Zemvelo Faraday: Biography, ukuvulwa

physics IsiZulu Maykl Faradey, owakhulela emkhayeni ompofu, wayengomunye walaba ososayensi omkhulu kunayo yonke emlandweni wesintu. izimpumelelo zakhe ezivelele eziye zenziwa ngesikhathi lapho isayensi kwaba eningi abantu abazalelwa imikhaya nelungelo. Ukuze kuhlonishwe yakhe, okuthiwa iyunithi capacitance - Farad.

Faraday (physics): Biography emfushane

Maykl Faradey wazalwa ngo-September 22, 1791, eLondon, inhloko-dolobha yase-UK. WayeyiZwi ingane yesithathu kaJakobe Margaret Faraday. Uyise wayengumGreki wensimbi, owayengamele impilo yakhe ayiyinhle. Ngaphambi kokuba nishade, khangela, unina wasebenza wasendlini. Umndeni wawuhlala ngobumpofu.

engu-13 uMichael esikoleni sendawo, lapho imfundo yamabanga aphansi wayithola. Ukusiza umndeni, waqala ukusebenza ngo-isithunywa sezincwadi. umfana Zeal umxhwele umqashi wakhe. Ngemva konyaka wakhushulelwa ukudoba Umbhangqi wamabhuku.

Esibophezelayo nesayensi

Maykl Faradey wayefuna ukwazi okwengeziwe mayelana nezwe; ke akugcini ukubuyiselwa izincwadi. Ngemva komsebenzi bekhuthele nsuku zonke, wachitha yonke yakhe khulula isikhathi sokufunda izincwadi yena munye.

Kancane kancane wathola ukuthi waba nesithakazelo kuyisayensi. Yena wayethanda kakhulu izincwadi ezimbili:

• "I-Encyclopedia Britannica" - umthombo wolwazi lwakhe ngokubiza kukagesi nezinye izinto eziningi.
• "Izingxoxo ku Chemistry" - Amakhasi 600 mayelana chemistry in an kufinyeleleke lelandzisako ubuqambi Dzheyn Marse.

Wayengumuntu ukwazi kakhulu kangangokuba waze waqala ukuchitha ingxenye nomholo kwabo okuncane ku amakhemikhali kanye nemishini ukuqinisekisa iqiniso lalokho okushiwo ukufunda.

Inwebisa ulwazi kwawo kwezesayensi, ezwa ukuthi isazi sesayensi esidumile Dzhon Tatum wayezobanika uchungechunge lwezinkulumo zomphakathi ku ifilosofi yemvelo (physics). Uma befuna ukuba khona izinkulumo kwakudingeka akhokhe imali usheleni - kakhulu UMichael Faraday. Umfowabo omdala, umkhandi wensimbi, ehlatshwe umxhwele ukuzinikela ukhulele isayensi, umfowabo wamnika isamba ezidingekayo.

Ujwayele Hamfri Devi

Faraday wathatha esinye isinyathelo esidinga ngayo isayensi lapho uWilliam Dance, esitolo sezincwadi umthengi othile wabuza Michael ukube kwakudingeka isiphi isifiso ukuthola amathikithi inkulumo eRoyal Institution.

Womfundisi, Mnumzane Hamfri Devi, wayengomunye ososayensi emhlabeni edume kakhulu isikhathi. Faraday wagxumela ngaleso ithuba futhi wavakashela izinkulumo ezine omunye nezindaba zakamuva yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali - ukuzimisela asidi. Wayebuka ukucwaninga, eyayiqhutshwa ngaleso izinkulumo Davy sika.

Kwakuyisikhathi emhlabeni lapho wayeyophila. Faraday wathatha amanothi, bese benza okungeziwe abaningi kangaka amanothi owenza wesandla onamakhasi angu-300, lapho asonta futhi Davy wathumela ithokheni yokubonga.

Ngalesi sikhathi egcekeni ngemuva esitolo sezincwadi, uMichael waqala ukuhlola ezingcono ukudala i ibhethri kagesi zemali zethusi ne-zinc amadiski ahlukaniswe ezimanzi iphepha anosawoti. Uye wasebenzisa lona nokwehliswa kwesithunzi izinto zemvelo namakhemikhali, njengomoya magnesium sulfate. Kulesi ensimini yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali Hamfri Devi iyiphayona.

Ngo-October 1812, wawuqeda ukufundela umsebenzi Faraday, futhi waqala ukusebenza njengoba Umbhangqi wamabhuku omunye umqashi, okwakulahlekile akutholayo okungathandeki.

