Bone njengoba iyingxenye: isakhiwo, izakhiwo, imisebenzi,

Bone njengengxenye umzimba kohlelo kwezitho ukunyakaza kanye nokwesekwa, futhi ngaleyo ndlela kuyahluka ngokuphelele ukuma eliyingqayizivele futhi isakhiwo, kahle ejwayelekile nezinzwa architectonic kakhulu futhi imithambo yegazi. It yakhiwa ngokuyinhloko ithambo izicubu ekhethekile imbozwe ngaphandle periosteum, futhi ngaphakathi yakhiwa umnkantsha.

imphawu letibalulekile

ithambo ngamunye njengoba iyingxenye has a ezithile isayizi, simo nendawo emzimbeni womuntu. Konke lokhu futhi wathonywa kakhulu nangabanye izimo ezahlukene lapho abakuhlakulelayo, kanye imithwalo ehlukahlukene obusebenzayo wazibonela amathambo ngoba umzimba womuntu.

Noma yimuphi amathambo bathambekele ethile kwegazi imithombo, khona amasayithi athile indawo yabo, kanye nezitsha sasivumela ejwayelekile architectonic. Zonke lezi zici ziyefana zisebenze emizweni innervate ithambo.

isakhiwo

Bone njengoba iyingxenye lihlanganisa okunye izindwangu ezisebusweni ubudlelwano ezithile, kodwa yebo, obaluleke kakhulu phakathi kwazo lamellar ithambo ukwakheka kwezicubu okungase kubhekwe isibonelo diaphysis (umnyango emaphakathi, umzimba) eside amathambo ijabulise.

Ingxenye esemqoka itholakala phakathi amapuleti kwangaphakathi futhi yangaphandle kanye ezungezile iqoqo gusset amapuleti osteons. Lesi sakamuva iyunithi kwesakhiwo obusebenzayo esihlasela amathambo futhi ubonakala kwi ezikhethekile izicubu tekufundza noma izigaba mncane.

Ngaphandle iyiphi ithambo lizungezwe izingqimba eziningana amarekhodi ajwayelekile noma jikelele, okuyizinto ngqo ngaphansi periosteum. Ngemva kwalezi izingqimba ezikhethekile perforating ziteshi eziqukethe izitsha efanayo igama igazi. Ngesikhathi umngcele nge ngalo ingaphakathi medullary ka amathambo eside aqukethe isendlalelo ezizungezile amapuleti kwangaphakathi abagwazwe sebuningini iziteshi ezahlukene, ukwandisa amaseli.

ingaphakathi Medullary ujenga ngokuphelele okuthiwa endosteum lomele ungqimba elincanyana kakhulu sezicubu zezinzwa, okubandakanya ngasebenzi isicaba osteogenic amaseli.

osteons

Osteon emelelwa concentrically ahlelwe ithambo amapuleti ukuthi ibukeke amasilinda we diameters ezahlukene izidleke kwezinye futhi ezizungezile canal ngamunye Haversian, lapho imizwa ehlukahlukene imithambo yegazi. Ezimweni eziningi osteons kunenzuzo dlinniku ahlelwe parallel ithambo, lapho amaningi anostomoziruya sixhumene.

Inombolo ephelele osteons kuyinto umuntu ngamunye ithambo ngabanye. Ngakho, ngokwesibonelo, kunawo wonke , njengoba umzimba iqukethe nabo isamba 1.8 ngayinye 1 mm², futhi isabelo-canal Haversian kulokhu ebangela 0.2-0.3 mm².

Phakathi osteons kukhona ipuleti liletha intercalated kuyoshaya kuzo zonke izinhlangothi futhi akha ingxenye esele okuvela kuyo le osteons ubudala esevele ubhujiswe. Isakhiwo ithambo njengoba umzimba ihlinzeka ezikhiqizwa njalo izinqubo lokubhubhisa ukwakheka entsha osteons.

Bone amapuleti babe ukuma amasilinda, osseinovye fibrils eduze komunye nomunye base uvalwe futhi ngokulinganisa. Phakathi amapuleti ahlelwe amanga concentrically osteocytes. Izinqubo ithambo amaseli usabalala futhi kancane kancane ku tubules eziningi, liyasondela angomakhelwane-spikes osteocytes futhi bahileleke cell-cell uxhumano. Kanjalo kwakhiwa spatially ngamakhasimende lacunary-canalicular uhlelo ethola abahileleke ngokuqondile izinqubo ezihlukahlukene umzimba.

