uTemüjin nomkhaya wakhe baye baxoshwa emizini yabo. AmaTatar uTemüjin baba izitha zakhe siqu. UTemüjin abathumbe taychiuty ukukhula umfana ayikwazanga ngiphindisele uyise ukwazi ezweni labo. UTemüjin ikwazile ukuphulukundlela ibaleke, wathola udadewabo kayise, owamnika yokukhosela, washada uyise okuhloswe umakoti Borte futhi waqala ukuqinisa amabutho azo, zahlasela isifunda engumakhelwane. Akazange ukubulala iziboshwa, baziyisa inkonzo yakhe.

Ukudlondlobala uTemüjin

Umcebo eyinhloko imihambuma babe nezinkomo emadlelweni. Bezama izinkomo eziningi, balufunda ngaphezulu amadlelo amasha - ubudala sikhathele siyingcuba. Insimu yendabuko imihambuma yaba ncane kakhulu ukuba nezinkomo nezimvu. Lokho kuvela izingxabano zamaKhosi. kwaba "feudalism ayimizulane" ukuba esikhundleni salesi simiso zamaKhosi. Lena lukhulu lisebenza futhi abanamakhono nomholi wezempi uTemüjin. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isiShayina ukuze bagcine ukuthula ekhaya, ayihlwanyelayo ubutha phakathi izizwe ayimizulane. UTemüjin kwadingeka izimpi eziningi ngaphambi anqoba izizwe AmaTatar taychiutov, Markit, Oirats. Ngu 1206 ngaphansi amandla akhe ayebekelwe zonke Mongolia. On kurtulae (iCongress of the khans-Mongolian) uTemüjin wathola isihloko "Kagan" futhi wathatha igama uGenghis okusho "ocean" noma, kwenye inguqulo, "abakhethiweyo ezulu." Izizathu kumiswa amandla-Mongolian:

• Noqhekeko kohlelo zamaKhosi.
• Ukuswelakala kokusebenza ngokuhlanganyela idlelo zokwakheka ende tribal.
• inqubomgomo Obucashe kokubeka izizwe ngokumelene nomunye Jurchen (North-Eastern Chinese), ogama akhonze babe amaMongol.

Imithetho entsha uKhan Omkhulu

Imihambima uGenghis Khan shuffled ezihlukahlukene nangemindeni waba ngokuqinile ihlelwe ibutho. Isiyalo nosizo mutual babe yensimbi. Uma empini wagijima esisodwa, ibulawa idazini, lapho afike wakhonza khona. Of inqwaba amakhulu ngamakhulu - zezinkulungwane - (. Izinkulungwane zabantu 10) tumens. Ukuze ukudluliswa okungagunyaziwe kusuka omunye komunye kweshumi babulawa. Kuphela ikhono lomuntu siqu nokuzinikela Khan manje usiza bazithuthukise emisebenzini yabo siqu. empini yakhe yokuqala enkulu ayenakho, kanye Merkit abaphikisi ethumba umkakhe.

Impi ne eMbusweni Qin

Lapho eya ukulungiselela impi eChina, yangihlupha nakakhulu imfundo okuqhubekayo isimo-Mongolian. Izimbangela, Yiqiniso, eminye imiphumela ngokwengxenye kubhekwane. Mongolia kwaba ngokomthetho isizwe ngaphansi kwesizwe we Jurchen, owaphila Territory Primorsky, South Korea, North-East kanye Central China. Ngo 1209 amaMongol wasebenzisa izikhali lokuvimbezela bawuthumba umuzi Urahay, yavimbezela inhloko-dolobha yombuso ka Xi Xia. Umbusi bacela ukuthula futhi washada off indodakazi yakhe uGenghis Khan. Ngakho ukuze uthole okuhlangenwe nakho wezempi, futhi lanwetshwa Mongolia. Ngalokhu umakhelwane esiyingozi ngokuzithandela bajoyine Uighurs, owayehlala ensimini ka Xinjiang. Ngo 1210, lesi sibonelo Kwalandela eminye Khan ezimbili. umhlaba owengeziwe futhi amaMongol ibutho. Khan ngomumo ukuba anqobe isimo Qin ixazululwe. Ngo 1213, amabutho amaMongol yahlasela umbuso. Ibutho elikhulu waba yizinqamu 3 lanqoba empumalanga, eningizimu kanye eningizimu-mpumalanga. Beijing ezothengwa. Kodwa ngemva konyaka 1214 uGenghis Khan wabuya, wathatha Beijing, bazishisa. City washisa lonke ngenyanga. Sekukonke, lachithwa emadolobheni Chinese 90. EChina, uMbuso Mongol yasungulwa by umzukulu uGenghis Khan (Yuan lwamakhosi). It likhona iminyaka eyikhulu. Wayesephuma kumiswa umbuso amaMongol. Izimbangela, Yiqiniso, imiphumela - e inqubo yokubuyekeza.

