Catechism - Kuyini? Catechism Orthodox. Catholic Catechism

Kuwo wonke inkolo kukhona ukushicilelwa lapho amalungu esonto ungathola izimpendulo zemibuzo evamile zenkolo. Ibuye ibe umphako kumiswa sokuqala yobhapathizo. sokushicilela okunjalo ngokuthi "Ikhathekizimu". Kuyini lokhu? Kwenzeka kanjani ukuba umuntu sokushicilela okunjalo? Wayengubani umsunguli? Ingabe iSonto Catechism lobuKristu? Mayelana nalesi kamuva esihlokweni.

amagama

Ngakho Catechism - Kuyini? Inchazelo ngokwayo has kwaqala yamaGreki asendulo. Khona-ke izwi lidlule olimini lwesiLatini. Ngokwezwi nezwi igama elithi definition izindlela 'imfundo', "yokufunda". Ngamanye amazwi, Ikhathekizimu idokhumende zenkolo. Ibizwa nangokuthi "encwadini catechetical" equkethe izisekelo imfundiso. Le ncwadi kuyingcenye amahlelo ahlukahlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, kukhona Catechism of the Catholic Church. Njengomthetho, ulwazi oluqukethwe kule ncwadi ngesimo "umbuzo-impendulo". Ngokuvamile, inkulumo ethi "Ikhathekizimu" ayengasetshenziselwa nje ekukhulekeleni. Le ncazelo ingase ngokuthi yisiphi isiqondiso ukujula, ihlanganiswe ngu isibonelo idokhumenti zenkolo. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-1869, unyaka yasungulwa Catechism Nechayev. Kulesi umsebenzi, njengoba kuqhathaniswa idokhumenti zenkolo kugqugquzelwa Uhlelo okwandile ukwesaba eqala lenqwaba izisulu, ngokumelene "omashiqela ezimbi zabantu."

Uhlolojikelele

Izinhlinzeko main, eyayinekheli Orthodox Ikhathekizimu yokuqala, ezakhiwa esikhathini kusuka 1822 kuya 1823. Umbhali wayo kwaba St Filaret (Drozdov). Le ncwadi sivunyiwe isiGungu futhi lwanyatheliswa ngo-1823. Lokhu Ikhathekizimu Filaret sivunyiwe ekuqaleni njengesiqondiso. Ngemva kwalokho, umsebenzi yabekwa wokubuyekeza eside. Iyabuyekeza futhi ngokuchibiyela eyenziwa umbhali, umshushisi omkhulu kanye namanye amalunga esiGungwini. Lo msebenzi is njalo ngcono futhi wasekela edishini eziningi. Ezinye izazi zemfundiso yenkolo, kuhlanganise izibalo ezifana Metropolitan Bulgakov Makary, Positioning Ikhathekizimu Filaret njengomunye 'incwadi ongokomfanekiso. " Ngokusho eziningi, umsebenzi ongcwele ingenye imithombo eyamukelwayo kakhulu izimfundiso uqhosha. Lapha kulapho ngokugcwele kakhulu ebekwe egameni isonto zezinkolelo zalo eziyisisekelo.

nezindaba impikiswano

Nokho, ezinye izazi zemfundiso yenkolo Orthodox ziphikisana ngokuthi ngubani owabhala Metropolitan Filaret. Kodwa, naphezu kwalokhu, baye baqaphela ukubaluleka elinendawo Ikhathekizimu (kuyini, njengoba kuchaziwe ngenhla) emlandweni ROC. Lesi sitatimende kusekelwe yokuthi, ngokusho uMbhishobhi Vasiliya Krivosheina, idokhumenti zenkolo main usebhekene ukuhlela ezinqala. Ngenxa yokungenela umbusi induna isiGungu Esingcwele seSonto - umuntu wokuziphilisa - isimo webhuku njengoba engaguquki lesikhumbuzo bagomele WamaSonto ubu-Orthodox futhi, kungenziwa wangabaza, njengoba Catechism of the Moscow Filaret ke ayiqukethe yonke izimpawu sokholo uchaza ithonya emfundisweni non-Orthodox.

Udaba lokuhlolwa kwesifo indima idokhumenti zenkolo e ROC yesimanje

Ekuqaleni 2014 engakaze ezikhishwe iyiphi 'imfundo' evunyiwe ngaphansi kokuqondisa omunye eliphakeme ROC ohulumeni, ngabe UMkhandlu WabaBhishobhi futhi isiGungu Esingcwele seSonto. Inkinga Catechism kuhlelelwe 2015. KwamaProthestani miafizitov ngokungabi bikho dokhumenti zenkolo esisemthethweni ROC inikeza litfuba lekubuka edition ekhona, evunywe esiGungwini, kuphela njengesiqondiso. Bakholelwa ikhipha ngenkathi sicabanga Ikhathekizimu, akusiyo umthombo bagomele, okufanele kube umsebenzi ezichaza mfundiso. Ngokuthakazelisayo, le nkinga ngokuvamile ngokuthi ungumKristu, hhayi ngoba Orthodox. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ke ubeka postulates Christian jikelele ngoba abakhileyo Empire Russian. Ezibekwe kulo, isimo kahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, uNicholas bengingekho kuphela inhloko Russian Orthodox Church, kodwa futhi umxhasi kanye uSuperintendent kwezikhonzi zakhe Lutheran futhi bahlanganyela ukhetho Armenia Umfundisi omkhulu wesonto. Futhi, naphezu nasekubeni ungamukelwa Lobu-Orthodox LaseRussia njengoba nakuthekhizimu olusemthethweni nemithombo nezimfundiso, kwanqunywa ukuba ukuthuthukisa ubuholi babo siqu, okwakuyoholela ebekwe amaqiniso ayisisekelo Lobu-Orthodox.