Osteon Ukwakheka Lihlanganisa izinto ezingaphezu kuka-20 ahlukene eyindilinga ithambo amapuleti. amathambo Human ziyadlula umkhumbi owodwa noma emibili osteon microvasculature ngomzila, kanye unmyelinated ahlukahlukene yezinzwa futhi ekhethekile lymph capillary, okuyinto ahambisana izingqimba sezicubu zezinzwa okuxekethile, kuhlanganise izakhi osteogenic ezehlukene ezifana osteoblasts, amaseli perivascular nabanye abaningi.

osteons iziteshi abe contact ngokwanele Friend nomunye futhi ngalo ingaphakathi medullary futhi periosteum ngenxa yokubakhona iziteshi ekhethekile probozhdayuschih, okuyinto enomthelela ithambo jikelele izitsha anastomosing.

periosteum

Isakhiwo ithambo njengoba umzimba kusho ukuthi ngaphandle imbozwe periosteum ekhethekile, kwakhiwa okuyinto kusukela izicubu fibrous zezinzwa futhi ine olwelwesini futhi kwangaphakathi. Kugcine kuhlanganisa cambial sikakhokho amaseli.

Imisebenzi esemqoka zihlanganisa periosteum ehilelekile ukuvuselelwa, kanye nokuvikelwa ukuhlinzeka kanye umsebenzi trophic, okuyinto ibangelwa lapha odlulayo izitsha ezahlukene igazi. Ngenxa yalokho, igazi futhi bone uxhumana.

Yiziphi nemisebenzi periosteum

I periosteum cishe ngokuphelele ihlanganisa ingxenye engaphandle wethambo, futhi ngaphandle nje nazi izindawo lapho kukhona uqwanga articular, kanye umsipha esinqunyiwe noma imisipha umsipha. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngosizo igazi futhi bone periosteum engavimba zezicubu ezizungezile.

Ngo ngokwayo ke mncane kakhulu, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, ifilimu eqinile okuyinto yakhiwa izicubu obukhulu kakhulu zezinzwa, okuyinto zitholakala lymph negazi izitsha nezinzwa. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi zokugcina ukungena ketshezi ithambo ngenxa periosteum. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kubhekwe amathambo acinene, noma enye, periosteum has ngempela nethonya elikhulu izinqubo ukuthuthukiswa e Uhlonze lwalo namandla.

Isendlalelo engaphakathi enamathela osteogenic indawo eyinhloko kwakhiwa lapho ithambo is, futhi ngokwalo ke ngokucebile innervated esithinta ukuzwela yayo. Uma amathambo engalali periosteum, ekugcineni-ke alibe lisaba sphacelating iphila futhi ngokugcwele. Lapho libambe ukungenelela kuhlinzwa ithambo, ezifana waphuka, le periosteum kufanele kugcinwe nakanjani, ukuqinisekisa ukukhula yabo evamile futhi baqhubeka impilo.

Ezinye izici design

Cishe noma yimuphi ithambo (ngaphandle iningi elikhulu cranial, okubandakanya ithambo acinene) kufanele ebusweni articular, okuyinto olunikezwa ukuhambisana yabo nabanye. evele enjalo esikhundleni sohlelo periosteum kukhona uqwanga ezikhethekile ngokuhlanganyela, okuyinto isakhiwo salo fibrous noma hyaline.

Ngaphakathi kakhulu oyithandayo umnkantsha itholakala, okuyinto ibekwe phakathi amapuleti kuyinto ikhemikhali sithambile noma ngqo ngaphakathi komgodi medullary, futhi kungase ophuzi noma obomvu.

Ngo neonates futhi fetus e ithambo samanje kuphela abomvu umnkantsha, okungukufa hematopoietic futhi imele mass homogeneous, ayegcwele izakhi kwakheka imithambo yegazi, kanye ekhethekile izicubu reticular. Red umnkantsha iqukethe inqwaba osteocytes, ithambo amaseli. Umthamo obomvu ithambo mozag imayelana 1500 cc.

