Umlando yemikhumbi yaseRussia. Petra Velikogo Fleet

Russia - isimo Continental, kodwa ubude kwemingcele yayo, uwela kwamanzi kuyinto 2/3 ubude babo Imininingwane. Russian sidilizwa wayengahamba ibanga elingakanani ezilwandle nakuzo bakwazi ukulwa olwandle, kodwa isiko yeqiniso asolwandle wezwe lakithi kukhona eminyakeni engaba ngu-300 ubudala.

Namanje bebaphikisana ngani isenzakalo esithile noma usuku, kusukela oluvela umlando ngoxhaxha Russian. Enye into icacile kuwo wonke umuntu - ke kwenzeka ngenkathi Petra Velikogo.

I ucwaningo lokuqala

Sebenzisa kule misele ukuze ukuhambisa amabutho ahlomile kuleli zwe, lapho imifula babe nemizila main zokuxhumana, Russian waqala kudala. Yisho indlela edume "kusukela amaViking namaGreki" buyela emuva emakhulwini eminyaka. Mayelana umkhankaso "lodev" Prince Oleg ukuze epics waseConstantinople sakhiwa.

Izimpi Aleksandra Nevskogo nge abaseSweden futhi kwamabutho ezimpi zokholo German ayengabanye yezinjongo eziyinhloko kuhlomisa nemizana Russian eduze somfula iNeva, ukuze bakwazi ukukhulula navigation e oLwandle iBaltic.

Eningizimu, umzabalazo oLwandle Olumnyama ne AmaTatar nabaseTurkey kwakungamadodana Zaporozhye noDon Cossacks. "Gull" edume ngo 1350 ehlaselwa ngempumelelo wathumba Ochakov.

I-Russian wempi "Lokhozi" lokuqala elakhiwa ngo 1668 kwi eMfuleni Oka edolobhaneni Dedinovo ngomyalo kaKesari Alexei Mikhailovich. Kodwa ukuzalwa kwakhe wangempela lasolwandle Russian ubophekile ukuba iphupho intando indodana yakhe - uPeter Omkhulu.

dream Ikhaya

Ekuqaleni le nkosi encane nje bathandile ngomkhumbi lapho kuqhamuka isikebhe esincane eyafunyanwa engotsheni edolobhaneni Izmailovo. Lesi sikebhe imitha-6 kwakunikelwa ngendawo uyise, manje egcinwe ku-Naval Museum Petersburg.

Umbusi esizayo wathi kamuva ukuthi kuwo futhi kuvela Russian Imperial Navy, bambiza "Umkhulu we Russian Fleet". UPetru ngokwakhe walibuyisela ngokulandela amakhosi isiphetho isiJalimane, ngoba inkosi yayo bemikhumbi eMoscow wayengekho.

Lapho i-emperor esizayo eminyakeni 17 isibe ongumbusi wangempela, waqala ukuqaphela ngempela ukuthi iRussia akakwazi ukuthuthukisa ngaphandle ubudlelwane bezomnotho, angokwesayensi nolwazi nge-Europe, futhi izindlela engcono yokukhulumisana zasolwandle.

umuntu Nomfutho futhi ukwazi, uPetru wanquma ukuba bathole ulwazi namakhono ezindaweni ezahlukene. Uthando lwakhe enkulu kwaba theory kanye umkhuba we shipbuilding, okuyinto akufunda Dutch, isiJalimane kanye amakhosi ngesiNgisi. Yena abukeka bawahlolisisa izisekelo of ekudwetshweni kwamabalazwe, ngafunda ukusebenzisa amadivaysi navigation.

Lelo khono lokuqala eqala ukutshala kokudalwa 'ezihlekisayo weqembu lemikhumbi "Pleshcheyevo lake Pereslavl eduze Yaroslavl. Ngo-June 1689 lapho shipyards zathathwa bot "Fortune", 2 frigates amancane yacht.

Phuma olwandle

umhlaba Huge giant, owayeneminyaka wesithupha ezweni mass eMhlabeni, ngaphansi Russia ngasekupheleni kwekhulu XVII-ukwedlula kwamanye amazwe angasho ukuthi amandla zasolwandle. Umlando yemikhumbi Russian - liphinde indaba umzabalazo ukufinyelela izilwandle zomhlaba. Kwakukhona ngezindlela ezimbili out isikhala ulwandle - "bottleneck" ezimbili: eGulf of Finland futhi Baltic Sea, okuyinto liba Sweden eqinile, nakuyo woLwandle Olumnyama, emigwaqweni emincane Straits we iDardanelles, okuyinto yayingaphansi kokulawula yoMbuso WaseTurkey.

