Butyl utshwala

Butanol - yigama yendabuko omunye alcohols monovalent. Ukuze-ke osebenza egameni ehlelekile - 1-butanol, kanye nabanye - n-butanol (butanol evamile) noma butyl utshwala. Kulesi utshwala-molecule eyinhloko babe ngama-athomu carbon ezine, axhumene futhi iqembu hydroxyl ingena esikhundleni esisodwa hydrogen atom wokuqala amakhemikhali ifomula C. - C4H9OH, okunengqondo - CH3 (CH2) 3OH, enokwehla - C4H10O.

mass izinyo lomhlathi of n-butanol elilingana 74,1 g / imvukuzane. Esimweni esejwayelekile, iwuketshezi nge kwabantu of 0,81 g / cm³. Ukuqeda iphuzu C4H9OH - lokususa 90,2 ° C, izinga lokushisa abilayo - plus 117,4 ° C. Inkomba yezokubona efana okumsulwa oluhambisana 1.399. Autoignites 1-butanol ezingeni lokushisa 345 ° C naphula ezingeni lokushisa 34 ° C.

Butyl utshwala kuyinto komugqa hydrocarbon isakhiwo lapho omunye hydrogen atom ngokwedlulele C ama-athomu Ikhutjhwe yi iqembu hydroxyl. It has isomers ezintathu kokuba igama ehlelekile:

• 2-methyl-1-propanol - branched uchungechunge hydrocarbon neqembu methyl ngesikhathi sesibili futhi iqembu hydroxyl ngesikhathi carbon athomu lokuqala;
• 2-butanol - komugqa hydrocarbon isakhiwo kokuba iqembu hydroxyl ngesikhathi sesibili carbon athomu;
• 2-methyl-2-propanol - hydrocarbon isakhiwo branched nge methyl futhi iqembu hydroxyl ngesikhathi sesibili carbon athomu.

amagama encane lezi izinto ezifanayo eziyizinhlupheko ukulandelana efanayo: iso-butanol (utshwala isobutyl), isekhondi-butanol futhi tert-butanol.

Nokho, ama-molecule butanol isomers kuhluke isakhiwo, zonke izinto ezine ne jikelele ifomula C4H9OH babe ukuncibilika amaphuzu ezahlukene, iphuzu abilayo kanye nezinye izici. Ngakho, ngokwesibonelo, butyl kanye alcohols isobutyl azibalulekile solubility, kuyilapho amanye isomers ezimbili kukhona miscible ngokuphelele emanzini. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ku ukwakheka kwazo zonke alcohols (CnH2n + 1OH) iqembu hydroxyl is ezithinta polarity, okuyinto enomthelela ukwandisa amanzi solubility. Ngesikhathi ukukhula efanayo isikhathi ngama-athomu carbon ku-molecule inkimbinkimbi le nqubo. Uma alcohols eyinhloko ezifana methanol, Ethanol futhi propanol kukhona miscible ngokuphelele emanzini, khona-ke n-butanol - ngokulinganisela.

Tert-butyl utshwala (ngenye 2-methyl-2-propanol noma tert-butanol) - iyona elula utshwala ephakeme. Kuyinto ketshezi (noma kungekho nto enemibala emihle okuqinile). Lokhu utshwala kakhulu oncibilikayo emanzini, exutshwe diethyl ether kanye ethanol. Kuyingqayizivele phakathi isomers ka butanol, ngoba ingelapheka ekamelweni lokushisa ancibilike okushisa kancane ngenhla 25 ° C. Tert-butanol kuyinto eceleni ekukhiqizeni isobutane nge propylene oxide. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungase kutholakale by hydration okhanda amanye amathuba isobutylene.

Njengezinye alcohols eziningi, butyl utshwala izidakamizwa eziyingozi. Nokho, lalibonisa ezingeni eliphansi ubuthi at izilwane zokucwaninga, ngakho iphathelene oluphephile ngokwanele futhi izinto elisetshenziswa izimonyo. Nokho, ukuthola ke ngesikhumba emzimbeni womuntu kungabangela sezinzwa uhlelo ukucindezeleka. utshwala Imininingwane ngamehlo kubangela ukucasuka okukhulu kubo, kokuthola it on the isikhumba - a ngokulinganisela. Ezimweni eziningi, butanol ngokushesha akheka ukuba carbon dioxide. Ingozi eyinhloko kwenzeka ngenxa ukuvezwa kwesikhathi eside intuthu. ubuthi zingadalwa okucindezeleka we isimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko futhi kungabangela ngisho nokufa.

Igama elithi "utshwala lobuchwepheshe" ngokuvamile isetshenziswa Ethanol, kodwa kungase futhi kwenziwe isibaluli nogologo. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho butanol kubhekwa njengendlela wengxenye motor nophethiloli. Isebenza nge ukusebenza kahle ephakeme kunaleyo Ethanol, njengoba amandla eyenziwe omlilo of esilinganayo uphethiloli at C4H9OH ephakeme kunaleyo C2H5OH. Butanol lingasetshenziswa njengenhlangano okufakiwe ukuze u-diesel, ngaleyo ndlela kuncishiswe okuqukethwe umule ku amagesi qeda.

Butyl utshwala ikakhulukazi esetshenziswa njengendlela imikhiqizo kuphela noma asizayo zamagama zamakhemikhali, kanye nophethiloli. Njengoba uketshezi olusetshenziswa yendwangu namakhemikhali izimboni. Kanti futhi uphinde abe ingxenye eziwuketshezi wokubacindezela wazihlephula, noma, naphezu iphunga lakhe oludakayo, isisekelo lamagcobo.