Umuntu omdala osevele livelile ukukhula kwamathambo, obomvu umnkantsha kancane kancane sithathelwe indawo ophuzi, emelelwe ngokuyinhloko oluthile amafutha amaseli, kuyilapho ilungelo Kuyaphawuleka yokuthi indawo ngokuphelele kuyofika emnkantsheni wethambo, esemgwaqweni umsele medullary.

osteology

Ngo ukuthi uhlaka lwamathambo lomuntu, indlela ithambo Fusion, kanye nanoma yimiphi eminye ukugeleza izinqubo ezihlobene nazo, wahlanganyela osteology. Inombolo ngqo zemizimba ezichazwe abantu ayikwazi ukucaciswa ngokuqiniseka, ngoba kushintsha phakathi inqubo yokuguga. Bambalwa abantu beqaphela ukuthi kusukela ebuntwaneni ukuba nokuguga abantu njalo ezenzeka ithambo izilonda, izicubu ukufa kanye nezinye izinqubo eziningi. Ngokuvamile, kukho konke ukuphila angagcina izakhi abangaphezu kuka-800 ezahlukene bony, 270 zazo - ngisho utero.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi Abaningi kakhulu kubo tho nomunye, kuyilapho umuntu esemncane. Uhlaka lwamathambo omuntu omdala iqukethe ingqikithi 206 amathambo, okuyinto ngaphezu njalo lapho isikhulile futhi zingavela amadayisi umalalephenduka, okuvela ngazo kubangelwa ezihlukahlukene izici ngamunye kanye imisebenzi yomzimba.

skeleton

Amathambo nasemilenzeni nezinye izingxenye zomzimba kanye nebudlelwano bawo akha lwamathambo omuntu, okuyinto iqoqo aminyene izakhiwo yokwakheka, okuyinto umzimba ophilayo lokucabanga kakhulu kuphela imisebenzi lokukhanda. Kulokhu, isayensi yesimanje imele skeleton okuqinile ukuthi iziveza amathambo, futhi ethambile, okuhlanganisa zonke izinhlobo nemisipha, ulwelwesi kanye ngokuhlanganyela ekhethekile cartilaginous.

Amathambo ngabanye nezinhlangano, kanye skeleton lwesintu lulonke, kungenzeka emzimbeni ukwenza ezihlukahlukene nemisebenzi. Ngakho, ukuthinta nje amathambo ka nemilenze ephansi futhi isiqu ngokuyinhloko ukukhonza njengephayona ezithambile izicubu ukwesekwa, kuyilapho iningi mathambo ayindlu iziyisikhombisa, njengoba izicubu inamathelisiwe kubo, ukuhlinzeka locomotor umsebenzi. Bobabili izici ezikuvumela ukuba ngokufanelekile unikezwa ukubiza lwamathambo isici ivume konke kohlelo womuntu zemisipha.

skeleton Human limelela antigravity isakhiwo UKUPHEBEZA amandla adonsela phansi. Ukuba ngaphansi kwethonya layo, umzimba womuntu idinga uku-ayinwa ngokumelene phansi, kodwa ngezithukuthuku izici athwale amangqamuzana ngamanye ithambo kanye skeleton iyonke, izinguquko komzimba kungukuthi kwenzekani.

ithambo umsebenzi

Amathambo Yekhanda, ukhalo kanye isiqu nokuhlinzeka umsebenzi okuvikela umonakalo ezihlukahlukene zomzimba ezibalulekile, nerve iziqu noma imikhumbi emikhulu:

• skull kuyinto esitsheni okuphelele yakhoibrium izitho, emehlweni, ukuzwa, futhi ingqondo;
• umsele umgogodla kuhlanganisa emgogodleni;
• ubambo yezinyoni ivikela emaphashini, inhliziyo nezinzwa ezinkulu kakhulu futhi imithambo yegazi;
• amathambo okhalo bavikelekile umonakalo isinye, ingemuva, kanye nezitho zangasese ahlukahlukene yangaphakathi.

amathambo noku kakhulu ngaphakathi iqukethe obomvu umnkantsha, okuyinto ekhethekile izitho hematopoiesis futhi izivikeli mzimba zomzimba womuntu. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi amathambo awuvikele umonakalo, kanye ukudala izimo ezivuna ukukhula kwamangqamuzana egazi ezahlukene kanye trophism.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukunakekelwa okukhethekile kufanele ikhokhwe yokuthi amathambo abahileleke ngokuqondile amaminerali umzimba, njengoba ngabe imali eningi izakhi zamakhemikhali, phakathi okuyinto endaweni ekhethekile kuhlala calcium ne phosphorus. Ngakho, uma umzimba iqondiswa calcium enemisebe ngemva kwamahora angaba ngu-24 ngaphezu kuka-50% we ketshezi zanqwabelana emathanjeni.

