Boxer Rebellion: incazelo, umlando, imigomo, izimbangela kanye nemiphumela

Ngo-November 1899 China Boxer Rebellion Kwagqashuka. Lena ukusebenza Folk wayalwa obenziwa kubantu bokufika Ugcwalise Celestial. Ukubulala zevangeli European alethwe amandla Western iqale impi ngo-China.

Izizathu kanye nezinhloso

Ekupheleni kwekhulu XIX e China bafinyelele yobudala Empire Qing. Naphezu isihloko esimnandi, ngalesi simo abakwazanga ukumelana nethonya amandla Western. Okokuqala e-Beijing babe British. Akha hhayi kuphela e-dolobha kodwa futhi izimbobo osendaweni ezibalulekile. BaseYurophu ababenesithakazelo kakhulu ukuhweba yabo ithonya eMpumalanga Asia, lapho wathembisa inzuzo enkulu.

izinkinga ezifanayo Japan babhekana. Engxenyeni kwekhulu XIX kulelizwe lesibili kwaqala izinguquko kabusha umphakathi kanye nomnotho ngendlela yaseNtshonalanga. EChina, ukuguqulwa efanayo kuhlulekile. izinqubomgomo kanisa abaMhlophe futhi baba yize kuholele.

ukunganeliseki ongumlimi

Okokuqala, amandla Western yayiba ukuhweba amalungelo. Kodwa engxenyeni efanayo yesibili yekhulu XIX baqala ukuthatha nezimbobo Chinese. Ngabo, izwe ivele igcwale abantu bakwamanye amazwe zevangeli owafundisa kuhlanganise ubuKristu.

Angiyithandanga sabantu elula olandelanayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ekuqaleni 1890. abalimi ihlaselwe isomiso eziningana nezinye izinhlekelele zemvelo, ekugcineni bancishwa amapulazi abo amancane kakade. I ukunganeliseki izinga lokuphila labampofu kuye kwaholela iqiniso lokuthi Boxer Ukuvukela kwaqala e China. Ngo historiography it is yaziwa nangokuthi Boxer.

kokubhikisha kwango nokuguqulwa

Igama elithi "Boxer" wabelwa amalungu kwakhiwa amaqembu abathintekayo ekulweni zabezizwe. Ekuqaleni, lezi zokwakheka bahlakazeka kanye nokuguqulwa, kodwa ukuhamba kwesikhathi, bahlanganiswe ovamile ubuzwe ukunyakaza yokushisekela izwe. Boxer Rebellion ngokuyinhloko aqondiswe izithunywa zevangeli zakwamanye amazwe futhi amaKristu Chinese. Amalungu ethimba wayekwenza rites ezingaqondakali futhi zenkolo, lathathwa namahlelo Chinese. Enye imfanelo ebalulekile lezo zihlubuki zazishaye phansi amakilasi elivamile fistfights. Kungenxa yokuthi lokhu babebizwa nangokuthi "okwakwenza abashayi-sibhakela".

The Boxer esesibona artisan abampofu, abalimi abampofu, amasosha demobilized evela ebuthweni, ngisho intsha nabesifazane. Mithandazo ikakhulukazi kusimangaze baseYurophu kungukuthi ejwayele ukubona into enjengale ekhaya. Boxer Rebellion (ikakhulukazi lapho besanda kuqala) zazingaphezu kwamandla womuntu. Esimeni semakhaya nempikiswano eqhubekayo kwenza isiphithiphithi amabutho esiningi bayahlaselwa hhayi kuphela izifiki kodwa futhi elula ongumlimi emzaneni. kuphangwa okunjalo yaphela ngo kuphangwa. Ngokwengxenye lokhu kungani abantu abaningi e-China Asisekeli Boxer.

