Izilwane Skeleton: izici jikelele kanye nezithombe

Amathambo zezilwane ezahlukene ihluke nomunye. Ukwakheka kwazo ngokwama-incike olwenzeka endaweni kanye indlela yokuphila ephilayo ethile. Yini kuvamile skeleton isilwane? Yiziphi umehluko? Yini ehlukanisa lwamathambo omuntu isakhiwo ezinye izilwane eziningana?

Skeleton - ukwesekwa komzimba

isakhiwo esiqinile futhi nezimo of amathambo, uqwanga nemisipha ku kwabantu nezilwane umzimba libizwa lwamathambo. Kanye ezicubwini akha zemisipha uhlelo lapho izidalwa eziphilayo Ungahambisa emkhathini.

Isikhathi esiningi sihilela amathambo uqwanga. Engxenyeni kakhulu ukuthi yizinto ezihlobene ukuba emalungeni nezinqe imisipha ukwakha ebumbene. "Uhlaka" Solid yomzimba akusho ngaso sonke isikhathi aqukethe amathambo uqwanga izicubu, ngezinye izikhathi akha chitin, yi-keratin, noma ngisho namathempeli ngokhonkolo namatshe.

Amazing ingxenye yomzimba kukhona amathambo. Ziyakwazi okuhlala kakhulu futhi ezinzima, uyakwazi ukumelana imithwalo omkhulu, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ukuhlala ukukhanya. Ngezinye intokazi amathambo emzimbeni isikhathi nokunwebeka nangaphezulu baba ukuthi siphuka kalula khona futhi aphuke kalula.

izilwane Skeleton uhlobo "ithala" namaminerali. Uma umzimba azizwa ukuntuleka kubo, ibhalansi izakhi ezidingekayo agcwaliswa kusukela amathambo. Amathambo akhiwa amanzi, amafutha, izinto eziphilayo (polysaccharides, collagen), ne-calcium nosawoti, sodium, phosphorus, i-magnesium. I ngqo amakhemikhali ukwakheka kuncike amandla umzimba ethile.

okusho skeleton

NgoLwesine kutholakale isidumbu sendoda kubantu nasezilwaneni - kuyinto igobolondo, ngaphakathi okuyinto izibilini zitholakala. Ukuma lokhu igobolondo unikeza skeleton. Ezicubwini inamathelisiwe ngqo ke, ukusika, bona ikhululeke emalungeni, ukuzivocavoca ukunyakaza. Ngakho, nathi singakwethemba ukukhulisa umlenze, qhelisa ikhanda lakho, nokuhlala noma ubambe lutho ngesandla.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuba nohlaka lwamathambo bezilwane nabantu abavela ivikelwe izicubu zomzimba ezithambile eziyishumi nemitshingo. Ngokwesibonelo, izimbambo kuthiwa ezifihlakele ngaphansi amaphaphu inhliziyo, ukuvala nabo kusuka imivimbo (Yiqiniso, uma amagalelo enamandla kakhulu). Skull evimbela ukulimala kobuchopho kunalokho ethambile.

Ezinye amathambo aqukethe omunye izitho ezibaluleke kakhulu - umnkantsha. Kubantu, ke ehilelekile inqubo hematopoiesis, ukwakha amangqamuzana abomvu egazi. Iphinde yakha amhlophe egazi amaseli - egazi amhlophe ukuthi banesibopho amasosha omzimba zomzimba.

Kanjani futhi nini lwamathambo umsuka?

izilwane Skeleton futhi lonke uhlelo zemisipha sekukhona ngokusebenzisa ukuziphendukela kwemvelo. Ngokusho version standard, nezinto eziphilayo okuthiwa luqala ukuvela eMhlabeni, akabanga amadivayisi eziyinkimbinkimbi enjalo. Kwaphela isikhathi eside kule planethi yayikhona amebic izidalwa othambile.

