Carl Menger: Biography, imibhalo

Carl Menger, ogama biography Kamuva sizoxoxa ngokuthi esihlokweni, yazalwa ngo-1840, ngo-February 23. Waziwa ngokuthi oyisazi sezomnotho ezivelele kanye umsunguli we School Austrian ezaziwayo. Ngesikhathi sokubusa kwamaNazi, kwathiwa kunenkolelo yokuthi wonke amalungu alo, kuhlanganise nomsunguli, ababengamaJuda.

Carl Menger: Biography emfushane

Wazalelwa zezomnotho esizayo edolobheni elincane Galicia. Kwakungesale ngaleso sikhathi kuya Empire Austria. uyise Menger sika isazimthetho, nonina eyindodakazi umthengisi odabuka eBohemia. Wonke umkhaya wazala amadodana amathathu. Max (Senior) isibe emisebenzini yezepolitiki, futhi u-Anton - ezinyathelweni kayise. eseyingane Carl Menger wachitha e Western Galicia, emaphandleni. Kule ndawo owawukhona ngesikhathi ubudlelwane amakhosi asendulo. Esikhathini amanyuvesi Vienna nePrague Menger afundela khona ezomthetho. Ngo-1867 th yena umxhwele isayensi wezomnotho. Ekhatsi Krakow, e Yangellonskom University, wavikela mqondo yakhe. Ngo-1871 incwadi yanyatheliswa sibonga ngalo waziwa Carl Menger. Biography Economist nge 1873 nemfundiso. Kuyo yonke le minyaka engu-30 ezayo wayengumuntu uprofesa wase-University of Vienna. Kusukela eminyakeni 1876 kuya 1878, uCarl Menger kwaba umeluleki indlalifa yase-Austria eziya esihlalweni sobukhosi, Umqhele Prince Rudolf, ngubani ukuzibulala kamuva izimisele. Ngo-1879 th yena waba inhloko yalawa uMnyango Political Umnotho eVienna. Kuyo yonke le minyaka Menger, ngaphezu imisebenzi yayo ucwaningo zezomnotho, bahlanganyela kabusha kwetimali tesive. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile waphinde kuMninimandla Chamber of iPhalamende umbuso. Ukudlulisa Frederick f. Wieser (yakhe umfundi) situlo, Menger eqala umsebenzi wakhe ngokwesayensi. Ngo-1921, wafa, hhayi sengiphothule uhlelo lwesibili incwadi yakhe ngezizathu wezomnotho kwezombangazwe. Imibhalo Yesandla enyatheliswa indodana yakhe (futhi Carl). Menger Jr. is njengoba isazi sezibalo ezaziwayo. negama Lakhe libizwa theorem.

Umqondo Inani

Economist bhunkula bono abasebenza izindleko nsiza. Carl Menger waveza kafushane umqondo wakhe kanje:

"Inani has a imvelo subjective. It akekho ngaphandle ukwazi ngabanye akusho. Umsebenzi, okuyinto wachitha ukuze kuzuze ukukhiqizwa, engathathi isinyathelo noma njengoba umthombo noma amagugu njengoba impahla."

ukunakekelwa okukhethekile wakhokha ukuba indida Smith. essence yayo itholakala mbuzo: "Kungani intengo amadayimane lingaphezulu kakhulu kwalokho yamanzi, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi amanzi amadayimane usizo nakakhulu indoda?" Ngo wezomnotho kwezombangazwe classical, lokhu okubonakala alichaza yokuthi ukubaluleka umkhiqizo, uma umsebenzi hhayi ezifanayo esichithwa ukukhiqizwa yayo, incike ngqo. Ngokusho Menger, akunandaba, idayimane watholakala ngephutha noma isizinda yayo kwenziwa nokusetshenziswa zomsebenzi. Bol, empeleni akekho ecabanga ngomlando nemvelaphi noma yikuphi okuhle. Inani ixhomeke embonweni subjective zabantu abakwazisayo izimpahla noma amasevisi elithe ezingavamile - ngakho uthi Carl Menger. Imfundiso yokuziphendukela ukubaluleka zabasebenzi, ngakho ngesisekelo lesi siphetho sinqatshiwe futhi abameleli esikoleni Austria. Nokho, osomnotho musa acabangele liphuzu lelibalulekile. Labor theory kubhekwe nemibandela ekukhiqizweni kokusebenzisa umkhiqizo wakho (noma kungenzeka kwesicelo) futhi ukuklama imishini ekwazi ukuzilawula. Kulokhu, emnothweni zombusazwe zamanani yobuciko izinto, kwakudala, prototypes futhi ihlola ngokungaqondile, noma cha ukutadisha nhlobo.

