Bioethics - Izimiso futhi lokhu ... isihloko sezimiso. Bioethics eRussia

Zonke izici zokuphila kwethu zochwepheshe umuntu zivumelana mafomu lokuziphatha. Ngesikhathi esifanayo zonke zibe izici ezithile eziqondile.

Yokuziphatha - isiyalo ukuthi ibheka izici zokuziphatha ekuziphatheni kwabantu. cwaningo wayo familiarizes kithi nezinhlobo zezinto imithetho kanye nobudlelwane phakathi kwabantu. Zonke izinhlobo lokuziphatha imithetho ethile. Ngoba lezizinto nicabanga inqubo, futhi amasampuli womuntu isiqondiso yangaphakathi. Isisekelo lesi samukelwa kwezifiso zokuziphatha. Olunye uhlobo lokudla lokhu isiyalo ungena engxenyeni wezokwelapha.

izimiso zokuhle yezokwelapha

Le mfundiso liqala ukusitshela ngo-uhlamvu zokuziphatha eziphakeme, okumele abe Umuntu etholakale izandla ingukuphila iziguli zakhe. Kuze kube manje, onke imithetho eyisisekelo isiyalo eziqukethwe idokhumenti ebizwa ngokuthi "Ikhodi Yokuziphatha ye udokotela Russian." It lwemukelwa ngo-1994. izimiso zokuhle yezokwelapha Traditional kulindeleke ukubhekana izimfanelo siqu nokuhlobana udokotela kanye nesiguli.

sezimiso

Ukuphila akusho ame. Ngesikhathi sigaba samanje ekukhuleni komphakathi kwakudingekile ekudalweni oluthile lokuziphatha kudokotela. Lokhu yakhelwe delineate eziseceleni, esangenza manipulation ukuphila nokufa kwabantu. Zonke lezi zenzo kumele ngempela ukugcina ukuziphatha nempilo isiguli. Futhi nanku uza kuvikelwe ukuphila komuntu Bioethics.

Umlando yentuthuko

Bioethics - into eziyinkimbinkimbi eyenzekile e isiko yesimanje. It kwavela US ku 60s-70s kwekhulu elidlule. Igama elithi "sezimiso" kwahlongozwa i-American oncologist Potter ngo-1970. Nguye ngokuthi odokotela nezesayenzi bahlanganisa imizamo yabo ukuqinisekisa izimo ehloniphekile zokuphila. Ngokusho Potter, sezimiso - akuyona nje isayensi sokusinda. Lena ukuhlakanipha entsha, okuyinto sihlanganisa ulwazi umkhakha begazi futhi ekhona namagugu obuntu.

Ngokuqondene elithi "sezimiso", umqondo, noma kunalokho nokuqukethwe kwalo, emva kwesikhathi esithize kushintshe kakhulu. Kuqala lasuka cwaningo imikhakha eyahlukene yokuziphatha, anthropological, zomthetho kanye nezindaba zomphakathi, okuvela kuyo aba nesandla ekuthuthukeni kwalo yakamuva zofuzo nekutala transplantologicheskie ubuchwepheshe bezokwelapha.

Esikhathini yoma kwekhulu elidlule eMelika phakathi kwabokuqala zemfundo kanye nocwaningo, okuyinto wafunda sezimiso zadalwa. It yabhekisela isiyalo wafunda izinkinga abaholi benkolo, izintatheli nabezombusazwe. Kubhekwe ezinye izimpikiswano kanye nomphakathi jikelele.

Kutfutfukiswa sezimiso kule minyaka eyishumi ezayo inikwe amandla ukuze nizizuzele ukuqashelwa emazweni Western Europe. Ngo nineties, ukutadisha lesi siyalo akunakwa eside eMpumalanga Yurophu (kuhlanganise naseRussia), kanye e-Asia (ikakhulukazi e-China ne-Japan).

umsebenzi enkulu

Bioethics - imfundiso lenziwe ngendlela yokuba libone umahluko eziba yingxenye yezinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi zokuziphatha ezivela ngokuhlobana ukuthuthukiswa kwentuthuko yesayensi bezokwelapha futhi umkhuba. Lokhu isiyalo ihlose ukuphendula imibuzo elandelayo:

- Kungenzeka ukuba bahlanganyele cloning womuntu?
- Ingabe kuvunyelwe ngokudalwa zofuzo izindlela "zohlobo" ekhethekile umuntu enezimfanelo omkhulu wokuhlakanipha kanye ngokomzimba?
- Ingabe nginomqondo kwemvume nezihlobo zomufi uma kocingo sihlelelwe ukukhiqiza izitho ukuze ukufakelwa abantu ogula kakhulu?
- Ingabe ngidinga ukusho isiguli ukuthi ugulela ukufa? Njll