isakhiwo sezenkolo idokhumenti

Isigaba, ephumela Ikhathekizimu Orthodox, yazisa umfundi mayelana nemiqondo eyisisekelo imfundiso wangaphambi kwezikhathi zobuKristu. Iphinde ubonisa umbono umqondo isambulo zaphezulu phezu ingxenye Lobu-Orthodox LaseRussia, watshela ngeBhayibheli. Ingxenye elandelayo kuyinto izingxenye ezinkulu ezintathu. Zisekelwe nokudluliswa izimfanelo ezinhle zobuKristu main: "About Love", "On Ukholo" nesithi "Ithemba." Engxenyeni enikelwe Ukholo, kunikeza umbono eningiliziwe saseNicene ekuqondeni Orthodox, ngaphandle Filioque. It ihlukaniswe yaba izakhi 12 (amalungu) kuhlolisiswe olunemininingwane ethe xaxa. Lokhu kulandelwa indaba amasakramente ayisikhombisa ubuKristu. Engxenyeni "Ngo Hope" kubhekwa elifanele Umqondo wobuKristu imininingwane futhi uchaza indima umthandazo ukuphila kwalowo okholwayo. Imininingwane isakhiwo somnikelo wokuzuliswa, "Baba wethu." Ngokucaca umthandazo ihlukaniswe ukukhuleka, 7 izicelo udumo esitokisini. "Ngethemba" kuchaza futhi 10 yezinjabulo. Ingxenye ethi "Mayelana Uthando" lunikezelwe elitshumi kaNkulunkulu. Kuboshwe abalisa abayisithupha mayelana ezibaziweyo etafuleni kuqala. Ziyakwazi umyalo uthando ngoMdali. I abayisithupha abasele kubalwa imithetho uthando ngomakhelwane wakhe. Incazelo ngamunye ephelezelwa imiyalo kudingekile ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo incazelo nesono ezingaba nomthelela ukwephulwa yayo. Ekupheleni idokhumenti zenkolo uthi "Ukusetshenziswa imfundiso sokholo ehlonipha." Kufanele kuqashelwe Ikhathekizimu Bezakhiwe ukuthi leli bhukwana iyasiza yokufunda nokuqonda. Umbhalo kwakheka ngesimo imibuzo nezimpendulo. Ngakho, kuqala izithakazelo ukuhlupheka kokholo, okuqukethwe kanye injongo eyinhloko yobu-Orthodox. idokhumenti sezenkolo yiyo ephendula imibuzo. ukuphathwa Umbhalo esiye archaism ngamabomu. Le ncwadi iqukethe inqwaba tserkovnoslavyanizmy. Ngokwesibonelo, inzuzo 'ngamuphi umqondo "Ikhathekizimu kuzwakala" yini amandla / engqondweni. " Lokhu archaism yayiya ivelela engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu nesishiyagalolunye.

Dlala yokudala ukuphathwa olulodwa

Kwikota yokuqala yekhulu nesishiyagalolunye kwaphawulwa ukusetshenziswa inombolo ngokwanele enkulu nakuthekhizimu. Okuvame kakhulu phakathi Orthodox babe ubunikazi ubuholi Metropolitan uPetru Amathuna futhi uPlato. Wadala ngaphansi kwethonya le misebenzi, kwizihumusho ezintsha, kanye imithombo yabo eyinhloko, baye bagxekwa yisonto. Esimweni sokuqala, ubona "zamaKatolika" noma ukuchema kuzo. Esikhathini yokugcina wagxekwa khona izakhi amaProthestani. Ukulungiswa kwalesi simo kwaba ukudalwa nekhathekizimu entsha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa Kwasetshenziswa e 1816 inguqulo entsha izincwadi zeBhayibheli ngesiRashiya, kwanqunywa ukuba bahlehlise amavesi ezifanele edition endala Umhlahlandlela entsha. Nakuba nokugcina nokulandela ukusetshenziswa translation zokubuyekeza. Ukuthuthukisa Ikhathekizimu omusha oyedwa ke seluqaliwe e 1822.