Khona-ke, emkhathini futhi hydrosphere planethi kwaba izikhathi eziyishumi-mpilo omncane. Ngaleso isikhathi esithile, isabelo igesi laliqala ukwanda, egijima njengoba ososayensi lokucabanga, ukusabela chain izinguquko. Ngokwesibonelo, e-Ukwakheka amaminerali olwandle iye yandisa inani calcite futhi aragonite. Nazo ngokufanayo, buthelela eziphilayo, ukwakha izakhiwo eziqinile futhi nokunwebeka.

I eziphilayo zokuqala ukuthi kwadingeka lwamathambo itholwe kwezakhi limestone amadwala Namibia, eSiberia, Spain nakwezinye izindawo. Bona owakhiwe ulwandle iminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-560 edlule. Eziphilayo e isakhiwo sabo sasifana izipanji ngomzimba isilinda-like. Ingabe zinhlanga radially kusuka imishayo eside (40 cm) nge-calcium carbonate, okuyinto wadlala indima the skeleton.

izinhlobonhlobo amathambo

Ezweni isilwane, zikhona ezintathu izinhlobo amathambo: elingaphandle, kwangaphakathi futhi uketshezi. Kwangaphandle noma exoskeleton akufihlekile ngaphansi ikhava isikhumba noma nezinye izicubu, futhi ngokuphelele noma ingxenye ihlanganisa ngaphandle komzimba wesilwane. Kwezinye izilwane exoskeleton? They possess arachnids, izinambuzane, ezinamagobolondo, futhi abanye ezilwaneni ezinomgogodla.

Thanda zempi, wona wenza ikakhulukazi umsebenzi zokuzivikela, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi ukukhonza njengephayona indawo emzimbeni eziphilayo (ufudu shell noma umnenke). Lokhu skeleton has ethile ebalulekile. Akenzi zikhule kanye umnikazi, okwenza lesi silwane uphoqelekile ukuba ngezikhathi kabusha futhi sikhule ikhava entsha. Ngesikhathi abanye emzimbeni engalali ukuvikelwa evamile bese uba sengozini.

Endoskeleton - kuba yangaphakathi skeleton izilwane. Yena laligcwele inyama nesikhumba. It has a design eyinkimbinkimbi ngaphezulu, imisebenzi eminingi kanye ikhula kanyekanye nawo wonke umzimba. Endoskeleton sehlukaniswe ingxenye kushaft (yomgogodla, Yekhanda, ubambo yezinyoni) futhi eyengeziwe noma neuropathy (nemilenze namathambo ibhande).

skeleton Liquid noma hydrostatic lalikhona okungenani. They possess-jellyfish, izimpethu, ulwandle anemones futhi t. D. Kuyinto udonga kwemisipha, egcwele uketshezi. ingcindezi Fluid igcina ukuma emzimbeni. Lapho imisipha ingcindezi kuyahlukahluka, okuholela ukunyakaza komzimba.

Kwezinye izilwane ungenalo skeleton?

Ngomqondo kokujwayelekile lwamathambo - kuba umzimba Uhlaka yangaphakathi, iqoqo amathambo uqwanga akha ugebhezi, izitho zomzimba, emgogodleni. Nokho, kunezinto eziningi zezinto eziphilayo ungenawo la izingxenye, ezinye zazo azinalo umumo ethize. Kodwa ingabe lokhu kusho ukuthi abanakho skeleton nhlobo?

Zhan Batist Lamark wayeke united nabo iqembu elikhulu ezingenamgogodla, kodwa ngaphandle yokuntuleka emgogodleni, lezi zilwane lutho okunye esifana. Manje sibizwa ngokuthi eziphilayo ngisho owumphumela abe skeleton.

Ngokwesibonelo, radiolarians liqukethe chitin, Silica noma Sesithombe sulfate futhi agcinwe ngaphakathi engqamuzaneni. Ngo-coral skeleton kungaba hydrostatic, yangaphakathi noma yangaphandle amaprotheni namathempeli ngokhonkolo namatshe. Ngo-worm, jellyfish kanti ezinye izimbaza yena hydrostatic.