Inhloso sezimiso ukuthola okwamukelekayo emphakathini futhi izinqumo ezinengqondo ngezindaba ezinjalo. Yiqiniso, akukho kungabaza ngokuthi esisemthethweni mayelana sezimiso zezokwelapha ngidinga ukuthi? Phela, kukhona Hippocratic isifungo. It has emakhulwini amaningi efundisa izifundo zokuziphatha odokotela. Ukulondolozwa eziphilayo eplanethini indima ethu asebenzayo eyadlalwa zesayensi eziningi ehola. Bahlela ukunyakaza, ukushaya ukunqabela ukuhlolelwa kwezikhali zenuzi. sifundo zokuziphatha lifundisa humanity zesayensi yezempilo, elwa ukuze kuvikeleke imvelo yethu.
izimiso zokuhle Nokho Hippocratic futhi sezimiso ukungezwani ezithile. Eyokuqala lezi zimfundiso ezimbili kwenzelwe nje imvelo yenkampani. Sekungamakhulu amaningi eminyaka, kube uhlola indima udokotela a subject zokuziphatha, eklanyelwe ukufeza umsebenzi walo isiguli. Isiguli kubhekwa uhlushwa ngabanye. He is yekwentiwa kanye akusho iqhaza ekwenzeni izinqumo ezibalulekile ukuze asindise ukuphila kwakhe. Bioethics Isihloko - isiguli njengoba isihloko asebenzayo zokuziphatha. Ngesikhathi esifanayo uyakwazi bahlanganyele inkhulumomphendvulwano noma ubuhlobo ezincintisana ososayensi nodokotela.

Izici

A isiyalo entsha azisuseki emasisweni, ezinjengobubele futhi esiza abantulayo, benesibopho kodokotela isimiso nenaneseneniya ukulinyazwa nesineke. Kuphela isimo lanamuhla amasiko nezenhlalo, zonke lezi zikhathi kukhona umsindo omusha futhi unencazelo enenjongo.

Bioethics Isihloko - a ohlukile futhi ubunjalo ubuntu lomuntu ngamunye. Lokhu isiyalo ilungelo lomuntu ngamunye bebodwa ukuthatha izinqumo ezibaluleke kakhulu ezithinta ukuphila kwakhe.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi izazi zezinto eziphilayo noma odokotela njengoba ochwepheshe banolwazi mayelana cloning womuntu indlela. Nokho, ukuze avimbele izenzo ezinjalo, ngeke baze bakwazi ukuwenza. Kuyinto phesheya ka yabo abafundele umsebenzi. Yingakho omunye izici sezimiso kuyinto ukuthuthukiswa yayo iqhaza Ochwepheshe ezivela ezimpikweni ezahlukene. Kulesi uhlu kukhona ososayensi bezinto eziphilayo nezazi zokusebenza kwengqondo, odokotela, izazi zefilosofi, osopolitiki kanye abameli, njll Akumangazi, kusukela izinkinga ezivelayo ngokuqondene ukuthuthukiswa wezokwelapha nasemkhakheni wezindlela biology, ezihlukahlukene futhi eziyinkimbinkimbi ukuze isixazululo yabo kungenzeka kuphela umzamo omkhulu wokuthola zabantu ngubani selimazi nesipiliyoni.

Bioethics Esinye isici esibalulekile: indaba Sekuyisikhathi eside kungase kutholakale ukuthi ukunqunywa uhlelo lomphakathi zezimpahla zenani elikhulu kazwelonke, ngemibono kanye nezinye - iyingozi kakhulu. Yingakho sezimiso is hhayi nje wafunda ezindabeni zokuziphatha ezivela ekukhuleni komphakathi. With iqhaza layo wadala izikhungo ezahlukene isici imiphakathi ziyafana. Isibonelo salokhu kukhona amakomiti zokuziphatha, abasebenza ezibhedlela nasezikhungweni zocwaningo.

Yini igxile sezimiso?

Ziyasebenza Yini Izindinganiso Zokuziphatha kanye nezempilo - yilokho isisekelo elikhonza ukwenza izincomo ezifanele ngu isayensi yanamuhla ubuhlobo zokuziphatha. Icabangela izinkinga ezilandelayo esemqoka:

- ukubulawa kwesiguli;
- ukuzibulala;
- ukufakelwa;
- ukuzimisela yokuthi sokufa;
- ukulinga abantu nezilwane;
- ubudlelwano phakathi udokotela kanye nesiguli;
- Inhlangano ema-hospice,
- sengqondo ngabantu kukhona abagula ngengqondo;
- ukuzala (surrogacy, ukushintshwa kwezakhi zofuzo, njll).

nezindaba bioethical ihlobana nezimiso zokuziphatha ohlangothini izenzo ezifana inzalo kanye nezindlela zokuvimbela inzalo, futhi isisu. Bonke izindlela zanamuhla zokukhulekela ukuphazamiseka nemithi yenzalo.

