Beethoven - amaqiniso athakazelisayo zokuphila. Ludwig van Beethoven - Biography, lokusungula

Ludwig van Beethoven futhi namuhla uhlala esenzakalweni esiyisimangaliso esenzeka emhlabeni umculo. Lapho efika okokuqala isebenza umuntu aye wadala, njengoba kwasho insizwa egama. Beethoven, amaqiniso athakazelisayo zokuphila okwaphoqa ubunyoninco ubuntu bakhe namuhla kukho konke ukuphila kwami wacabanga ukuthi lo msebenzi wakhe - ukuba umqambi omkhulu futhi umculi, ayivusa empeleni kwakuwukugcwaliseka.

Umndeni Lyudviga Van Beethoven

Abahlukile lomculo emkhayeni waba Umkhulu nobaba Ludwig. Naphezu umsuka rootless, ke wakwazi babe Kapellmeister lokuqala enkantolo ku Bonn. Ludwig van Beethoven, Sr. kwadingeka ngezwi eliyingqayizivele futhi ukuzwa. Ngemva ukuzalwa Johann indodana nomkakhe uMaria Theresa, owayenolwazi umlutha wotshwala, wathunyelwa esigodlweni sezindela. Umfana eba neminyaka eziyisithupha waqala ukutadisha ukucula. Ingane kwadingeka ngezwi elikhulu. Kamuva, amadoda uhlobo Beethoven wenza ndawonye kwesinye isigaba. Ngeshwa, uyise Ludwig ayizange iyahlukahluka kakhulu ithalente futhi umsebenzi onzima kakhokho wakhe, kungani ukufinyelela phezulu. Yikuphi awuzange ukuthatha kude Johann, kungcono uthando utshwala.

Umama Beethoven eyindodakazi umpheki Elector. Akwaziwa Umkhulu sasimelene emshadweni, kodwa, nokho, akazange akuvimbele ukukhandwa. kakade uMaria Magdalena Kever eneminyaka engu 18 engumfelokazi. Koonyana eziyisikhombisa emndenini omusha ngasinda ezintathu kuphela. Mary eyithanda nendodana yakhe Ludwig, owavele, wayekhathazeka kakhulu enamathiselwe kunina.

Ebuntwaneni futhi intsha

Wazalwa Lyudviga Van Beethoven akazange avele nanoma yimiphi imibhalo. Izazi-mlando zisikisela ukuthi ingane yesibili emkhayeni Beethoven wazalwa ngo-December 16, 1770, njengoba wabhapathizwa ngo-December 17, kodwa ngokwezifiso yamaKatolika izingane ababhapathiziwe ngosuku emva kokuzalwa.

Lapho umfana ineminyaka emithathu, umkhulu wakhe eshona, umdala Ludwig Beethoven, futhi umama ukhulelwe. Ngemva kokuzala enye indodana ukuba banake ke angahlulwa yini owamazibulo. Umntwana wakhula up ibhoklolo, okuyiwona ngokuvamile kukhiyiwe endlini nge Harpsichord. Kodwa, amayunithi wezinhlamvu ngokumangalisayo, it is hhayi bekha: encane Ludwig van Beethoven (umqambi kamuva) wahlala phansi ngokurhaba ukudlala izandla ezimbili ngesikhathi esifanayo, okuyinto engajwayelekile ezinganeni ezincane. Uma ukwenza lokhu uyise ingane. It esadlala nesifiso esinamandla sokuvelela. Kungazelelwe Ludwig yakhe encane - genius like Mozart? Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, Johann waqala nendodana yakhe, kodwa livame waqasha othisha befaneleka kunaye.

Nakuba umkhulu wami usaphila, empeleni iyona inhloko yomkhaya, wayephila ngokunethezeka encane Ludwig Beethoven. Eminyaka ngemva kokufa Beethoven sika, Sr. baba ekuhluphekeni ingane. Umndeni kwakufanele njalo abadinga ukuphuza ubaba Umholi main okokuziphilisa baba nantathu Ludwig.