ukuthuthukiswa

Bone kumiswa Kwenziwa osteoblasts, futhi kukhona izinhlobo eziningana Ukuqina sekuyenzeka:

• Endesmalnoe. It wenziwa ngokuqondile zezinzwa izicubu isigubungelo, ithambo eyinhloko. Kusukela amaphuzu ezahlukene Ukuqina sekuyenzeka e ezicutshini inqubo umbungu Ukuqina sekuyenzeka uqala asakazeka njengesilonda imisebe yalo nxazonke. ngaleyo ndlela Surface izingqimba sezicubu zezinzwa bahlale ngesimo periosteum enkothweni oqala sikhule ngo ukujiya.
• Perichondral. Kukhona ku ebusweni elingaphandle uqwanga iziqalo ye ngqo iqhaza perichondrium. Ngenxa umsebenzi osteoblasts, okuyinto zitholakala ngaphansi perichondrium, kancane kancane amathambo ukufika, esikhundleni uqwanga nokwakha compact kakhulu amathambo izidakamizwa.
• Periosteal. Kuyinto ngenxa periosteum, okuyinto uguqulwa perichondrium. Langaphambilini kanye nezinhlobo osteogenesis Ulandela nomunye.
• Endochondral. Kwasetshenziswa ngaphakathi uqwanga iziqalo we iqhaza ngqo perichondrium inikeze ku izinqubo uqwanga oqukethe izitsha ekhethekile. Lokhu izicubu kosteobrazovatelnaya kancane kancane ubhubhisa izvetshaly uqwanga Ukuqina sekuyenzeka futhi yakha iphuzu ngqo maphakathi cartilaginous ithambo onobuhle. Nge okwengeziwe esabalalisa Ukuqina sekuyenzeka endochondral kusukela sosizo ukuze azungeze wenziwa trabecular ithambo kumiswa.

Kuhamba kanjani?

Umuntu ngamunye usebenza okubangelwa Ukuqina sekuyenzeka iqala ezindaweni esimatasa wethambo emaphakathi. Emhlabeni enyangeni yesibili ekuphileni esibelethweni uqale ukuvela iphuzu yokuqala ukuthuthukiswa diaphyseal, metaphyseal nemizimba lamathambo eside. Kamuva ossified ngu endochondral ithambo kwetinhlavu kanye perichondral, kodwa ilungelo ngaphambi kokuzalwa noma eminyakeni yokuqala embalwa emva kokubelethwa, ziqala ukuvela iphuzu lesibili, kusukela lapho inkululeko nentuthuko epiphyseal.

Ezinganeni, kanye nabantu abasha nobudala zingavela iziqhingi ezengeziwe Ukuqina sekuyenzeka, lapho sekuqalwe khona ukuyithuthukisa apophyses. amathambo abahlukahlukene nezingxenye kwabo ngabanye, ehlanganisa isakhi esithile esikhethekile sithambile, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi Ukuqina sekuyenzeka endochondral, kuyilapho izakhi aqukethe ubulungu bayo imfuyo sithambile futhi icwecwe, ossify kwe- futhi endochondral. Ukuqina sekuyenzeka ithambo ngamunye ngokugcwele ibonisa izinqubo zayo obusebenzayo ofanele phylogeny.

ukukhula

Phakathi ukukhula Kwenziwa kabusha futhi ithambo ukufuduka encane. Qala ukwakha osteons entsha, futhi lokhu futhi kwenziwe rezorbatsiya parallel emelela resorption ka osteons ubudala, okuyinto kuveza osteoclasts. Ngenxa yokusebenza kwabo asebenzayo cishe zonke endochondral ithambo diaphysis ekugcineni ancibilikisa, futhi esikhundleni akha ephelele umnkantsha ingaphakathi. Futhi uzinake ukuthi ukuzimisela kanye izingqimba perichondral amathambo, kodwa kunalokho ubalekela ithambo imali izingqimba okuqhubekayo kusukela periosteum. Ngo rezultatet ithambo uqala zikhule ngo ukujiya.

ukukhula Bone ubude inikezwa yi uqwanga epiphyseal, ungqimba ekhethekile phakathi metaphysis futhi epiphysis, Ngokuqhubeka kubantu abasha nezingane.