Ngokwesibonelo, cabanga, isisu. ukuthi yephula isimiso eziyisisekelo Izifungo Hippocratic, elifundeka kanje: "Ingabe akukho umonakalo"? Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kungaba kwenziwe kusukela iphuzu lokumukelekako umbono? Uma kunjalo, ngaso sonke isikhathi noma kuphela ezimweni ezithile? Izimpendulo zale mibuzo zincike ngezimiso zokuziphatha ukuqeqeshwa lochwepheshe bezokwelapha.

bioethical izinkinga ukukhathazeka futhi insemination yokufakelwa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ubuchwepheshe obusha zokuzala kuthinte isimo somshado, okuyinto ukubaluleka komuntu obaluleke kakhulu. Ngakolunye - I-abanye abashadayo kuwukuphela kwendlela ukuba babe nomntwana. Bioethics kuleli cala, obiza emaphethelweni induku uma kwesibeletho fertilization usiza abesifazane yenza ngokuphelelwa yithemba, hhayi lesi zokukhwabanisa ngesimo ukuhlola ethize.

impikiswano asebenzelana ngayo sezimiso, kuyinto surrogacy. Kule ndlela, iqanda eselivundisiwe kusukela ngabazali bayo begazi neqhaza kwesibeletho yomunye wesifazane ngokuphelele. Lokhu ngokwesivumelwano kuyadingeka ukuze lithwalwe ingane. Ngemva kokuzalwa, ingane lona unikeza abazali lokuzalwa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuba zokukhwabanisa ukwenziwa uhlobo ngokomzimba wengane, ngakolunye - ithuba kuphela eminye imibhangqwana ukwakha umndeni okuphelele.

impikiswano enkulu namanje singaxoxi ngezindaba ezifana cloning womuntu kungenzeka ngentuthuko yakamuva kwezakhi zofuzo. Endabeni ka ohlangothini zokuziphatha mayelana nodaba ubuhanjelwe izazi zesayensi yezinto eziphilayo futhi odokotela, osopolitiki kanye nezazi zefilosofi. Musa ukundlula nganeno inkinga futhi abefundisi. Okwamanje, kunezinhlobo iphuzu ezimbili okuphambene ngokuphelele umbono. Omunye wabo kuvela yokuthi cloning kuyinto ngempela okubi futhi kuphephile indoda kanye nomphakathi. Abasekeli balobu umbono Kunenkolelo yokuthi cloning kuyindlela ukuqeda izifo nokungabhubhi. Kodwa kukhona umbono okuphambene. Abalandeli bakhe bakholelwa ukuthi zokukhwabanisa enjalo oziphethe kabi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungaba yingozi ezingaba, ngoba isayensi ayikwazi okwamanje ukubikezela zonke nangemiphumela engaba khona lesi silingo.

izindaba zomthetho, neziphathelene nokuziphatha eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ekhiqizwa transplantology. Kuze kube manje, inhliziyo utshalwe, isibindi, wamaphaphu umnkantsha, njll Izinkinga kule ndawo ezimayelana imisebenzi namalungelo lokuthi, kanye nezihlobo zakhe, abasebenzi bezempilo, liqine Eqinisweni sokufa engelapheki.

Omunye kakhulu kuseyimpikiswano izimpikiswano ngokuphathelene nezimiso zokuziphatha namuhla ukukhathazeka ukubulawa kwesiguli. Lokhu ukusheshisa ngamabomu usibulale lesi siguli, okuyinto aselapheki. Ukubulawa kwesiguli eyenzelwe ukunqanda ukuhlupheka nesineke. Lesi senzo kuphambene ukubukwa bazo zonke izinkolo, kanye Hippocratic Izifungo. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, ekugcineni inkinga akubhekwa.

Izimiso eziyisisekelo isiyalo

Ngo sezimiso kukhona imiqondo eyisisekelo. Isayensi uncika kubo ekuxazululeni izinkinga esiphuthumayo besikhathi sethu. Izimiso eziyisisekelo sezimiso:

- inhlonipho ngesithunzi somuntu;
- ukwenza okubi, futhi ukudalwa ezinhle;
- ukuzimela kwalo muntu;
- ukugcinwa ubulungiswa.

