Big Bang kanye ngemvelaphi yezulu nomhlaba. I-Mysteries of the Universe: yayiyini yonke phambi kwe-Big Bang?

Ngisho nososayensi zesimanje ayikwazi ngokuqiniseka futhi ukuthi kwakukhona yonke phambi kwe-Big Bang. Kukhona nemibono eziningana, ephakamisela ikhethini asuke omunye wemibuzo eziqine universe.

Umsuka kulomhlaba

Ukuze ekhulwini XX, kwakukhona amabili kuphela izinkolelo-mbono umsuka yonke. Abasekeli iphuzu benkolo buka, akholelwa ukuthi umhlaba wadalwa uNkulunkulu. Ososayensi, kunalokho, wenqaba ukuqaphela yonke ezenziwe umuntu. Zesayensi kanye izazi zezinkanyezi abasekeli Umbono wokuthi umkhathi Selokhu kwathi nhlo ukhona, izwe lavela static futhi konke kuzosala efanayo ukuthi eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane zezigidi edlule.

Nokho, ukuze intuthuko isayensi ngaleso kwekhulunyaka kwaholela yokuthi abacwaningi amathuba lapho kutadishwa izikhala ezisemkhathini. Abanye bazama ukuba uphendule umbuzo othi, eyayikho yonke phambi kwe-Big Bang kuqala.

Hubble cwaningo

XX leminyaka wabhubhisa eziningi izinkolelo-mbono nangenkathi esidlule. Ukuze isihlalo, ubunzima entsha ukuchaza imfihlakalo ezazilokhu zingaqondakali. Lolu shintsho lwaqala ngesikhathi yokuthi ososayensi batholé ukuthi ukunwetshwa yonke sika. Lokhu kwenziwa ngo-Edwin Hubble. Wathola ukuthi imithala ekude kuhluke ukukhanya yabo kusukela amaqoqo cosmic ukuthi sesiseduze Earth. Ukutholakala kwalo mthetho kwaba ngesisekelo umthetho u-Edwin Hubble ukunwetshwa.

Big Bang kanye imvelaphi yendawo yonke ziye wafunda, lapho sekumcacela ukuthi zonke ezingabaleki 'run away "kusukela obukele, kungakhathaliseki ayekuyo. Kanjani lokhu ungachazwa? Uma imithala ukuhambisa, ngakho kwaphoqa phambili ezinye amandla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izazi zesayensi ziye zathi zonke imihlaba sake ngesinye isikhathi. Ngenxa ezinye ukushaqeka, baqala ukuthuthela e zonke izinkomba ngesivinini zicatshangwe.

Lesi simo esiyingqayizivele sibangelwa liye labizwa ngokuthi "Big Bang". Futhi ngemvelaphi yezulu nomhlaba kuchazwe esebenzisa lo mcimbi theory eside. Lapho-ke kwenzekani? Izazi zesayensi ziye kunqunywa ukuthi lingakanani ijubane lokuya zemithala futhi esephetha ifomula ngazo kubalwa, lapho kuba "push" kokuqala. Nse izibalo akukho ucingo uyobe engathathi kodwa mayelana lomkhuba eyalwiwa eminyakeni engaba yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane 15 edlule.

Ukufika kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela Big Bang

Iqiniso lokuthi yonke imithala mikhulu nakakhulu imithombo ukukhanya, kusho ukuthi-Big Bang labelwa omningi amandla. It wayengadlali Ngubani owazala kakhulu ukukhanya, okuyinto imihlaba elahlekile ngokuhamba remoteness zabo kusuka lapho ukuzamazama kwaqala khona iphutha. The Big Bang theory yaqale wabonakalisa ngezimanga izazi zezinkanyezi American uRobert Wilson uthi futhi Arno Penzias. Babona kagesi emisebeni microwave ingemuva, ogama izinga lokubanda lalingu-degrees ezintathu phezu Kelvin isikali (isb, -270 Celsius). Lokhu okwatholakala waqinisekisa umbono ukuthi ekuqaleni yonke sasishisa kakhulu.

The Big Bang Theory aphendvule eziningi imibuzo ephakanyiswe ekhulwini XIX. Nokho, manje entsha. Ngokwesibonelo, lokho kwaba yonke phambi kwe-Big Bang? Kungani kunjalo iyunifomu, kuyilapho ngesikhathi omkhulu amandla ukukhululwa into enjalo kufanele ahlakaze kuzo zonke izinhlangothi ngokulinganayo? Ukutholwa Wilson kanye Arno bangabaza classical Euclidean geometry, kusukela kwakutholakala ukuthi isikhala has zero ugobile.

ithiyori inflation

Imibuzo emisha ephakanyiswe wabonisa ukuthi imfundiso yesimanje ngemvelaphi wezwe eyayivela futhi akuphelele. Kodwa kwadlula isikhathi eside kwakubonakala sengathi intuthuko ngaphesheya evulekile eminyakeni engu-60 kuyoba into engenakwenzeka. Ucwaningo lwamuva nje kakhulu kuphela baye bavumela ososayensi ukuba zisungule isimiso esisha futhi kubalulekile Theoretical Physics. Kwaba mkhuba Ultrafast ukunwetshwa kwamandla emali universe. Kuye wafunda futhi esachazwa quantum ensimini ithiyori theory jikelele wokuhlobana kwezinto.