Bekungeke yini kube isibusiso esingalindelekile

Futhi kukhona lwaluyisenzakalo esijabulisayo ngoba Faraday. Ngenxa yalokho sokuhlolwa kuhlulekile Hamfri Devi walimala: kwakuthinta okwesikhashana ikhono lakhe ukubhala. Michael wakwazi izinsuku ezimbalwa ukugcina amarekhodi Davy, umbono incwadi, yena wathunyelwa.

Lapho esifushane umsebenzi yaphela umsizi, usosayensi Faraday wathumela incwadi yangibuza kuye ukuqasha umsizi. Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, omunye wabasebenzi ngokulungisa Davy waxoshwa ngoba okubi, uHumphrey ebuzwa uMichael, ungathandi uma ayefuna ukuyithatha esihlalweni singenamuntu.

Uma wayefuna ukusebenza eRoyal Institution nomunye ososayensi edume kunazo zonke emhlabeni? Kwakuyisikhathi mbuzo ongadinge mpendulo.

Efundelwe eRoyal Institute

Faraday wathatha ihhovisi 1 Mashi, 1813, eneminyaka engu-engu-21.

Uyahola kahle futhi abelwe ukuhlala egumbini elisophahleni Royal Institute. Michael wajabula kakhulu, futhi ubuhlobo baso lesikhungo ngeke besakwazi uphazamiseke iminyaka engu-54, futhi phakathi naleso wakwazi ukuba abe uprofesa wesayensi yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali.

umsebenzi Faraday sika kwakuwukwenza imishini zokwenza ucwaningo kanye izinkulumo eRoyal Institution. Ekuqaleni, uye wasebenzelana ne trichloride nitrogen, i isiqhumane ukuthi wethukile Davy. Michael, futhi, lapho ukuqhuma elilandelayo ngaquleka kafushane, nalapho Humphrey walimala futhi, ucwaningo nale kwakwakhe ayisenziwa.

Ngemva 7 izinyanga wenziwa eRoyal Institution Davy Faraday Wasethatha kanye laye wathatha uhambo oluya e-Europe, lapho lwathatha izinyanga 18. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, uMichael ngakwazi ukuhlangana izazi ezinkulu ezifana Andre-Marie Ampere eParis no Alessandro Volta eMilan. Ngomqondo othile, ukuvakasha usuthathe indawo izifundo zakhe enyuvesi - Faraday Sesifunde okuningi phakathi nalesi sikhathi.

Nokho, iningi ukuvakasha, wayengekho uyajabula, ngoba ngaphezu yokucwaningwa ngemisebenzi yobubhalane ukukhonza Davy nomkakhe. Unkosikazi usosayensi akazange azibheke njengongcono elilingana Faraday ngenxa yomsuka wawo.

Ekubuyeleni kwakhe e-London, konke kwaqala ukuhamba kahle. Royal Institute uqalisiwe Michael inkontileka bese ukhulisa umvuzo wako. Davy ngisho waqala ukusho usizo lwakhe amaphepha isayensi.

Ngo 1816, ngineminyaka engu-24, Faraday wanikeza inkulumo yakhe yokuqala mayelana izakhiwo ndaba. Wawuthatha eCity Philosophical Society. Khona-ke "esavela ephephabhukwini lesayensi i-Quarterly", wanyathelisa iphepha lakhe lokuqala yesayensi ukuhlaziywa kwe-calcium hydroxide.

Ngo 1821, eneminyaka engu-eminyakeni engu-29 Faraday ukhushuliwe inhloko epulazini elabhorethri Royal Institute. Ngawo lowo nyaka, washada Sarah Barnard. Michael nomkakhe babehlala e sikhungo ingxenye enkulu yeminyaka engu-46 ezayo, akuseyona egunjini eliphezulu ophahleni futhi egumbini ukhululekile ukuthi yake elalihlala Hamfri Devi.

Ngo-1824 Biography of Faraday (physics) kwaphawulwa ukhetho yakhe njengelungu yi-Royal Society. Kwakuyisikhathi ukuqashelwa iqiniso lokuthi wayengumuntu isazi esiphawulekayo.

Ngo 1825 Faraday physics baba umqondisi elabhorethri.

Ngo-1833 waba uprofesa Fuller yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali eRoyal Institution of Great Britain. Faraday, isikhundla esiphethweyo kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe.

Ngo-1848 futhi 1858 wacelwa ukuba ngihole-Royal Society, kodwa wenqaba.

impumelelo yezesayensi

Ukuchaza kokutholakala Faraday kuyi-physics, zidinga ncwadi angaphezu kwelilodwa. Hhayi ngokunikeza umfundi ithuba Albert Eynshteyn ehhovisi lakhe wagcina izithombe ososayensi ezintathu kuphela: Isaaka Nyutona, James uMaxwell no UMichael Faraday.