Kuthiwa imibhalo eminingi ye-shellfish skeleton futhi udonga lwangaphandle has a ifomu. Imihlobo ehlukeneko oyiyo lihlukile. Ngokuvamile, it yakhiwa izingqimba ezintathu sakhiwa amaprotheni conchiolin futhi nge-calcium carbonate. Sinks kukhona bivalves (izimbaza, ama-oyster) bese upheqela nge swirls futhi izinaliti ngezinye izikhathi carbonate nameva.

arthropoda

eyisinambuzane uthayiphe futhi libhekisela ezingenamgogodla. Lona eziningi kakhulu iqembu izilwane, okuyinto luhlanganisa ezinamagobolondo, arachnids, izinambuzane, millipedes. umzimba wabo ziyalingana, has a pair of imilenze futhi ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye.

Ngokusho isakhiwo skeleton isilwane - ngaphandle. Ihlanganisa yonke umzimba njengendlela cuticle equkethe chitin. I cuticle kuyinto igobolondo kanzima, esivikela esinye nesinye isilwane. izifunda wakhe obukhulu sclerites oxhumene ngaphezulu ulwelwesi nezinqe nezimo.

Esikhathini cuticle isinambuzane Uqinile kanye obukhulu, siqukethe izingqimba ezintathu. Uma uyikha phezulu le akha izinwele (Heta), spikes, bristles kanye protuberances ahlukahlukene. Ngezinye arachnids cuticle kuqhathaniswa mncane, kantsi sicuketse loku ungqimba isikhumba kanye ulwelwesi basal. Ngaphezu Ukuvikelwa, ivikela izilwane yokulwa umswakama ukulahleka.

Ezweni izinkalankala kanye woodlice kungekho ungqimba yangaphandle ekhasa kugcina umswakama emzimbeni. Kusukela omiswe iwalondoloze kuphela indlela yokuphila - izilwane njalo ukulwela ukuba izindawo nomswakama eliphezulu.

skeleton chordates

Chord - langaphakathi Axial kumiswa lwamathambo, ithambo longitudinal Uhlaka intambo umzimba. Khona chordates, okuyinto bangaphezu kuka-40 000 zilwane. Lezi zihlanganisa ezingenamgogodla futhi kuzithinta kabani elikhona kwenkathi ethile izigaba zentuthuko.

Esikhathini amalungu engezansi iqembu (Amphioxus, cyclostomes nezinhlobo ezithile zezinhlanzi) notochord iqhubeka kukho konke ukuphila. Ngo Amphioxus kuba phakathi esiswini futhi neural tube. It siqukethe le transverse imisipha amapuleti, okuyinto sizungezwe igobolondo kanye axhumene ezihlobene. Esivumelwaneni futhi okuphumuzayo, okusebenza ngendlela esabisayo hydrostatic.

Ngo cyclostomes Chord liqine futhi lisithinte ngokwengeziwe futhi has ekuqaleni amathambo. Baye abhanqiwe nemilenze, imihlathi. Kumiswa skeleton is by kuphela sezicubu zezinzwa futhi uqwanga. Kubo ugebhezi kwakhiwa, imisebe fin futhi openwork ngehele gills isilwane. cyclostomes Ulimi Ubuye skeleton phezu somzimba esikhipha izinyo, okuyinto perforate ukukhiqizwa isilwane.

ezilwaneni ezinomgogodla ezinamehlo

Ngesikhathi abameleli eliphezulu kakhulu kuzithinta Axial Strand liphenduka emgogodleni - eziveza elementi skeleton yangaphakathi. Kuyinto nesigxobo nezimo, ehlanganisa ithambo (amathambo), ezixhunywe le akwazi ukugcina kanye cartilages. Njengomthetho, it is ahlukaniswe izigaba.