Umzamo wokuqala ukuba ayeke kuphangwa ka YaseCrimea AmaTatar nabaseTurkey ku imingcele eningizimu, futhi beka iinsekelo intuthuko esizayo oLwandle Olumnyama senziwa uPetru e 1695. Inqaba Azov, sise umlomo Don, oye wamelana lihlaselwa Russian emkhankasweni wempi, futhi okuvinjezelwa ehlelekile wawungenawo amandla, hhayi imali eyanele usike supply izinhlamvu ukubuswa abaseTurkey sizungezwe amanzi. Ngakho-ke, ukuze balungiselele umkhankaso olandelayo, kwanqunywa ukuba kwakhiwe imikhumbi.

Azov imikhumbi

UPetru amandla engakaze ibonwe uhlaziyo ukwakhiwa lwemikhumbi. Abangaphezu kuka 25,000 abalimi baye babaleka ukuthi asebenze shipyards ku isimo futhi umfula Voronezh. Ngokwe-amasampula baletha ezivela kwamanye amazwe, ngaphansi kokuqondisa amakhosi abangabokufika bhila 23 ukugwedla emikhunjini (kanzima), 2 badayisa isikebhe esikhulu (omunye wabo - 36-isibhamu "Apostol Potr"), izitsha ezincane ezingaphezu kuka 1,300 - izikebhe, amageja kanye nokunye okufana nalokho. d. Kwakuwusuku umzamo wokuqala ukwakha okubizwa "njalo Russian Imperial Navy." Yena kahle kokumpimpa yayo lokukhulula amasosha ezindongeni inqaba futhi sizungezwe Ukuvinjwa of Azov ngamanzi. Ngemva lwamasonto ayisithupha ukuvinjezelwa Julayi 19, 1696 ikampu umaluju.

"Lutche kimi ukulwa kolwandle ..."

Lo mkhankaso wabonisa ukubaluleka nokuxhumana zwe futhi andle amabutho. Wayengumuntu kuzibophezelo isinqumo we Boyar Duma ku ukwakhiwa eminye imikhumbi. "Kuhamba babe!" - esinqumweni lwasebukhosini ukwabiwa kwezimali ukuze imikhumbi sivunyiwe Okthoba 20, 1696. Kusukela ngalolo suku, umlando ngoxhaxha isiRashiya, futhi igcina countdown yayo.

embassy enkulu

Impi sokufinyelela eningizimu kuya bamba olwandle of Azov uqalile nje, futhi uPetru waya eYurophu afune usizo ngokumelene Turkey nabasizi balo. Inkosi esetshenziswa uhambo lwakhe zamanxusa eyathatha omunye futhi ngonyaka nengxenye ukuthuthukisa ulwazi lwabo shipbuilding futhi ezindabeni zezempi.

Ngaphansi igama Petra Mihaylova, wasebenza shipyards yeNetherlands. Yena yazuza okuhlangenwe nakho ezele ababazi Russian. Ezinyangeni ezintathu kusukela iqhaza wabo owakhiwe frigate "uPetru noPawulu", owahamba ke eJava ngaphansi ifulege we-East India Company.

ENgilandi, inkosi futhi ngisebenza shipyards kanye nemihlangano yokufundisa lokukhanda. IsiZulu King ngqo uPetru sesihlela asolwandle zijike ngokushesha. Ukubona ukusebenzisana wokuzimisela 12 futhi imikhumbi elikhulu, uPetru Ufika yavusa futhi uthi ufuna ukuba IsiZulu Admiral, kuka Russian Tsar. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi iphupho ukuba esinamandla Russian Imperial Navy uye waqinisa kuye ngokuphelele.

Russia abasha

ibhizinisi Marine eba. Ngo 1700, Petr Veliky sisungula Ensign we Russian Navy emikhunjini. Lethiwa Umyalelo wokuqala Russian - St Andreya Pervozvannogo. iminyaka engu-300 kuya imikhumbi isiRashiya, cishe kanye nazo zonke sikhathi labasibekela amatilosi Russian etshekile engu- blue flag St Andrew.

Ngemva konyaka, eMoscow isikole sokuqala asolwandle - isikole wesayensi zezibalo kanye olwandle. Umi Navy ngaphambilini ukuhola igatsha elisha ngemali ephansi. Ezamukelwe Naval Charter langena ezinhlwini asolwandle.

Kodwa okubaluleke kakhulu - Admiralty, ophethe ngisemsebenzini - imikhumbi entsha Kwakhiwa khona.

izinhlelo uPetru mina sika ukuze uthole okunye ukunqoba ephindelela nezimbobo oLwandle Olumnyama futhi base khona shipyards uvinjelwe Umphikisi esesabekayo xaxa North. Denmark naseSweden aya empini phezu iziqhingi uphikise, futhi uPetru naye ohlangothini Danish, ngenhloso wafohla "ifasitela eYurophu" - ukufinyelela khona oLwandle iBaltic.

