Bulgakov Sergey Nikolaevich, isazi sefilosofi Russian, isazi semfundiso yenkolo, mpristi wama-Orthodox: Biography

sefilosofi Russian yenkolo, uSergei Bulgakov - abantu ikusasa ngingakhululeki. Wakwazi ukudabula ukungabaza futhi uthole indlela yabo ukuba uNkulunkulu, wadala imfundiso yakhe siqu uSophia, wakwazi ukunqoba le ukungabethembi abangani ukungamukeleki zenkolo baphile ngokuvumelana nonembeza nokholo.

Ebuntwaneni Nomkhaya

Bulgakov wazalwa Sergey N. 16 (28) July 1871 ngo Livny, e umpristi omkhulu umndeni, wesigodlo yesonto elincane emathuneni. Ubaba Sergei ukufundisa izingane (futhi bheka wayengasekho eziyisikhombisa) in the isiko Orthodox. Umndeni wayeya njalo esontweni, izingane walalela, kamuva ufunda imiBhalo ngokwabo. Sergey ngokwazisa zikhunjulwe esengumntwana, lapho efika mbeni ubuhle bemvelo isiRashiya, elisekelwa bemibuso emisiwe ezinkonzweni. Kwakuphakathi nalesi sikhathi wakuzwa union bokuzwana noNkulunkulu. Wakhuliswa njengomFarisi njengomKristu oyisibonelo, e neminyaka yakhe yakudala wayekholelwa ngobuqotho kuNkulunkulu.

kweminyaka eminingi yocwaningo

Eminyakeni 12, Bulgakov Sergey waqala ukutadisha esikoleni zenkolo, wayengumuntu ngalesi sikhathi ngamazwi akhe, "indodana abaqotho zeSonto." Ngemva kokuphothula esikoleni, wangena sobufundisi edolobheni lakhe lokuzalwa Livny. Ngalesi sikhathi lapho icabangisise indlela ukuxhuma ukuphila kwakhe enkonzweni kaNkulunkulu. Ngemva kweminyaka emine, sebephothulile ekolishi, Bulgakov ingena sobufundisi orel. Lapha wafundiswa iminyaka emithathu, kodwa ngalesi sikhathi kukhona ushintsho oluphawulekayo endleleni enhle abheka ngayo, ukuthi ubhekene nenhlekelele ezijulile ezingokwenkolo, into dooms ukuba ukungakholwa kuNkulunkulu. Lost ukholo iSonto Lobu-Orthodox ngo-1987, Bulgakov Washiya esikoleni sobufundisi ke eminyakeni engaphezu ezimbili izifundo classical lolimi zesikole Yelets. Kamuva, lapho engena eMoscow State University, Faculty of Law. Ngo-1894 yena ngempumelelo ukumelana kovivinyo lokugcina futhi wathola iziqu zeMasters nge imfundo efanele.

ukubukwa ekuseni

Kakade esikoleni sobufundisi onyakeni wokuqala Bulgakov Sergey uhlangabezana ukungabaza sína postulates zenkolo futhi ukusinda esibucayi ojulile lokholo odlulela kuye ukuba banakekele kusukela sabefundisi, kodwa futhi zokusondelana ethandwa kakhulu ngalesi sikhathi Marxists. Uyazikhandla kulesi siqondiso esisha zefilosofi bona futhi ngokushesha waba theoretician phambili Marxism eRussia. Nokho, ngokushesha uyaqaphela ukuthi ukwehluleka ithiyori lithuthuka maqondana ukukhohliseka. Ngo-1902, waze wabhala isihloko esithi "Ukusuka Marxism ukuba ukukhohliseka," echaza ushintsho imibono yakhe.

Lezi zinguquko kokubukwa yakhe ziyavumelana umoya isikhathi, nezazi Russian kwalowo sikhathi besihambisana nesiminyaminya ithonya ukukhohliseka German futhi kamuva yenkolo. Ujwayele Bebel futhi Kautsky, emibhalweni uVladimir Soloviev futhi UTolstoy amhambise ukucinga emkhakheni osopolitiki abangamaKristu ukuba nodaba okuhle nokubi. Okwesikhathi esithile, Bulgakov uyawuthanda cosmism, ngemva Nikolaem Fedorovym. Lesi sicelo, yena azibiza ngokuthi "ubuKristu social" ngokuphelele kufanelekile ku ukuvela Russian umcabango yefilosofi kwesikhathi.