ubunikazi

Umsebenzi ekubhaleni Ikhathekizimu wabekwa phambi omunye abafundile kakhulu futhi professional zemfundiso yenkolo Russian - Metropolitan eMoscow Kolomenskim Filaretom. I inguqulo yokuqala eyanyatheliswa ngo-1823. Catechism uhlanganiswe e isakhiwo ke alondoloziwe ku zonke izinhlelo kanye izinguqulo. Kwaba khona abangu-edingekayo izigaba ezintathu we Ukholo, Ithemba Nothando. Umbhali ihlale igcinekile futhi isethulo elinama ngesimo "umbuzo-impendulo". Anikeziwe emBhalweni izingcaphuno banikwa ngokuhambisana ukudluliswa e 1816, ezinye imishwana kuhunyushwe ofaka Filaret. Into ebaluleke kakhulu kusukela umbono isikhundla yesakhi ubuholi ahoxisiwe amagama amakhulu.

idokhumenti entsha

1823 wabona kabusha ukukhululwa kwe-ikhathekizimu. Labor iye kokululama labo kubonakala uhlelo lokuqala iphutha. Kamuva, ngo-1824, kwafika ama-editions ezine ngaphezulu kukora Isonto lwamaSlav kanye nohlobo civil (ezimbili izinhlelo uhlobo uphawu ngalunye). ukulandisa okufutshane idokhumenti zenkolo wakhululwa ngemva maphakathi no-1824 futhi yabizwa ngokuthi "Catechism Small". Kade kuyini inkinga? Yayihloselwe ngokuyinhloko abantu abangafundile nezingane. Umhlahlandlela kuhlanganisa umbhalo akhethiwe edition main ngokusebenzisa ifonti enkulu. Vulture "Kushicilelwe ngu oda imperial" e-Catechism emifishane wayengekho. Kokuqala Catechism waqala ngokuthi "isikhala".

Ukugxekwa idokhumenti zenkolo kanye nemiphumela yayo

Ukuvela nakuthekhizimu zawa nenkathi efanayo lapho ngenkuthalo wagxeka ukuhumusha imiBhalo amabhuku Kwasetshenziswa Russian Bible Society. Kunamaphuzu amaningana kahulumeni olandelanayo nabefundisi esiphakeme ikakhulukazi ngqo wagxeka imisebenzi ye DBR. AA asekelwe UNgqongqoshe Arakcheyev semfundo Alexander Shishkov futhi Archimandrite UPhotius ngenkuthalo wawuthi isiRashiya ayivunyelwe ku izincwadi ngomthandazo nangokunxusa imibhalo engcwele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kwalo kungabangela ukubukeka esontweni ahlukahlukene. NJENGOBA Shishkov, ngokuba lweli umqondo ukuthi singobani iSonto lwamaSlav nezilimi Russian, walivikela umbono wakhe phambi Metropolitan uSeraphim. Ngokusho UPhotius, Ikhathekizimu Drozdov futhi abaqondise uPetru Amathuna kukhona ufana nomunye kanye "kanavnaya amanzi" ifaniswe "... amanzi okuhle iNeva."

Ukungafani original

Ekuthatheni isinyathelo NJENGOBA Shishkov waqala ucwaningo nakuthekhizimu Metropolitan Filaret. Inhloso yalo msebenzi kwaba ukuhlonza degree sokusuka kusukela kumthombo wayo wangempela, owawungumnyaka imfundiso Orthodox. I kugxilwa zibheke ekusebenziseni mbhalo endaweni izingcaphuno idokhumenti iBhayibheli zenkolo ngesiRashiya. Kulesi sici umbono wakhe kwaqondana Photios futhi NJENGOBA Shishkov. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, okubonwayo mayelana nokuqukethwe luyingxenye izincwadi zenkolo ezihlonishwayo Ikhathekizimu, akuyona qinile zakuzakwana ngokwanele. Incazelo abalulekile kwamaphutha Umbuyekezi isiqondiso kuqinisa ifomu oqukethe umbuzo: "? Uyini zokufundisa eziphumelela kakhulu yokukhonza" Kufanele uphendule: 'Christian Doctrine nenkondlo ". Ngokombono esisemthethweni buka, lombuyekezi kusikisela ukuthi, ngaphezu "okungcono" kungenzeka nje imfundiso "ezinhle" ehlonipha, kungaba Buddhism noma Islam.

enqabelo

With zenkolo oluqinile efakwe ngokumelene ukubukeka idokhumenti ekupheleni umkhankaso ngo-November 1824 saqala ukusebenza isimemezelo ka isiGungu Esingcwele seSonto. Yena lwenqabela ukunyatheliswa nokusakazwa nakuthekhizimu Filaret kuze kube kukhishwa isimemezelo. Isizathu sokuba umsebenzi uvinjelwe the inadmissibility we ebhaliwe ka uMthandazo WeNkosi, Sokholo neMiyalo 10 Russian ngokuthi "lwesigodi folksy". Ngo-1825 yena waba kabusha ezikhishwe Catechism Metropolitan Platon. Mangisho ukuthi lo msebenzi Owokuqala waphuma ngo-1786 futhi wakhuthazelela edishini eziyisikhombisa. Owokugcina kubo ukuthi lumiswe njengoba counterweight ukusebenza Filaret. Ngo ubuholi kaPlato Kuye kwaphawulwa ngenhla ikhotheshini ezivela eBhayibhelini ziyohlala Church.