Battle Gangut

Sweden eliholwa abasha cocky Charles XII Kwakuyindawo eyinhloko yebutho lempi sikhathi. Abangenalwazi Russian Imperial Navy walinda sizi. Ehlobo lika-1714 i-isigaba Russian of emikhunjini eholwa Umkhuzi Fedorom Apraksinym wahlangana enamandla Swedish imikhumbi eCape Hanko. Ethonywe wezikhali isitha, undunankulu akazange alinge ukuqondisa ngxabano kubika kuPetru isimo.

Inkosi yenza isihlalo feint: ngaphambilini ukuhlela flooring for isikebhe imikhumbi emhlabathini owomileyo, futhi ukukhombisa inhloso ukuza zinqamule lesi siqephu kuya ezingemuva yemikhumbi isitha. Ukuze uvimbele lokhu, abaseSweden wabelane imikhumbi, ukuthumela ihlukane imithambo 10 ngokudlula inhlonhlo endaweni Perevoloka. Ngalesi sikhathi kolwandle yasungulwa ezolile ephelele, okuyinto bancishwa abaseSweden kungenzeka iyiphi iqhinga. imikhumbi Massive ujenga arc umile ngaphambili empini, futhi imikhumbi yemikhumbi Russian - okusheshayo ukugwedla emikhunjini - kwabheduka ngasogwini bashaya iqembu izitsha 10, ngaleyo ndlela avalele ke olwandle. Ama-frigate bird iwuhlelo "Indlovu" sathathwa emkhunjini, uPetru ayehileleke ukuhlaselwa Melee, ukudweba amatilosi ngesibonelo.

Russian ukunqoba asolwandle kwase kuphelile. Mayelana nemikhumbi kweshumi bathunjwa, ezingaphezu kwenkulungwane abaseSweden uthathiwe ezingaphezu kuka-350 - abulawa. Ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa umkhumbi owodwa, Russian elahlekile amadoda 120 bashonile kwathi 350 - abalimele.

Okokuqala Victoria Sea - the Gangut futhi, kamuva, ngesikhathi Grengam nezwe Poltava ukunqoba - konke lokhu kwaba isihluthulelo ukusayinwa iSivumelwano Nystad Sweden (1721), laseRussia laqala ngaphansi kuyo kuyovama khona oLwandle iBaltic. Umgomo - ukufinyelela emachwebeni West European - osekuzuziwe.

Legacy Petra Velikogo

Isisekelo ukudalwa aseBaltic Fleet yasungulwa uPetru ngisho iminyaka eyishumi ngaphambi kokuba impi Gangutskaya lapho wabophula kusukela somfula iNeva abaseSweden yasungulwa Petersburg, inhloko-dolobha entsha Empire Russian. Kanye enkanjini eliseduze - Kronstadt - baba amasango avaliwe ezitheni futhi uvulekile ukuhwebelana.

Iminyaka eyikhulu ikota, iRussia yathatha indlela ukuthi kwathatha amakhulu eminyaka amaningi, le ehamba phambili amandla zasolwandle - indlela emikhunjini ezincane navigation ezingasolwandle imikhumbi emikhulu ikwazi sokunqoba komkhathi womhlaba wonke. Maka we Navy Russian wayaziwa futhi sihloniphana njengomkhaya zonke izilwandle zomhlaba.

Umlando zokunqoba kanye ukunqotshwa

kwekuhlela kabusha kaPetru nengane yakhe ozithandayo - ngoxhaxha wokuqala Russian - elinde ukufa nzima. Akubona bonke ababusi okwalandela izindawo zezwe zahlanganyela imicabango Petra Velikogo, noma amandla akhe uhlamvu.

Kuyo yonke le minyaka 300 eduze imikhumbi Russian kwadingeka ithuba lokuwina ukuhlula okukhulu izikhathi Ushakov futhi Nakhimov futhi singalimala ezinzima e Sevastopol futhi Tsushima. Ngemva kuphangwa olusindayo eRussia ophucwa isimo amandla ulwandle. Phakathi Renaissance, ngemva kokuwa ngokuphelele uyazi umlando Navy Russian kanye Emakhulwini eminyaka adlule, futhi ezikhathini zanamuhla.

Namuhla liphuthuma yokuthola amandla emva yokujama tsi esibhubhisayo, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi konke kwaqala nge amandla nentando uPetru mina, ababekholwa ubukhulu laseThire elingasolwandle ezweni labo.