Kancane kancane waqala lapho umcabango Bulgakov ukuvuthwa kanye namafomu, indlela ukunxanela kwakhe zefilosofi kahle ithumba umsebenzi wakhe omkhulu wokuqala - incwadi "Ngibambeni elingabuniyo".

umsebenzi Sikhungo

Ngemva kokuthweswa iziqu, uSergei Bulgakov (biography ixhunywe hhayi kuphela nefilosofi kodwa futhi ngemfundiso) kuyinto emnyangweni ukuze ubhale ocwaningeni yakhe zobudokotela, waqala ukufundisa umnotho zezombusazwe ngesikhathi Imperial Technical School eMoscow. Ngo 1898, i-University ithumela yona iminyaka emibili phezu uhambo ucwaningo eJalimane. Ngo-1901 wamela mqondo yakhe futhi wathola isikhundla Uprofesa emnyangweni wezomnotho kwezombangazwe we Kiev Polytechnic Institute. Ngo-1906 waba uprofesa e-Moscow Commercial Institute. izinkulumo Bulgakov zibonisa indlela ukunxanela kwakhe, iningi labo izoshicilelwa njengoba imisebenzi zefilosofi kanye nezenhlalakahle. Kamuva wayesebenza njengoba uprofesa wezomnotho kwezombangazwe futhi uprofesa wolwazi lwezenkolo Tauride University futhi lihlele uhlu lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli umthetho kanye nemfundiso yenkolo ePrague.

Okwehlela umsebenzi womphakathi

Ngemva kokujoyina Marxists e 1903. Bulgakov Sergey wahlanganyela emthethweni Congress wokusungula we-Union of Liberation, elimalungu alo babe Berdyaev, uVladimir Vernadsky, VI Amathuna. Njengengxenye imisebenzi Union Bulgakov ukusakaza ukubukwa yokushisekela izwe, njengoba umhleli walo magazini "Indlela Entsha". Ngo-1906, isazi sefilosofi ithatha ingxenye esebenzayo ekudalweni we-Union of ezombusazwe abangamaKristu, kusukela ebanjwa in iphini wesibili Duma State ngo-1907. Nokho, kungakabiphi, lo ukubukwa antimonarchist ayeka ukuba khona useduze naye, futhi uyahamba uhlangothi. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, akabe esaba uzame bahlanganyele iminyakazo zenhlalo futhi ligxile umsebenzi wayo lokubhala imisebenzi zefilosofi lesibonwa.

nefilosofi zenkolo

Ngo-1910, uSergei Bulgakov, ogama nefilosofi uyeza iphuzu eliyinhloko sokuthuthuka, wahlangana Pavlom Florenskim. Ubungane phakathi ongqondongqondo ezimbili ahlanganiswe kakhulu umbono Russian. Phakathi nale nkathi ekugcineni Bulgakov kubuyela esifubeni zenkolo, kuyifilosofi yobuKristu. Wamphatha-aspect isonto-esisebenzayo. Ngo-1917 ukushicilelwa wakhe incwadi-esiteji "ne Khanyisa elingabuniyo," futhi kulo nyaka Sergey ithatha ingxenye in the Zonke-Russian Local Council, elikhishiwe kwezinye izinguqulo sabefundisi kuleli zwe.

Isazi sefilosofi ngaleso sikhathi eningi ecabanga izindlela yentuthuko yezwe nezihlakaniphi. Wabhekana inguquko njengoba eshone kabuhlungu konke okwakuyigugu kuyena empilweni. Bulgakov ayekholelwa ukuthi lesi sikhashana nzima emahlombe abapristi umsebenzi okhethekile ukusindisa isintu nengokomoya. Impi yombango kwagcizelela umqondo apocalypse yangibeka Sergei Nikolaevich ngoba izinqumo ezibalulekile ekuphileni.

umpristi Indlela

Ngo-1918, Bulgakov owamiswa umpristi. Ukuzinikezela senzeka ngo-June 11 ngesikhathi Danilovsky Monastery. Ubaba uSergiyu eduze uTikhon futhi kancane kancane uqala ukudlala indima sasivumela okuphawulekayo Russian iSonto, kodwa lishintshiwe empini. Ngo-1919 waya eCrimea eyolanda umndeni wakhe, kodwa ukubuyela eMoscow wayengasazimisele sinqunyelwe. Ngalesi sikhathi, amaBolshevik Bulgakov ukuwakhipha kusuka kothisha YaseMoscow Commercial Institute. Ngo Simferopol, usebenzela eyunivesithi kanye baqhubeka nokubhala imisebenzi zefilosofi. Kodwa kwaba uhulumeni wamaSoviet ngokushesha ukuphuca kuye ngaleli thuba.

ukuthuthela kwelinye izwe

Ngo-1922, uSergei Bulgakov, ogama amabhuku zazingamukeleki iziphathimandla ezintsha, iSoviet, wathunyelwa eConstantinople nomkhaya wakhe. Ube esenikezwa isignesha incwadi ethi wathunyelwa kusukela RSFSR unomphela futhi uma ukubuya ngeke abulawe. Kusukela waseConstantinople Bulgakov wathutha ePrague.

Sergey akukaze wafuna bashiye amakhaya abo, okuyinto wayelithanda kakhulu kuye. Kikho koke ukuphila kwakhe wakhuluma nokuziqhenya ngemvelaphi yakhe Russian kanye umsekeli asebenzayo isiko Russian, baphoqwa ukuba khona phesheya. Wayefisa wake ukuvakashela Russia, kodwa akwenzekanga lokho. Ekhaya wayeyindodana Bulgakovyh Fedor, ubani ayengeke aye azibona.

ePrague kwesikhathi

Ngo-1922, Bulgakov Sergey kuziwa ePrague, lapho waqala ukusebenza Russian Isikhungo Faculty of Law. Ngaleso sikhathi, ePrague wabizwa ngokuthi "Russian Oxford" lapha emva kwempi kuhlanganisiwe abameleli abanjalo wefilosofi zenkolo njengoba Lossky, G. Vernadsky, Struve, P. Novgorodtsev. Ingakapheli iminyaka emibili, Bulgakov wafundisa imfundiso yenkolo lapha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wenza inkonzo esontweni umfundi lasePrague, omunye ezifundeni suburban.