Ngakho kwaba endaweni yonke phambi kwe-Big Bang? Isayensi yanamuhla libiza le nkathi "izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali." Ekuqaleni kwaba inkambu igcwalisa sonke isikhala ngengqondo nje kuphela. It ingafaniswa eqhweni, elaqala phansi emthambekeni ezintabeni snowy. Com ozosigingqela phansi ukwandisa ngobukhulu. Ngokufanayo, emkhakheni ngenxa nokushintshashintsha okungahleliwe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi zicatshangwe eshintsha oyiyo.

Uma kwakhiwa ukucushwa eyohlobo, ukusabela kwenzeka. Kuyo amanga izimfihlakalo enkulu yonke. Yini lalilapho phambi kwe-Big Bang? ensimini inflation ukuthi ayithandi ndaba zamanje. Ngemva ukusabela laqala ukwenyuka universe. Uma siqhubeka esifanisweni esisenze nge Snowball ke emva wokuqala wabo Kwehla omunye kwanda, futhi kwandisa ngosayizi. The Big Bang kulesi simiso ingafaniswa wesibili, lapho imbokodo omkhulu wawa kwalasha, futhi ekugcineni ishayisane Earth. Ngaleso sikhathi, labelwa omningi amandla. Ngeke zome kuze kube manje. Kuyinto ngenxa ukuqhubeka ukusabela kusukela ukuqhuma, umkhathi wethu ezikhulayo namuhla.

Matter nangensimu

Manje yonke yakhiwa inombolo zicatshangwe zezinkanyezi nezinye izindikimba zasezulwini. Lokhu ukusetha ndaba exudes amandla okukhulu, okuyinto okuphikisana nomthetho ngokomzimba ukulondolozwa amandla. Ngalokho elikushoyo? Ingqikithi lesi simiso ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi isamba amandla esingapheliyo uhlelo uhlala ingashintshiwe. Kodwa njengoba kungenziwa kuhlangene yonke yethu, okuyinto liqhubeka?

ithiyori inflation angakwazanga ukuphendula lo mbuzo. Kuyinto evamile ukuba sicacise lezi izimfihlakalo yonke. Yini lalilapho phambi kwe-Big Bang? Inkambu ye-inflation. Ngemva ukuvelela emhlabeni endaweni yayo kwafika ndaba ajwayelekile kithi. Nokho, ngaphezu ke sikhona yonke ensimini okudonsa, esesikhundleni emandleni amabi. I izakhiwo lezi zinkampani kuqhathaniswa. Ngakho-ke incephezeliswa amandla avela ekukhanyeni kuyizinhlayiyana, yezinkanyezi, amaplanethi nezinye ndaba. Lobu buhlobo ichaza nokuthi kungani yonke usengakathelwa abe ukuhlelwa kwesikhala sezinhlamvu.

Lapho Okukhulu kwenzeka nje, izwe lalilincane kakhulu kuye ukuthi into ethile ingase inciphise. Manje, njengoba yonke zandiswa kwezinye izindawo lapho livela izimbobo black wendawo. ensimini yabo okudonsa ubamba konke emhlabeni. Kusukela manje ngeke sisaphuma, ngisho ukukhanya. Empeleni ngenxa yalokhu, lezi izimbobo black.

ukwanda komkhathi

Yize ngesisekelo theory kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela kwamandla emali, ke ibingakazeki ukuthi i-Universe olufana phambi kwe-Big Bang. Imicabango yomuntu ayikwazi ukucabanga lokhu. Iqiniso lokuthi ensimini inflation akusho lutho. Ngeke wachaza imithetho evamile ye physics.

Lapho Big Bang, amandla emali ensimini waqala ukwandisa ngejubane ukuthi idlula ngejubane lokukhanya. Ngokusho izinkomba ngokomzimba, endaweni yonke akukho lutho oluphathekayo ezingase ukuhamba ngisheshe ukwedlula lesi sibalo. Ukukhanya Ukhuthaza ngokusebenzisa umhlaba ekhona ngezinombolo eziphakeme ngokwedlulele. ensimini inflation lenzelwa ngesivinini nakakhulu, nje ngenxa yobuntu bazo angaphatheki.