Ubuhlobo ukufunda

Njengoba kuphawuliwe bangesikhathi nabangane of genius zomculo, ngalezo zinsuku wahlangana ingqondo ukwazi ezinjalo, Kojima kwadingeka Beethoven. Amaqiniso ethakazelisayo nokuphila umqambi ezithintana nokungafundi yayo arithmetical. Mhlawumbe, wopiyano abanamakhono sehlulekile ukufunda lolu limi izibalo ngenxa yokuthi, hhayi kuphothula esikoleni samabanga aphakeme, waphoqwa ukuba basebenze, futhi mhlawumbe yonke into ngendlela ingqondo luyingxenye zezenhlalakahle. Lyudviga Van Beethoven akakwazi ngokuthi ngenalwazi. Yena amavolumu ukufunda izincwadi, akhuleka Shakespeare, uHomer UPlutarch, wayelithanda imisebenzi Goethe futhi Schiller, ngangazi French futhi Italian, yingcweti Latin. Futhi ukuthi ingqondo enelukuluku wayekweleta nolwazi lwakhe, hhayi imfundo etholwe esikoleni.

uthisha Beethoven sika

Kusukela zisencane, umculo Beethoven, hhayi afana imisebenzi ababephila ngesikhathi sakhe, wazalwa engqondweni yakhe. Wayedlala ukuhlukahluka phezu izingoma ezihlukahlukene mazaziwe nguye, kodwa ngenxa ngokuqiniseka kayise ukuthi kungenxa ekuseni kakhulu ukubhala Ihubo, umfana isikhathi eside akazange alibhale izingoma zakhe.

Mfundisi, okwamholela kuyise, babe ezibuye kokuphuza kwakhe buddies, futhi ngezinye izikhathi baba abeluleki virtuoso.

Umuntu wokuqala lowo basazikhumbula uyakhumbula Beethoven waba umngane kumkhulu wakhe - Inkantolo organist Edene. Umlingisi Pfeifer wafundisa Umfana edlala i-umtshingo Harpsichord. Esikhathini esithile ukudlala isitho wafundisa ukuthi unesiphiwo ingane indela Koch bese Hantsman. Kwakukhona violin Romantini.

Lapho eneminyaka engu-7 ubudala, ubaba wanquma ukuthi Beethoven Jr. lokusungula kufanele waziswe emphakathini, futhi ihlelwe ekhonsathini yakhe e Cologne. Ngokombono wezazi, Johann waqaphela ukuthi wopiyano oluvelele Ludwig ayisebenzanga, kodwa, Uyise waqhubeka ukuhola indodana othisha.

abeluleki

Ngokushesha, emzini Bonn weza Christian Gottlob nave. Ingabe efika endlini Beethoven futhi efuna ukuba abe umfundisi ithalente abasha, noma uyise, Johann wayebe nesandla engaziwa. Nave baba lo mqeqeshi, okuyinto Beethoven umqambi wakhumbula ukuphila. Ludwig ngemva ukuvuma kwayo ngisho wadingiswa nave Pfeifer futhi abanye imali ukwazisa iminyaka ukuqeqeshwa kanye nosizo kuye ebusheni bakhe. It nave ukusiza ekukhuthazeni mculi nantathu ubudala ngesikhathi inkantolo. Nguye owethulwa Beethoven ukuba lokusungula Bach sika nezinye izinkanyiso emhlabeni umculo.

Ukudala Beethoven wathonywa hhayi kuphela Bach - genius abasha ezikhulekelwa Mozart. Ngolunye usuku ngemva kokufika kwakhe e Vienna Yanikwa ngisho lucky ngokwanele ukudlala ngenxa Amadeus okukhulu. Ekuqaleni, umqambi omkhulu Austrian Ludwig ubande uma ukhuluma naye wathatha umdlalo ngokuthatha yona umsebenzi bangakwazi ukuyeka ngaphambili. Khona-ke wopiyano nenkani aphakanyisiwe Mozart ukusetha ingqikithi for ukuhluka. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi Volfgang Amadey walalela ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka, umdlalo abafana, futhi kamuva wathi mayelana ithalente abasha ngokushesha wayeseshumayeza ukukhuluma emhlabeni wonke. amazwi zakudala ayenencazelo engokwesiprofetho.

Beethoven wakwazi ukuthatha amageyimu ambalwa ngesikhathi izifundo Mozart. Ngokushesha kwafika izindaba ngoba wayebona ukuthi usezokufa kukamama, futhi kuye le nsizwa eVienna.

Ngemva uthisha wakhe kwakuyiBhayibheli wezingoma odumile Josef uHaydn, kodwa bona baye ayitholakalanga ukuba nolimi olulodwa olwaziwayo. Futhi omunye abeluleki - Johann Georg Albrechtsberger - Beethoven kubhekwe ukungabakhathaleli nhlobo ithalente futhi indoda, abakwazi ukufunda okuthile.