Isayensi ithobela imithetho emine. Lokhu kuyimfihlo futhi ubuqiniso, kwemvume unolwazi futhi bangasephula maqondana nokuphila kwabantu kwangasese. izimiso sezimiso kanye neziqondiso nezimiso zokuziphatha yakha izixhumanisi sokuqala agcwele maqondana nesineke njengomuntu ngamunye.

Kutfutfukiswa sezimiso eRussia

Okudingeka isiyalo kubhekwe ebonakaliswa ezweni lethu ku nineties zakuqala. Nokho, lokhu akusho ukuthi sezimiso eRussia nje kwavela ekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule. Kunalokho, iningi ubuchwepheshe bezokwelapha aqalwa wadala ezweni lethu. Isibonelo kule divayisi ongakhonza ukuze uvumele kwegazi extracorporeal. It sidalwe SS Bryukhonenko emuva ngo-1926 Ngawo lowo nyaka wavula indawo yokuqala Institute wezwe Kwegazi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, JJ 1931 Raven esimweni basemtholampilo izinso allotransplantation wawenziwa. Okuphawulekayo kwaba ngo-1937 bese labetibambile ukusebenza emhlabeni wokuqala ezifakelwa yokufakelwa senhliziyo esilimele. Beqondiswa lolu VP experiment Demihov, futhi wayebaleka ukuze probation Christian Bernard.

Kuyinto eRussia okokuqala emhlabeni ngo-1920, yonke imikhawulo komthetho ku isisu zisusiwe. Esikhathini eko kwekhulu elidlule, ososayensi Russian Alexander School Serebrovskii uchungechunge ucwaningo lokubalulekile ngenxa okuyinto kwakunokwenzeka ukufakazela isakhiwo eyinkimbinkimbi isakhi sofuzo.

A ezahlukene imisebenzi ezindaweni ezahlukene nobuchwepheshe eU.SSR lwenziwe njalo futhi kakhulu ngempumelelo. Nokho, izimiso ucwaningo lwesayensi eRussia phakathi nokubusa uhulumeni wamaSoviet kwakhiwa wayengeke asonge izandla abe. Esinye isizathu salokhu kuyinto imibono yezwe. Isayensi eU.SSR sasibhekwa njengophawu lokuthi hhayi kuphela amandla lomphakathi eliwusizo, kodwa futhi aphakeme chelovekoobrazuyuschey ukubaluleka kwamasiko.

Nokho, naphezu kwalokhu, Bioethics eRussia kancane kancane waqala ukuthola isikhundla salo. Ngakho, isazi sefilosofi Soviet Frolov kwaphakamisa umbuzo ukubaluleka impumelelo zesayensi kuzuze Ngokombono wabantu. Ngo-1995, lo mbhalo wesandla wokuqala eshicilelwe M.K.Perova. Lokhu Indlela Russian emuva 60s uklame umqondo wokuthi isayensi oyimpumputhe ukuba konke womuntu.

A esigabeni esisha kakhulu ekuthuthukeni sezimiso

Ekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule, Russia uthethe indlela yeningi. Lokhu kwakuwumnikelo ka-kwesisekelo eziyisisekelo ukuthi uye wakwenza ngokuzimisela basungula Bioethics. Umqondo lesi siyalo njalo kwaba fixed hhayi kuphela ucwaningo, kodwa futhi ukushicilela, amazinga theory kanye ezemfundo nokuqeqesha.

Uhlelo senhlangano ye-Russian zocwaningo manje ube amayunithi ekhethekile kwesakhiwo. Lezi zihlanganisa sezimiso wemboni, nesebenzela the human RAS nezikhungo, laboratories Institute of Philosophy "Axiology yolwazi nasezimisweni zokuziphatha isayensi" kanye nabanye abaningi.

Ngo-2000, izinga isimo sezemfundo kwavunyelwana eRussia. Ngokusho kwale dokhumenti, isiyalo "Bioethics" senziwa saziso ekulungiseleleni ongoti izikole zezokwelapha yezwe. indlela enjalo esenziwayo inkomfa ezemfundo 1995, okuyinto wakhuluma ngezinto kwezobuciko imfundo ezikhungweni ephakeme wezokwelapha kanye eyenza imithi wokufundisa WaseRussia. Isingeniso ukuze Bioethics olwatuswa njengoba inkambo ehlukile ekulungiseleleni abafundi eminyakeni abaphezulu.

Ngo-1995 wabona ukukhanya kuqhubeka isimiso somhlangano okhethekile. It yadalwa e-Institute of ukuphinda uqeqesho kanye ukuqeqeshwa kwezinga eliphakeme wabafundisi beZwi ngesayensi yezenhlalo kanye humanities at MSU. Lomonosov. Lolu hlelo senzelwe othisha, abafundela ku okukhethekile "Biomedical Yokuziphatha".