Conquest-Asia Ephakathi futhi Transcaucasia

Ngo 1218 amabutho Mongol ngilinqobile Rivers Seven East Turkestan - ezweni Naiman, futhi phambi kwabo, kwavulela Khorezm, eBukhara, Samarkand futhi Urgench. Umuzi sathathwa futhi ubhujiswe. AmaMongol ababethi isimiso sokuthi "umhlaba elihangukile". Lapho umdala indodana ka uGenghis Khan baqala lokubhikisha, ngoba kwaba ulus yakhe, futhi zafuna ukumgcina bona ocebile, ngemva kwenyanga wabulawa nemicibisholo anobuthi. Ngo 1220 benqotshwa enyakatho Iran, eCaucasus and eCrimea.

Sihambe eRussia

Ngo 1223 izikhulu Russian weza Mongol amanxusa. Ayebulewe. AmaMongol akazange abathethelele isimo sengqondo esinjalo lenxusa, futhi ngemva kokunqotshwa amabutho angumfelandawonye izikhulu Russian ngesikhathi impi ku emfuleni Kalka kwadingeka edilini. Agqoka ibhodi iziboshwa usaphila futhi bahlala kuzo, kokuba wahlela ukugubha ukukhala kwabantu befa kabuhlungu. Kuyini okuphawuleka ukuthi amaMongol babe yizinkulungwane 20 kuphela, kuyilapho inani lamasosha Russian futhi Polovtsian ngokusho kombiko ezihlukahlukene ezisukela 40 kuya kwezingu-100. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, amabutho uGenghis Khan wafika Indus. Ngakho uya kumiswa umbuso amaMongol. Kafushane, ungakwazi ukwengeza ukuthi 1241, lapho Russia wanqotshwa bese ishiswa, amaMongol safinyelela eDanube kuya eHungary nasePoland. Ngenhlanhla ngabo, babuyela emuva empumalanga iminyaka 240 igxilile eRussia.

Izimpi zombango nokuwa umbuso

Ezemfundo uGenghis Khan amandla-Mongolian esenzeka izimpi ezinonya kakhulu ukunqoba. Isihe kwa- kungekho muntu. ERussia lezwakala kwesaba ngemva kokufika kwabakhi amabutho Batu. khans Mongol kancane kancane yazuza inhlokodolobha babé kancane lisebenza. Bayanda phakathi izingxabano. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, iRussia wamqinisa futhi phezu ijoka omi emfuleni Ugra.

imiphumela

I autocracy Russian wamqinisa kwaqinisa iSonto Lobu-Orthodox. It ushiye Kazan Khanate, okuyinto wahlulwa Ivan Grozny, ukukhulula ecishe ibe yizinkulungwane 60. Izigqila Russian. EKazan AmaTatar wahlala ngokuthula, abe amaSulumane angabeZizwe. Wahlala isiqeshana Empire Mongol eCrimea. Serene yakhe Highness Prince Potemkin yanqotshwa. Wayeqhubeka ephila endaweni emzini kasimov, isifundazwe Ryazan, okuyinto Sekuyisikhathi eside ixazululwe AmaTatar. Ekhulwini xv, lapho zolotaya Orda behlukana ke kwakubonakala sengathi le Khanate eSiberia ngo sifinyelela engezansi eMfuleni ob. amabutho kuphela Ermak kanye nokuthuthukiswa okwalandela yeSiberia ekhulwini XVI baye bavumela Russia ukwakhela kwemingcele yayo, inqaba entsha.