Uhlamvu we umculi

Umlando Beethoven kanye vicissitudes zokuphila kwakhe, waba nethonya ebonakalayo umsebenzi wakhe, wenza elibuhlungu ngobuso bakhe, kodwa akazange aphule umfana enenkani nginenhliziyo. Ngo-July 1787 uyafa umuntu eziseduze Ludwig - kunina. Le nsizwa alahlekelwa esindayo. Ngemva kokufa wawenziwa uMariya Magdalena, yena ngokwakhe wagula - wayengumuntu ngokushesha typhoid, ingxibongo kamuva. ubuso Le nsizwa yaqhubeka isilonda, njengeqhwa, namehlo akhe ahlaselwa esifushane okwesa-. Ukunakekela nabafowethu ababili abancane kanye namanje indoda beya abasha uyangenelela. Uyise ngesikhathi ekugcineni wathatha ukuphuza futhi wafa ngemva kweminyaka engu-5.

Zonke izinkinga lezi yokuphila zazibonakala uhlamvu yale nsizwa. Waba uyazithulela mnyewu. kwakuye Moody futhi ngokushesha. Kodwa abangane bakhe nabantu bangesikhathi baphikisa ngokuthi, naphezu kwalokhu inhliziyo ezingalawuliwe, Beethoven wahlala umngane weqiniso. Imali yasisiza bonke abangane bami ababedinga, wabasekela abazalwane futhi izingane zabo. Akumangalisi ukuthi umculo we Beethoven owayebonakala besikhathi sakhe enyukubele futhi udangele, ngoba wamlingisa ngokuphelele emhlabeni engaphakathi womculo.

ukuphila Siqu

nakho Mayelana ngokomzwelo umculi omkhulu enolwazi oluncane kakhulu. Beethoven isananyathiselwe izingane bewathanda nabesifazane abahle, kodwa umndeni ayizange wadala. Kuyaziwa ukuthi owokuqala sindiso yakhe eyindodakazi Ellen von Breyning eyaziwa - Lorch. Ubethula enikelwe umculo Beethoven ongasekho 80-yalolucwaningo.

Dzhuletta Gvichchardi baba uthando kuqala ezibucayi wayeyisazi okukhulu. Lokhu akusona isimanga, ngoba Italian ethambile wayemuhle, nezimo futhi bathambekele umculo kuso futhi ugxile amehlo akhe kakade abavuthiwe engu-amathathu uthisha-Beethoven. Amaqiniso ethakazelisayo nokuphila genius ezihambisana nalo muntu. inombolo Sonata 14, kamuva owabizwa ngokuthi "Moon", yayizimisele le ngelosi enyameni. Beethoven wabhalela umngane wakhe Franz Vegeleru lapho wavuma imizwa abanothando ukuze Juliet. Kodwa ngemva kweminyaka eminingi yocwaningo kanye ithenda ubungani Juliet washada Bala Gallenberga, okuyinto kubhekwa abanamakhono kakhudlwana. Kukhona izinkomba ukuthi eminyakeni embalwa, umshado wabo khona ukuhluleka, noJuliet ebuzwa Beethoven usizo. Ex-isoka wanikela ngemali, kodwa wacela ukuba ngingaphinde ngize manje.

Tereza Brunsvik - omunye umfundi umqambi omkhulu - baba uthando lwakhe olusha. Yena ezinikele bekhulisa izingane futhi esiza abantulayo. Kuze kube sekupheleni kokuphila Beethoven sika kuboshelwe ubungane bakhe ngeposi.

Bettina Brentano - nesazi umngane Goethe - isibe zakamuva mkhuba umqambi. Kodwa ngo-1811 futhi axhunyiwe impilo nomunye umbhali.

Isinamathiseli omude kunayo yonke Beethoven waba uthando lomculo.

I umculo umqambi omkhulu

Beethoven immortalized igama lakhe emlandweni. Zonke imisebenzi yakhe mikhulu kangakanani yobuciko zezwe umculo we-classic. Phakathi nokuphila umqambi ukusebenza kwakhe isitayela nezingoma zomculo babe ezintsha. Icala ephansi kanye engenhla ngesikhathi esifanayo akekho phambi kwakhe akazange ukudlala uqambe nemiculo.

Ngo umqambi sika yebuciko ziye zakhomba eziningi nezikhathi:

• Early, lapho zalotshelwa nezinye izinhlobo zayo ezihlukahlukene play. Khona-ke Beethoven izingane izingoma ezimbalwa.
• Eyokuqala - kwesikhathi saseVienna - kuhlehlela emuva eminyakeni 1792-1802. Kakade wopiyano odumile umqambi uyayilahla ngokuphelele ngendlela eyinqaba kuye ku Bonn. umculo Beethoven sika kuba ngokuphelele ezintsha, futhi onohlonze izinkanuko zenyama. ngendlela ukusebenza kwenza izilaleli umoya ofanayo ukulalela, ukuncela umsindo lezi zingoma ezimnandi zinamazwi. yobuciko zabo entsha umbhali libala. Ngalesi sikhathi waliloba ekamelweni umculo ensembles futhi iziqephu upiyano.