Inani elihle izimo Vesting

Carl Menger babekholelwa ukuthi ukubaluleka ayibonakali njengenhlangano impahla inhloso izinto. Iveza ukwahlulelwa inhlalakahle yomuntu kulokhu, umkhiqizo ofanayo ungaba namanani ahlukene ngoba okwehlela abantu abahlukahlukene. Njengoba isimo ezidingekile ukuthola amagugu wabiza:

1. Iwusizo umuntu othize.
2. Rarity.

Inani subjective kunqunywa Umbuso unit lokugcina lomkhiqizo.

Imfundiso izinzuzo

Ukuphenywa ubudlelwano elisungulwe phakathi kwezidingo zomuntu ikhono izifundo ukuze asuthe, kwakuyinto kokuqala yokuhlaziya kwezomnotho, okuyinto eyenziwa Carl Menger. umsebenzi Usosayensi lembula lezimo eziningana isihloko uphendukela kusizakale ngaphansi kwazo:

1. Ukuba khona izidingo zomuntu.
2. Ukuba khona othile into izici ezingase ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zomuntu ngomuntu ngawo.
3. ulwazi Human ngalezi izakhiwo into.
4. Ababenencwadi into, okuyinto wenza sikwazi ukusebenzisa izici ezidingekayo.

Ngenhlanhla, njengoba amangalelwe ngohlelo Carl Menger - lokho kuyinto onganelisa isidingo somuntu. Le mfundiso abazinikele izahluko zokuqala ezintathu zencwadi yakhe ngezizathu wezomnotho kwezombangazwe.

Ukwahlukaniswa izimpahla

Carl Menger ihlukanisa izinhlobo eziningana:

1. Izinga eliphansi kakhulu. izinzuzo ezinjalo kudingekile ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo ngokushesha lomuntu.
2. Izinga eliphakeme. Lezi zinto ezisetshenziswa ukukhiqizwa ephansi-oda izimpahla.
3. Ukunconywa - izinto ezihambelanayo.
4. Esikhundleni - izimpahla fungible.
5. Okwezomnotho - izinto, isidingo okuyinto ingeqi lemali etholakalayo okwamanje.
6. Non-kwezomnotho - okuhle, inombolo mkhulu funa.

imfundiso Mkhiqizo

Waxoxa esahlukweni 7 umsebenzi ngezizathu wezomnotho kwezombangazwe. It Carl Menger elikushoyo umehluko phakathi omuhle kwezomnotho kanye lezimpahla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inikeza incazelo izici eyinhloko umkhiqizo - umkhawulo futhi ngezinga yekhono layo ukuze lelisu, kanye nomthamo ukwelashwa. Ngaphansi imingcele kumele aqondwe sesisonke zabathengi isidingo. I degree of ikhono nokuqalisa kubalulekile imikhiqizo ungenayo i value ezimele, kodwa kudingeka njengoba izakhi nezinye izimpahla. sokunconywa Scientific of Menger kwaba yethula umkhuba kwemiqondo efana ukunikezela intengo funa.

umqondo imali

Kusekelwe sokunquma ikhono nokuqalisa izimpahla. Ngemva kwalokho, lo mqondo uhlole Mises. Ukufundisa mayelana imali kwembuleka esahlukweni 8. Kuyinto samanje izingxenye 4. Eyokuqala uchaza isimo futhi umsuka izimali. Menger ukhomba sezinkinga enqubeni exchange of imikhiqizo zomsebenzi njengengxenye umphakathi lasekuqaleni. Uthi isithakazelo kuholela yokuthi abantu ukunikeza imikhiqizo yabo esikhundleni salo omunye, kokuba supply umthamo mkhulu, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi akudingeki bobabili ukuhlangabezana nezidingo eziphuthumayo abezindaba. Ingxenye elandelayo ichaza imali esetshenziswa abantu ngazo zonke inkathi ethile. Okwakuhlalwa kuzo lapho kusaqalwa yentuthuko njengoba uvele izilwane Izwe Elidala. intuthuko Cultural kanye kumiswa emadolobheni kuholele yokuthi yokuthengisa encishisiwe ikhono izilwane olinganise ofanayo lapho liyophuma khona kusukela izinsimbi ewusizo. Ithusi wavela njengoMesiya ezibonakalayo zize kuqala ezinjalo. Ngemva kwalokho, kuthiwa lathathelwa indawo zegolide nezesiliva.

Ikakhulukazi ukubukeka zemali

Bachazwa e okwesine Esahlukweni 8. Jwayelekile imikhiqizo exchange ku metal Amabha ukuthi abonise sezindawo kwezimpahla, wamaphaphu akhangiswe kuhilela nobunzima ekutholeni indawo okuvela kuyo isampula. Njengoba esingcono kunazo zonke ikhwalithi yobude obugcwele ayenza lezi metal Baqala ukwenza. Umqondo sebengavela lemali kwakufanele nomthelela ekuthuthukiseni imibono ye Mises, Hayek, kanye nezinye izithunywa Austrian School of Economics.