Usayizi yonke phambi kwe-Big Bang kwaba ezincane. Ukukala usayizi sayo samanje, zezibalo lokwakha izibalo kakhulu. Ngokusho kwezinto jikelele, ingqapheli ngaphakathi kulomhlaba, akanakuwubona kwenzekani ngaphandle. Lo mthetho kuyasebenza nakulokho esasiphambi Big Bang yonke. Izithombe izincwadi ngokufundwa kwezinkanyezi nomkhathi angase afanekisele kuphela abaculi eqanjiwe.

Izinhlayiyana futhi antiparticles

Umkhathi yandile kakhulu kangangokuba ngisho ukukhanya akanayo isikhathi ukufinyelela emagumbini alo akude kakhulu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukwenyuka ngaphandle ensimini yomhlaba iyaqhubeka nokuba khona, nakuba ayitholakali futhi umuntu ophilayo emhlabeni impahla. Ukwandisa yonke epholisa njengoba ikhula. lokushisa emisebeni lehla, ngenxa yokuthi nombono iba yinde, ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuchitha amandla.

Inkulumo Echaza Isimo Sezwe yonke phambi kwe-Big Bang kwaba eyohlobo. Kodwa lapho liqala ukwandisa, kwakukhona ama-elementi amasha nezinhlayiyana. Lokhu Quark, neutrons, ama-proton, ama-electron kanye izinhlayiyana eziningi zokukhanya. Kube antiparticle futhi ogama inombolo kungaba ilingane enanini izinhlayiya abavamile. Uma ubunikazi eyenzekile, yonke uqobo ke wawuzobhujiswa.

Nature wente konkhe ezidingekile ukuze baqinisekise ukuthi inombolo izinhlayiya kwaba inombolo kancane enkulu antiparticles. Ngenxa yalesi ubuhlobo, futhi kukhona kulomhlaba. Cosmic emisebeni microwave ingemuva, lelo eliqhubekayo chithi expanses wendawo yonke, kwaba khona nje ngenxa ukubhujiswa mutual izinhlayiya ezithile futhi antiparticles. Esikhathini isichazamazwi yesayensi yale nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi ukuqothulwa. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, esifuze amandla emisebe ye-uwela. Kwanje angaba yizinkulungwane eziyishumi izikhathi ezincane kunaleyo aphansi izinhlayiya okukhulu.

Livela wemithetho yemvelo

Lapho ngineminyaka engu-yonke ifinyelele umzuzu owodwa, neutron nama-proton waqala coalesce ku-helium, tritium futhi deuterium. Kwakuwusuku ndaba okokuqala zingaveli kulomhlaba. Inqubo zamagama kungenxa ukusabela zenuzi. Ngekhulu XX, izazi zesayensi ziye wafunda lesi simanga waze wafunda ngisho nokusenga yokulawula it. Njengoba i-imeyli engahlonziwe lwabelwe omningi amandla, isintu ingashintshwa le nqubo nezidingo zabo zomnotho. Kwakukhona enuzi izitshalo amandla. Namuhla, bathi amandla izinkulungwane amadolobha.

i-imeyli engahlonziwe iye yasetshenziswa njengendlela isikhali. Ekupheleni kwempi yezwe yesibili okokuqala amaMelika lehla amabhomu e-athomu eJapane. ukuhlaselwa ezibulalayo kwaba nje ukukhululwa omkhulu wamandla. Kodwa izibalo ezilotshwe Hiroshima, kukhona azinakwa ngokuziqhathanisa izinqubo ezenzeka ngemaminithi ekucala bokuba khona kulomhlaba.

Ngenxa yokuthi ososayensi yesimanje kakade wazi okuningi mayelana imeyli engahlonziwe esetshenziswa emnothweni kanye impi, abacwaningi bakwazi ukubuyisela isithombe anolaka sasiyingxenye yonke phambi kwe-Big Bang. Ukusebenzisa izibalo, kwathiwa ibalwa bangaki futhi yini izakhi uvele ngemaminithi ekucala ngemva ukusabela amandla emali ensimini.

Amazing nomunye Empeleni. Zonke izibalo ososayensi, esekelwe ukusebenza yamanje bemvelo babe ncamashi esebenzayo kukhombisa ukubukeka yonke. Lokhu "ukuqondana kwezinto" kusho ukuthi imithetho yemvelo baye waqala ukusebenza ngokushesha emva okuvela kulomhlaba. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, le formula ezingeguquleke Akakaze ayiguqule. Ngokuthatha isinyathelo kuqala manje. Isibonelo, kungathiwani theory ka-Einstein ye kwezinto. Okuhehayo esisemthethweni kusiza umsebenzi ososayensi abazama siqonde lokho okwenzeka ngaphambi kwe-Big Bang yonke.