Isimanga siwukuthi nakuba ngesikhathi ukuphila usosayensi baqala ukusebenzisa igama elithi "physics", yena ngokwakhe akakuthandanga lokho, futhi njalo ngokuthi yena sefilosofi. Faraday wayengumuntu, ababeyile okutholakele ngokusebenzisa ucwaningo, futhi kwakwaziwa ukuthi wayengakaze sazilahla imibono elafika sibonga umuzwa ngokwesayensi.

Uma ubaba wayecabanga ukuthi umbono angizisoli waqhubeka uzizamele naphezu kweziphazamiso eziningi, wayesebenzisa indlela akukafiki-EXPECTED_SIZE noma awukaqiniseki ukuthi Mother Nature ikufakazele kuye okungalungile, okwenzeka kakhulu kuyaqabukela.

Ngakho Faraday zatholakala e-physics? Nazi ezinye impumelelo yakhe enhle kakhulu.

1821: ukutholakala ujikeleza kagesi

Kwakuyisikhathi kuzalwa Yilokho okwaholela ukudalwa i motor ngogesi. Ukuvulwa yayisekelwe imfundiso yokuziphendukela izakhiwo Oersted kazibuthe izintambo lapho kagesi notshwala zamanje.

1823: igesi liquefaction kanye ifriji

Ngo 1802, Dzhon Dalton uphakamise ukuthi bonke amagesi kungenziwa kuncibilike ngaphansi kwamazinga okushisa aphansi noma izingcindezi okusezingeni eliphezulu. Zemvelo Faraday wakufakazisa empirically. Waqale waphenduka chlorine ne-ammonia in the ketshezi.

ammonia Liquid kwaba namanje nesithakazelo yokuthi, njengoba kwaphawula u-Maykl Faradey, yemvelo ka ukuhwamuka yayo kubangela indlu. Isimiso lwaluyophola ngokusebenzisa ukuhwamuka yokufakelwa kuye esidlangalaleni wabonisa uWilliam Cullen Edinburgh 1756 kuyi-Scientific nge futha kwehlisa umfutho umfuma nge elithi ether, okuyigama kuholele ukuhwamuka yayo okusheshayo. Lokhu kwabangela Ukupholisa ngomoya, futhi ngaphandle umfuma kusuka umswakama asemkhathini kwakhiwa ice.

Ukubaluleka kuvulwa Faraday kwaba ukuthi amaphampu mechanical Ungakwazi ukuguqula igesi endaweni emananzi emazingeni okushisa okuvamile. Khona-ke shabalala ketshezi, ukupholisa nxazonke, igesi kukhiqizwa ingaqoqwa futhi onomfutho ngumuntu futha ku uketshezi futhi, ukuphinda umjikelezo. Lena yindlela amafriji yesimanje kanye nokuqondisayo egijima.

Ngo-1862 eWorld uMbukiso London, uFerdinand Carré wabonisa umshini commercial wokuqala emhlabeni ukwenziwa ice. Ngo umshini njengoba ukupholisa ammonia liquid isetshenziswa, futhi ekhiqizwa ice ngesilinganiso 200 kg ngehora.

1825: ukutholwa-benzene

Ngokomlando, ukuthi benzene isibe omunye izinto ezibaluleke kakhulu-chemistry, ngomqondo esisebenzayo, ie isetshenziswa ukudala izinto ezintsha, futhi theory - .. Ukuze uthole ukuqonda isibopho zamakhemikhali. Usosayensi wathola benzene ukukhiqizwa oily i ezisalayo igesi ukukhanyisa eLondon.

1831: umthetho Faraday sika, ifomula, yemvelo ka lokungeniswa kagesi

Lesi kwakuyisikhathi sokuba ukutholakala kubaluleke kakhulu ikusasa isayensi nobuchwepheshe. Umthetho Faraday sika (Physics) uhlinzekela ukuthi kushintshana kazibuthe eheha i kagesi yesifunda, kanye elakhiwe amandla electromotive ngokuqondile wakhona ngesilinganiso ushintsho ekucucuzeni kazibuthe. Omunye okufakiwe yayo kungenzeka | E | = | dΦ / DT | lapho E - EMF futhi F - yokucucuza.

Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhamba kanye ucingo ukhamba uzibuthe ukhiqiza i zamanje kagesi, kusukela ukunyakaza kukazibuthe kubangela kazibuthe kushintshana ensimini. Ngaphambi kwalokhu komthombo amandla kwaba ibhethri. Maykl Faradey, kuvulwa lapho izazi zesayensi ziye kuboniswa ukuthi ukunyakaza zingaphendulwa zibe yizindawo yokuhlanganela ugesi, noma, e ngaphezulu ngokuya kososayensi, energy kinetic zingaphendulwa zibe yizindawo yokuhlanganela energy kagesi, ngaleyo ndlela azitshelwa yokuthi iningi amandla emakhaya ethu namuhla senziwa nje lokhu isimiso.

Ukuzungelezisa (energy kinetic) is ibe ugesi ngokusebenzisa lokungeniswa kagesi. A ukujikisa, yona, etholwe isenzo ephezulu ingcindezi umusi ophephela amandla elakhiwe amalahle, igesi noma ama-athomu, noma ukucindezela yamanzi ingcindezi emifula noma emoyeni izitshalo amandla omoya.

1834: imithetho electrolysis

Faraday physics waba neqhaza elikhulu ekusungulweni kwesayensi entsha ka electrochemistry. Lichaza okwenzekayo emngceleni isigaba electrode nge ndaba ionized. Ngenxa Electrochemistry sisebenzisa lithium-ion nebhethri, ukusuthisa ubuchwepheshe mobile yesimanje. imithetho Faraday sika ibalulekile ngoba ukuqonda kwethu electrode ukusabela.

1836: kokusungulwa ekamelweni kwakuvikela

Zemvelo Faraday wathola ukuthi uma umbhidisi ngogesi kwenzeka icala, noma ngabe iliphi icala ngokweqile aqoqana Ohlangothini olungaphandle yalo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngaphakathi endlini noma yezinyoni elenziwe metal, ukukhokhiswa ezengeziwe akubonakali. Ngokwesibonelo, umuntu egqoke isudi Faraday, t. E. Nge inhlansi yethemba metal, hhayi obala ugesi zangaphandle. Ngaphezu ukuvikela abantu Faraday yezinyoni ingasetshenziswa ucwaningo kagesi noma electrochemical nozwelo ukuphazamiseka zangaphandle. ekamelweni bahlolwe Ungakha futhi esishintshashintshayo efile yezokuxhumana mobile.

1845 emcimbini wokuvulwa Faraday umphumela - umphumela magneto-optical

Omunye umsebenzi wokulinga ebalulekile emlandweni wesayensi kwaba okuhlangenwe nakho okuhle okokuqala kwafakazela uxhumano kagesi nokukhanya, okuyinto 1864 iye ngokugcwele esachazwa zibalo kaJakobe Mabhalane Maxwell. Zemvelo Faraday wathola ukuthi ukukhanya kuyinto wave kagesi "Lapho izingongolo okuphambene kazibuthe ohlangothini esifanayo, kuba nethonya indawo ngamaza okukhanya, okuyinto ngaleyo ndlela usungula ukuhlobana amandla kazibuthe amakhulu kanye ukukhanya ...

1845 kokutholakala diamagnetism njengoba izakhiwo kwazo zonke izinto esizibonayo

Abantu abaningi bayawazi ferromagnetism e isibonelo odonsa ezivamile. Faraday (physics) wathola ukuthi zonke izinto kukhona diamagnetic - iningi labo kancane, kodwa futhi kukhona onamandla. Diamagnetism kuyinto obuhlukile isiqondiso isicelo kazibuthe. Ngokwesibonelo, uma beka isigxobo enyakatho abe nezinto ezibonakalayo kakhulu diamagnetic, kuyoba nesiqalo. Diamagnetism e izinto esibangelwa odonsa enamandla kakhulu yesimanje zingasetshenziswa ukufeza levitation. Ngisho izidalwa eziphilayo ezifana amaxoxo, kukhona diamagnetic futhi zikwazi ukuntweza e namandla amakhulu kazibuthe.

ukuphela

Maykl Faradey, le-physics kabani okutholakele yashintsha isayensi, washona ngo-August 25, 1867 e-London eneminyaka engu-iminyaka engu-75. lomkakhe uSara babephila isikhathi eside. Lo mbhangqwana cha fanele ntwana. Kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe wayengumuntu yobuKristu ozinikele futhi iyilungu encane YamaProthestani ihlelo sandemaniantsev.

Phakathi nokuphila Faraday wamenywa emngcwabeni e Westminster Abbey kanye lamakhosi nezindlovukazi Great Britain ososayensi-Isaac Newton. Wenqabile ngoba emkhosini nesizotha more. ethuneni lakhe, okuyilona elisebenzayo futhi wamngcwaba uSara, Sokubambisana ingatholakala engosini ethi Highgate Amathuna eLondon.