Ukwakheka amathambo ezilwaneni ezinomgogodla ezinamehlo kakhulu nzima njengoba kuqhathaniswa nezinye kuzithinta futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, i-ezilwane ezingenamgogodla. Ukuze wonke amalungu aleli qembu libhekene khona uzimele kwangaphakathi. With ukuthuthukiswa isimiso sezinzwa nobuchopho aye amiswa skull bony. Futhi ukubukeka yomgogodla ukunikeza ukuvikeleka okungcono for emgogodleni nezinzwa.

Dedani yomgogodla abhanqiwe futhi emikhawulweni ayibhangqiwe. Ayibhangqiwe amelela imisila futhi amaphiko, i-abhanqiwe ihlukaniswe ibhande (phezulu kanye phansi) futhi lwamathambo nemilenze khulula (amaphiko noma nemilenze emihlanu kwabonakala).

inhlanzi

Lezi skeleton yezilwane ezinomgogodla sinetigaba ezimbili: isiqu kanye nomsila. Sharks, imisebe futhi chimeras akudingeki amathambo. skeleton yabo wenziwe uqwanga nezimo, eyagcina buthelela limestone futhi babe firmer.

Asele nenhlanzi bone skeleton. Uqwanga interlayer elise phakathi amathambo. Phambi kwabo asuke amagatsha side, wedlula ku izimbambo. Fish Yekhanda, ngokungafani nezilwane ezihamba ezweni, inezici ezithathekayo engaphezu kwamashumi amane.

Throat umkhumbi ozungezayo 3 kuya ku-7 gill yayinamakhothamo, okuyinto zitholakala phakathi izimbotshana gill. Ngaphandle bakha zokuphefumula. Sinenkosi zonke izinhlanzi, indlela eyodwa kuphela uqwanga izicubu, kuyilapho abanye - ithambo.

Dedani yomgogodla we engaba amaphiko zixhunywe ulwelwesi. amaphiko Kubhangqiwe - pectoral okhalo, ayibhangqiwe - bendunu amaphiko, caudal. Inombolo yabo kanye nohlobo ziyahlukahluka.

Amphibians and Reptiles

Amphibians livela izifunda wesibeletho sacral, asukela 7 200 amathambo. Ingxenye izilwane zasemhlabeni has esifundeni caudal, ezinye umsila lapho, kodwa abhanqiwe nasemilenzeni. Athuthela kuzuba, ngakho imilenze indluzelekazi enwetshiwe.

Ngo zinhlobo waphansi kungekho izimbambo. Mobility ikhanda ihlinzeka vertebra wesibeletho, okuyinto unamathele ngemuva ekhanda. Ngo yomgogodla thoracic avele ikhaba, ingqwababa, emahlombe, ngemilenze nezandla. UMnyango has a iliac okhalo, pubic bone ischial. Futhi nasemilenzeni indluzelekazi ube drumstick, ethangeni, unyawo.

Uhlaka lwamathambo ezihuquzelayo, futhi, ine lezi zitho, sibe nzima yomgogodla yesihlanu - lumbar. Sinenkosi 50 kuya kwezingu-435 amathambo. Skull ngaphezulu ossified. kwesigaba caudal iyona ngempela isipho, amathambo ayo ziyancipha ekupheleni.

Turtles une-exoskeleton ngesimo igobolondo eliqinile le Yakhiwa yi-keratin ungqimba elingaphakathi amathambo. Jaws turtles elingenalo amazinyo. Izinyoka awunawo sternum, ehlombe ibhande okhalo, futhi emaphethelweni axhunyiwe yonkana ubude yomgogodla, ngaphandle esifundeni caudal. Imihlathi yazo axhunyiwe kuyinto mobile kakhulu, ukugwinya inyamazane enkulu.

izinyoni

Ikakhulukazi skeleton izinyoni kubangelwa ikakhulu ikhono lazo ezindiza ezinye izinhlobo zawo kufanele ukuzivumelanisa egijima, diving, bagibela amagatsha kanye evele mpo. Ngo izinyoni, ezinhlanu sokukhubazeka komgogodla. Ingxenye yomgogodla wesibeletho axhunyiwe kalula, kwezinye izingxenye yomgogodla ngokuvamile tho.

nenyama yabo emathanjeni abo kukhona ukukhanya futhi abanye kancane nomoya. Intamo side izinyoni (10-15 amathambo). skull yabo lephelele, ngaphandle ezivuzayo, phambi umlomo. Ubukhulu nokuma obuphelele Uqhwaku zihluke kakhulu futhi zihlobene inqubo umsoco isilwane.