Bulgakov wahlala ehostela sikhungo ngokuthi "Svobodarna" owanikhipha ndawonye iqembu okhazimulayo ososayensi Russian ongqondongqondo. Ubaba uSergiyu kwaba umsunguli umagazini "Izwe okungokomoya," okuyinto yashicilelwa izihloko ezithakazelisayo okuqukethwe zenkolo. Wabuye waba omunye wabagqugquzeli oyinhloko 'Russian Student Christian Movement ", elimalungu alo ehola Russian ongqondongqondo emigre nososayensi.

Paris kwesikhathi

Ngo-1925, ubaba uSergiyu kanye nomkhaya wakhe bathuthela esijana eParis, lapho, ne iqhaza akhe asebenzayo, wavula lokuqala Orthodox Theological Institute, dean noprofesa okuyinto uba. Kusukela ngo-1925, wenza eziningi uhambo, uhambo cishe wonke amazwe aseYurophu naseNyakatho Melika. Paris isikhathi futhi uhluke operation olunzulu zefilosofi Bulgakov. I ovelele eminingi yemisebenzi yakhe kwalesi sikhathi yilezi: trilogy "iWundlu likaNkulunkulu", "uMlobokazi weWundlu," "uMduduzi", incwadi "Burning Bush". Njengoba inhloko yesikole St uSergiyu Bulgakov, uSergei kudala isikhungo kwangempela okungokomoya isiko Russian e-Paris. Uhlela umsebenti ekwakheni isakhiwo, ngokuthi "Sergey House." Iminyaka sobuholi bakhe 20 kubonakala encane izakhiwo edolobheni futhi amasonto. Ubaba uSergiyu futhi wasebenza nabantu abasha, abe uthisha odumile futhi umeluleki kubafundi.

nezilingo ezinkulu okwakhuthazelelwa Bulgakov e seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili wayesesikebheni sikhathi kakade ugulela ukufa, kodwa ngisho mibandela abayekanga umsebenzi wakhe ukudala imisebenzi yenkolo-zefilosofi. Yena ukhathazekile ngekusasa yezwe lenkaba yawo futhi kulo lonke elaseYurophu.

Sophiology Bulgakov

I nomqondo wefilosofi ye Bulgakov kuhlangene ngokungenakuhlukaniswa yenkolo. Umcondvo lobalulekile - UZandile Ukuhlakanipha kukaNkulunkulu nokuhlakanipha kwezwe - Kwakungekusha umcabango zenkolo, ngenkuthalo ke uye wazakhela Soloviev, kodwa uBaba uSergiyu waba nakho kwayo okujulile kwangaphakathi, noma ukwambula. imibhalo sezenkolo-zefilosofi Bulgakov siswele ubuqotho futhi ukungaguquguquki, kunalokho, it is wavuma ezincwadini zabo, utshela mayelana nakho kwakhe ezingaqondakali. umqondo Main ezingokomoya zabantu bayihlaba kakhulu inkolelo yakhe, uSophia, uZimu ngokuhlakanipha kwakhe, kuyaqondakala ngetindlela letehlukene: kusukela samuntu ubufazi njengoba kokusekelwa kwezwe ukuba main sibumbane izinto, ukuhlakanipha jikelele futhi ubuhle. Imfundiso yokuziphendukela Bulgakov walahlwa iSonto Lobu-Orthodox, wayengabhekiseli asolwe ngokuhlubuka, kodwa waveza amaphutha kanye yezinqumo ezingahlakaniphile. Imfundiso awuzange yazuza uhlobo okuphelele wahlala zibona sasivumela ahlukahlukene.

ukuphila Siqu

Bulgakov Sergey Nikolaevich waphila izenzakalo ukuphila okwanelisayo. Emuva ngo-1898, washada indodakazi umninindlu Elene Ivanovne Tokmakovoy, okwakuthatha kuye zonke izinhlupheko nezinsizi zokuphila, futhi babebaningi. Lo mbhangqwana kwakukhona bantfwana labasikhombisa, kodwa ababili basinda. Ukufa ezintathu Ivasheka baba olujulile, okuhlangenwe nakho ebuhlungu Bulgakov wazibandezela le sazi ukuba uzindle yize ukuhlakanipha kwaleli zwe. Ngo-1939, umpristi wathola ukuthi unomdlavuza emphinjeni, wabhekana kokuhlinzwa ku imisipha yaso yokukhuluma, kodwa wafunda ngokusebenzisa omkhulu ukusho ngemva kwalokho. Nokho, ngo-1944 waze washaywa unhlangothi, okwaholela ekufeni 13 Julayi 1944.