Umsuka imithala

Nemfundiso yokuziphendukela Big Bang, ososayensi bakwazi ukuchaza umsuka imithala. Lapho izwe lavela nje, wonke amabanga ngokushesha ekubeni ezingaphezu kuka ngaphakathi kwalo. Nokho, kwezinye izindawo, le nqubo amafomu ethile. Kwakuhlangene yokuthi e amaphuzu ezahlukene isikhala amandla kwabantu kwadingeka ukusebenza kakhulu.

Ngenxa yalokhu, kwezinye izingxenye eyodwa umkhathi omkhulu uye zanqwabelana izinhlayiya ngaphezulu. Le nqubo iye yachazwa ososayensi American kwekhulu XX. Esikhathini zesayensi kanye ethandwa ifomu theory kuye kwachazwa e yonke uchungechunge ifilimu 'phambi kwe-Big Bang. On umzila we imfihlakalo. "

Ezindaweni nge ephakeme energy kwabantu kakhulu lenyuka izinga lokushisa. Lesi simo esiyingqayizivele sibangelwa kwakuzoba uphawu lokuthi kokucindezelwa wensimu ndaba sika okudonsa izinto. isikhathi inflation emenza ezindaweni kwabantu ephakeme. Ngemva okuvela kuyo yonke okudonsa idatha ensimini nomthelela amasayithi nokuqina kwalo. Kulapha azalelwa imithala - amaqoqo ezinkanyezi emhlabeni lapho amaplanethi kwakhiwa. Umhlaba Wethu okuhlanganiswe ngokugcwele ohlelweni. It lumayelana inkanyezi bayo (Sun) futhi luyingxenye emthaleni i-Milky Way.

Isimo samanje yonke

Isikhathi samanje kwemvelo yonke kahle ukuphila. Ososayensi bathola kunzima ukunquma ukuthi mangaki ngizoya ngalesi sikhathi. Kodwa uma noma ubani wasiphakamisa izibalo ezinjengalezi, sithola lezi zibalo engengaphansi kwengu ezigidigidini zeminyaka. Ngoba kufike umuntu mumbe ingxenye nokuphila komuntu mkhulu kangangokuba ngisho calculus zezibalo kubalulekile ukurekhoda ngokusebenzisa degrees. Okwamanje wafunda ingcono kakhulu zangaphambi umlando yonke. Yayiyini lapho phambi kwe-Big Bang, noma kunjalo, kuyoba kuphela isihloko ucwaningo theory kanye izibalo ngokugqamile.

Ezweni zezinto ezibonakalayo, waze izinsalela ngenzuzo. Ngokwesibonelo, quasars (uhlobo izinto yezinkanyezi) ekhona at ibanga ukukhanya engu-14 billion Earth, ngemuva evamile yethu "manje" ngesikhathi iminyaka kakhulu eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-14 ukukhanya. Lokhu isikhathi igebe nawo njengomnyango mkhulu kakhulu. Kunzima ukunquma, ngisho izibalo, ingasaphathwa yokuthi avela ngokucacile njengokusebenzisa i umcabango womuntu (ngisho ardent) akunakwenzeka.

Isayensi yanamuhla kungenzeka kwakuthiwa ukuchaza kimi wonke impilo emhlabeni zethu ezibonakalayo, eqala amafraktjhini wokuqala yesibili khona, lapho nje kwe-Big Bang. A Complete History of the Universe is kwahambisana kuze kube manje. Izazi zezinkanyezi ukuthola amaqiniso amasha amangalisayo ngosizo yesimanje ethuthukisiwe imishini ucwaningo (izibonakude, laboratories nokunye. D.).

Nokho, lapho awakaziqondi mkhuba. Kulesi indawo elimhlophe, isibonelo, kuba esimnyama namandla amnyama-ke. Ingqikithi yalo lolu ngqimba ezifihliwe sisangiphatha kabi ukwazi we abafundile kakhulu futhi eziphambili physics zanamuhla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, futhi akazange abe iphuzu elilodwa umbono mayelana izizathu zokuthi kungani izinhlayiya endaweni yonke namanje ezingaphezu kuka antiparticles. eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma eziningana ezibalulekile ziye zavela kule ndaba. Ezinye zalezi model ethandwa kakhulu, kodwa akekho kubo sesamukelwe iningi lososayensi omhlaba njengenxusa iqiniso obungenakuphikwa.

Uma siyibheka yolwazi jikelele nokwatholakala ezinkulukazi eminyaka XX, lezi izikhala kubonakale ngempela kuyinto engasho lutho. Kodwa emlandweni wesayensi njalo enviable kubonisa ukuthi incazelo amaqiniso "amancane" kanye izenzakalo uba isisekelo zonke ukumelwa womuntu isiyalo lilonke (kulesi simo sikhuluma astronomy). Ngakho-ke, ezazizofika ososayensi, yebo, ngeke kube yinto futhi thola indawo ulwazi uhlobo yonke.