• 1803 - 1809 iminyaka. libhekene izingcezu amnyama sibonakalisa izinkanuko zineminyaka Lyudviga Van Beethoven. Ngalesi sikhathi ebhala opera yakhe kuphela "Fidelio". Zonke izingoma kwalesi sikhathi agcwele idrama nobuhlungu.
• Umculo we enkathini yokugcina elinganisiwe nzima ukukuqonda, futhi ezinye ekhonsathini izethameli akazange athathe nhlobo. ukusabela okunjalo kungukuthi kuthathwe Lyudvig Van Bethoven. Sonata eksgertsogu ozinikele Rudolf, ezibhaliwe ngalesi sikhathi.

Kuze kube sekupheleni kokuphila kwakhe umqambi omkhulu, kodwa egula kakhulu baqhubeka ukuqamba umculo elalizoba wobungcweti amagugu emhlabeni zomculo kwekhulu XVIII.

isifo

ubuntu kokuvamile somlilo kakhulu kwaba Beethoven. Amaqiniso ethakazelisayo ihlobana Isikhathi sokugula kwakhe. Ngo-1800, lo mculi waqala ukuhlushwa tinnitus. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, odokotela baye baqaphela ukuthi isifo alelapheki. Umqambi Kwase kusele kancane ukuba azibulale. Washiya inkampani futhi ukukhanya kakhulu futhi esehlale isikhathi esithile wedwa. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, Ludwig aqhubeka ebhala izinhlamvu ngekhanda, ukukhiqiza imisindvo sisekhanda lakhe. Le nkathi emisebenzini umqambi sika ngokuthi "nobuqhawe." Ekupheleni yempilo Beethoven abayizithulu ngokuphelele.

uhambo lokugcina umqambi omkhulu

ukufa Beethoven kwakuyisipho olubuhlungu bonke abalandeli of umqambi. Washona ngo-March 26, 1827. Isizathu akucaci. Kwaphela isikhathi eside Beethoven wahlushwa isifo sesibindi, wahlushwa ubuhlungu esiswini sakhe. Ngokusho kwenye inguqulo, wayeyisazi ithunyelwa usizi ukukhanya engqondweni elihlobene ne-sloppiness lomshana wakhe.

Imininingwane yakamuva kusukela ososayensi baseBrithani bathi umqambi kungenzeka engaqondile ubuthi phambili. Okuqukethwe metal lokhu umzimba zomculo ubuhlakani izikhathi 100 ephakeme kunokuvamile.

Beethoven: amaqiniso athakazelisayo

Bit fingqa kuthiweni esihlokweni. ukuphila Beethoven sika, like kokufa kwakhe, usezuze okuningi amahemuhemu nezinto ezinganembile.

Wazalelwa ingane yomfana ephile kahle emndenini Beethoven futhi kuze kube namuhla, ungaqiniseki mpikiswano. Ezinye izazi-mlando baphikisa ngokuthi abazali ubuhlakani zomculo esizayo ubekade egula, ngakho-ke i-priori ayikwazi abaningi banezingane eziphile kahle.

Ithalenta umqambi bevuke ingane sezifundo zokuqala kakhulu phezu Harpsichord: wayedlala amashuni ukuthi ezazisekhanda laso. Ubaba wenqaba ukuba aqhubeke ngaphansi kokujeziswa izinyane play Ihubo ngiyaphupha, uvunyelwe kuphela emehlweni-funda.

umculo Beethoven eyayisekudingisweni isigxivizo yokudabuka, lobumnyama ebumnyameni. Omunye wothisha bakhe - omkhulu Yozef Gaydn - wabhala ngalokhu Ludwig. Futhi lokho, waphendula ukuthi uHaydn akazange afundise utho. +

Ngaphambi Ukwenza umculo Beethoven bacwilisa ikhanda lakhe endishini amanzi ice. Abanye ochwepheshe bangase baphikise ngokuthi inqubo enjalo ingase ibangele ubuthulu yakhe.

Umculi walithanda ikhofi kanye ukwenziwa kuba njalo aphume 64 okusanhlamvu.

Njenganoma yimuphi ubuhlakani omkhulu, Beethoven kwaba qakala ukubukeka kwakhe. Wayevame wahamba singcolile futhi okungekuhle.

Ngosuku kokufa umculi ubunjalo bahlasela: isiphepho waphula nge snowstorm, isichotho nangokuduma. Okwamanje bokugcina bokuphila kwakhe Beethoven ephakanyiswe ngenqindi wazamazama esibhakabhakeni, noma emandleni aphakeme.

Omunye amazwi okukhulu genius: ". Umculo kufanele umshaye umlilo kusukela umphefumulo womuntu"