Charter traffic

Ngezinye Boxer kwadingeka awayo 10 imithetho ukuthi ukubulawa ngempoqo. Lokhu IFreedom Charter eyayifakwe zemfihlakalo, okuyisici nobuntu nenhlangano yonkana ilahlekelwe. Ngokwesibonelo, "Boxers" wayekholelwa ukuthi banayo ngeke ilimale maqondana projectiles kanye izinhlamvu. Lomqondo uye ngisho livikeleke Charter.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo ihetuanej wachaza ukufa ozakwabo ukuze kuphole amanxeba ichashazi ukuthi ukufa kuphela ngomunye ababevukela, owayeshonelwe ukholo lwabo onkulunkulu kweqiniso. Lokhu ukukhashelwa wajeziswa ngakho ukuthi imimoya wamuka isosha. Lokhu logic ikuvumela ukugcina e egcwele abantu abakholelwa ezeni eziqhelelene isiyalo okusezingeni eliphezulu. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, phakathi "okwakwenza abashayi-sibhakela" benecala bephanga izinto, okungazange kuyinto yisigwebo kweziphathimandla zempi. Noma yimuphi ngempango (kuhlanganise nabantu bezinye izizwe) amasosha Kwakudingeka sizinike neziphathimandla zendawo. KumaKristu Chinese sengqondo eyamshukumisela. Wayeyisihlubuki kwadingeka ukuba balahle ukholo lwabo olusha, ngaphandle kwalokho wayelindele ukufa.

Ukuhlanganisa lezi zingosi uhulumeni namahlongandlebe

Ukusebenza wokuqala wendawo ihetuanej kwenzeka ngo-1897. Kodwa kwakudingeka kweminyaka embalwa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukunyakaza isibe esikalini ebalulekile ngempela. Ngo-November 1899, uhulumeni wase-China uye wazama ukudambisa kabusha wezwe, kodwa bahlulekile. Umqalisi noMphefumleli inkambo entsha koMbusi Guangxu waxoshwa. Hlela kwaba u-anti wakhe Cixi. Kuye asekelwe obala amavukelambuso.

Ngaphambi kwalokhu, lapho ukuzamazama kwaqala khona we ukusebenza e nasenyakatho yeChina ithumele ibutho yasebukhosini. Wahlupheka ukunqotshwa eziningana. Kulezi zimo, uhulumeni ezimaphakathi kanye ezizivelelayo kuthula futhi waqala ukuqhuba impi ngokuhlanganyela obenziwa kubantu bokufika. Ngaphambi lo mgomo Boxer Rebellion namanje e kokugumbuqelwa uhulumeni, egcwele indlela yezinguquko pro-Western. Manje, la iziqubulo zisusiwe. Ekupheleni kuka-1899 inani izihlubuki ifinyelele abantu abayizinkulungwane 100.

kwaqubuka umlilo

Abantu abaningi bangaphandle babe e Beijing, lapho, ngaphezu kwakho konke, futhi itholakala ikota zamanxusa. Nokho, eziningi European Diaspora babe kweminye imizi .. Liaoyang, Jilin, Yingkou, Mukden, njll Kwakumelwe izindawo eziyinhloko ukungezwani. Abebengeneme ezimpini Chinese nokubulawa izithunywa zevangeli ezazizofika. Boxer (Boxer) kuvukela ophoqelelwe amazwe aseNtshonalanga ukuthumela azowalekelela eChina. Ikakhulukazi esebenzayo kulesi umqondo Russia, ne China eyayintula ngezinga elithile enkulu emngceleni.

Azowalekelela zaqala ukutheleka e Qing umbuso kusukela Vladivostok futhi abantu ePort Arthur. Ngo esigabeni sokuqala kwavukelwa amabutho Russian esifundeni wayala Evgeny Alekseev. Kamuva, salandelwa UNikolai Linevich. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, isiyaluyalu China isiba eyingozi. Leli viyo ngomlilo amasonto yaseYurophu, ehlanganisa i-Orthodox, nezikole. Ekupheleni kuka-May, ibutho elikhulu of "okwakwenza abashayi-sibhakela" wathuthela Beijing. Juni 11 kuyinto amabutho langena inhlokodolobha nezibhamu, ukuchithwa kwegazi esabekayo benza ubufebe, ogama Izisulu zazihlanganisa kwakungenza abantu bezizwe abaningi. Boxer lixuku wakwazi lizothola BaseMelika British, abase esesifundazweni Tianjin waya ukutakula Bakwethu e-Beijing. Kancane kancane zasondela ukungqubuzana abadonsekela wonke amandla eziye sphere China sika siqu ithonya. Kwakuwusuku United States, eJalimane, eJapane, e-Austria-Hungary, i-Russia, e-UK, e-Italy, eFrance, eSpain, eNetherlands and Belgium.