Okwamanje, ukuze simazi kangcono izinkinga wokuphila emkhakheni wamuva wezokwelapha kungaba izimpikiswano ngokuphathelene nezimiso zokuziphatha izincwadi. ethandwa kakhulu kule ndawo kukhona nomagazini "Indoda" (umhleli - BG Yudin) kanye "Medical Law and Ethics" (umhleli - Myl'nikov IS). Ukuze abafundi zezokwelapha futhi izincwadi ezinyatheliswa, elibhekene nomse- sezimiso. Yudin futhi Tishchenko, Ignatiev, Ivanyushkin, Siluyanova, emifushane kungamathuluzi abalobi amaphepha amaningana kulesi sihloko.

izici zefilosofi

Okwamanje, isiyalo etadisha isici zokuziphatha ubuhlobo wokuphila emkhakheni wamuva wezokwelapha kanye indoda, embozwe nezindaba eziningi. Ngenxa sezimiso futhi kujulise kakhulu wenabisa ukuqonda ezihlukanisile izici zakhe zokuziphatha futhi yemvelo nezinto eziphilayo. Imibuzo kubhekwe yile nkolelo, sekungaphezu wesayensi ezimbili. Lokhu-anthropology eziphilayo. Ngenxa Iphuzu eliyinhloko kule isayensi kukhona izikhathi yokusesha we okushiwo indoda kweqiniso.

Eminyakeni yamuva, ngokuya kukhona inqubo kumiswa mphakathi wezwe bioethical. Lokhu lula izizathu ezimbili - global nowasekhaya. Eyokuqala ihlobene ematfuba nemiphumela eyingozi wentuthuko engokwesayensi neyezobuchwepheshe kwezokwelapha nezesayensi yezinto eziphilayo, okuyinto ahambisana ukuvela njalo nezimo ezintsha inkinga uhlamvu esimisweni sokuhle nokubi. Lesi simo ngezinga elithile kuthinta izithakazelo umphakathi wesintu wonke. njalo okwandisa lobubhalo yenqubo wathi. Lokhu kungenxa yeningi ngenxa yokwanda kwethuba lokuba nobudlelwane bokuhlalisana. Uma lokhu ubhekwa omunye ziyilungelo lomuntu eliyisisekelo ekuphileni, empilweni, kwaze kwaba sekufeni futhi ukuthola ulwazi.

Eyesibili isizathu sokuthuthukisa sezimiso, wendawo, kunqunywa uhlobo oluthile kwale sayensi. Lapha usithonye humanization emphakathini wonkana kanye lomuntu oyedwa, ngenqubo okuyobangela ushintsho we izimiso zokuhle bendabuko kanye yezokwelapha, imithi, njll technologization Zonke lezi zici ezithinta ukuthuthukiswa sezimiso kuzo zombili imigomo emihle nemibi.

Namuhla ezweni lethu abukho ubudlelwano akunakungatshazwa kuya actualization ka lesi siyalo. Nokho, ngisho nalabo bayasazi ukubaluleka neyobuntu lwezindaba bioethical, uyavuma inqubo eqhubekayo kwetinhlavu isimo abafanele. Ngezinye izikhathi ezinjalo ibonwa njengoba indlela yokuphila evimbela thina West. Kusolwa ukuthi le nqubo kungayilulaza lo amasiko emphakathini wethu.

Kukhona ngokuphelele umbono ephambene. Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi sezimiso eRussia nje akusho imile izimpande, futhi elihambisana nale nkolelo imfundiso sekunzima zimiswe. Yayichaza konke ezweni lethu, nezinye amasiko, ikolelo nokuhlukahluka yezenhlalakahle isiko, isimo sengqondo kanye psychology.

Nokho, inqubo kumiswa sinesimo sengqondo bioethical kuyinto. Kudinga ukuqonda yefilosofi ezinye zezinkinga ezivamile. Phakathi kwabo, incazelo okushiwo indoda, ngokuphila nangokufa kwakhe, ukwelashwa nokululama, ukugula kanye nezempilo, njll

Biomedicine okwamanje ithuthuka ngokushesha kakhulu. eziphikisa ezicini eziningi zempumelelo imbangela yayo abanye abantu isifiso ngandlela-thile lula impumelelo wezokwelapha nasemkhakheni wezindlela biology, bawendlala ngokuvumelana ingozi. Lokhu kuzovumela umphakathi ukuba njengoba Usululungele zonke nemiphumela iyenzeka.