Idivayisi esiyinhloko indiza iyona keel. Lokhu yayifanekisela nomxhantela bony ezansi le sternum, ehambisana imisipha pectoral. Kiel ithuthukiswe flying izinyoni penguins. Isakhiwo lwamathambo we yezilwane ezinomgogodla elihlobene ne indiza noma ukumba (amavukuzi nakuwo amalulwane), liphinde samanje. Akayena upholi nentshe isikhova.

Ngaphambili nemilenze zezinyoni - amaphiko. Zakhiwa humerus uqweqwe oluqinile, le bent indololwane kanye ugongolo mncane. Shayela ezinye amathambo tho ndawonye. Zonke ngaphandle izintshe, amathambo okhalo pubic kungukuthi tho nomunye. Njengoba izinyoni ziyakwazi amaqanda ezinkulu.

ezincelisayo

Manje kukhona mayelana 5500 zezilwane ezincelisayo, okuhlanganisa abantu. Zonke amalungu esigaba skeleton yangaphakathi kuhlukaniswe ezinhlanu futhi kuhlanganisa ugebhezi, emgogodleni, esifubeni, okhalweni engenhla futhi emikhawulweni aphansi. Ngo armadillos une-exoskeleton njengoba negobolondo amabhodi amaningana.

Skull lezilwane ezinkulu ezincelisayo, lapho cheekbone, yesibili bony ulwanga futhi ithambo umusi sigubhu, okuyinto alikho kwezinye izilwane. ibhande Upper okungcono yakhiwa amaphini, clavicle, ehlombe, isihlakala kanye ibhodi lemisindo (esihlakaleni, metacarpal, phalanges neminwe nge). Izoni aphansi siqukethe senyonga shin, ngezinyawo tarsal, metatarsal namazwani. Umehluko enkulu ngaphakathi ekilasini iyabonakala ibhande.

Izinja kanye namahhashi ukuthi azikho izindwani futhi collarbones. Thina unamathelise umnyango femoral futhi humeral afihliwe ngaphakathi emzimbeni, futhi izitho emihlanu kwabonakala axhunyiwe ngu ulwelwesi kanye emaphikweni like. Amalulwane Zindiza njengokhozi izinyoni. Imino yabo (ngaphandle koyedwa) eside kakhulu futhi kuxhunyiwe ulwelwesi isikhumba, ukwakha iphiko.

Ngikuphi okuhlukileko ngomuntu?

skeleton lomuntu izigaba efanayo, elezinye izilwane ezincelisayo. Ngokusho isakhiwo ithi ayifane kakhulu ukuthi izimfene zingaba. Kodwa, ngokungafani nazo, imilenze ezingabantu izingalo likhona isikhathi eside. Lonke umzimba ngamakhasimende thwi, inhloko silandela imithetho out phambili, ezilwaneni.

I share e isakhiwo Yekhanda inkulu kakhulu kunangendlela ukuthi lezimfene. Imihlathi apharathasi, Ngakolunye uhlangothi, namazinyo ezincane futhi mfushane ziyancipha, namazinyo embozwe a koqweqwe lwawo zokuzivikela. Ebelibangise kwesilevu, skull laphetha, ayinakho brow okuqhubekayo.

Asinayo nomsila. Inguqulo yakhe esingesihle ethulwa 4-5 coccyx amathambo. Ngokungafani ezincelisayo, le thorax akuyona isicaba ezinhlangothini ezimbili, futhi lanwetshwa. Isithupha okuphikisana lonke ibhulashi slidably exhunywe kwi esihlakaleni.