UKUCHITHEKA KWEGAZI e-Beijing

Okwesikhathi esithile, uhulumeni waseChina, ngoba siqaphela ukuthi on the esengozini impi enkulu, wazama ukuxoxa nabantu abavela eYurophu. Qing uhulumeni aqondisa phakathi yohulumeni bangaphandle namahlongandlebe ayikwazanga okungenamkhawulo. Empress Cixi kwadingeka anqume ukuthi iluphi uhlangothi kuzokwenza ngokuqondile. Juni 21, 1900 kwathiwa uzwakalise impi baseYurophu naseJapane. Okunqumayo esinqumweni sayo ukuba abe pogrom obenziwa Boxer e embassy esifundeni Beijing ngayizolo. Ngokuhamba lo mkhankaso zokusatshiswa Kushone inxusa German e China.

UMbusikazi waya umfelandawonye izihlubuki kwasekuqaleni ngoba wayesaba ukuthi abalimi ukukhononda ezingaphezu kuka abantu bezinye izizwe. Lokhu kwesaba sasifanele. Izimbangela Boxer kuvukela babe ukuzonda amaKristu. Ngobusuku buka-June 24, 1900, lokhu kwabangela ngokufutha zonke China e-Beijing ziye zabulawa, abathi inkolo entshonalanga. umcimbi Kubi waziwa eYurophu njengendlela entsha St noBartolomewu. Kamuva, izisulu lwalesi sibhicongo abangu abagcotshwa njengosanta yiSonto Lobu-Orthodox.

Ukunqotshwa kwe-izihlubuki

Agasti 2 amabutho amaZwe Asizanayo lahlasela Beijing. 13 inani lamasosha Russian uvele ngaphambi omuzi. ngokushesha Empress kwesokunxele enhlokodolobha futhi zayiswa Xi'an. Boxer Rebellion (Boxer Rebellion) e China yafinyelela umvuthwandaba. Hlula Angenelisekile e-Beijing kuyosho ukuthi wonke umkhankaso sibheke obenziwa kubantu bokufika.

Ayethelekela yenhloko-dolobha iqale ngo-Agasti 15. Ngakusasa, Beijing lase lithengwe kwemibuso azihlanganisa. Manje, yagxila igazi baba Manchuria. Ngo-October, isifunda esisenyakatho iye matasa ngokuphelele amabutho Russian. Lo msebenzi ukuyiveza ngokuphelele Boxer Rebellion. Imiphumela kokungenela angaphandle akucaci noma uhulumeni waseChina noma amazwe azihlanganisa. Ngisho nangaphambi kokuba abavukeli babebulawa ekugcineni wanqoba, imibuso yaseYurophu waqala kwesigaba Backstage Qing pie.

Imiphumela

Septhemba 7, 1901 wahlulwa China lwaphetha ngezithombe zakhe amandla Western, okubizwa ngokuthi "umbiko wokugcina." Isivumelwano sihlanganisa amalungiselelo nakakhulu kwayibhebhethekisa isimo Empire Qing. Uhulumeni waseChina isiveze uphindisele bonke abaholi eyisihlubuki, ukuthi lowo muntu adilize ezinye izinqaba zabo, ukuze abonise abantu bezinye izizwe emadolobheni 12 iyakwenqabela zonke izinhlangano zabo imisebenzi aqondiswe baseYurophu.

Imibandela abangu ababagqilazayo, kodwa iziphathimandla zaseChina ayinawo amandla simelane nalezi izimfuno ezingemukeleki. Boxer Rebellion, ngamafuphi, wenza kuwukuphikisana esifundeni nakakhulu futhi kube nzima nakakhulu. Ekugcineni, ngemva kweminyaka engu-11, ziye zaholela ukuwa kombuso e China.