Cell: amandla kanye nesakhiwo. Inani amaseli amandla. Izibonelo amandla amaseli

izifundo zokuhlola Modern batholé ukuthi ingqamuzana iyunithi eziyinkimbinkimbi kwesakhiwo obusebenzayo cishe zonke izinto eziphilayo, ngaphandle amagciwane, ezingabuyiselwa yeselula eziphilayo. Cytology izifundo isakhiwo nomsebenzi yeselula: emishinini yokuphefumula, ukudla, imifanekiso, ukukhula. Lezi zinqubo kuzoxoxwa ngakho lokhu ephepheni.

iseli isakhiwo

Ngokusebenzisa ukukhanya electron microscope izazi zezinto eziphilayo ziye zathola ukuthi nezitshalo nezilwane amaseli aqukethe ebusweni iyunithi (nadmembrannye futhi submembrane izakhiwo), cytoplasm futhi organelles. Ngo amaseli isilwane phezu ulwelwesi kuyinto glycocalyx equkethe enzyme ukuhlinzeka amandla iseli ngaphandle cytoplasm. Ngo plant cells, yakheke prokaryotes (amagciwane futhi cyanobacteria) nesikhunta phezu ulwelwesi odongeni cell, esakhiwa cellulose, lignin noma murein.

Ikhenela kuyinto organelle esiyisibopho eukaryotes. Kuyinto impahla lezinceku - DNA kokuba chromosome fomu. Ama-bacterium cyanobacteria aqukethe nucleoid, ayezosebenza njengabaqondisi othwala deoxyribonucleic acid. Bonke enze umsebenzi ngokuqinile ethize, okubangela izinqubo yeselula umzimba.

Sisho ukuthini igama elithi "ingqamuzana ukudla"

Life ukubonakaliswa amaseli lutho kodwa ukudluliselwa amandla futhi iguqulwe komunye uhlobo kwenye (ngokomthetho lokuqala wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka kwezinto). Amandla, elise umsoco ezifihliwe, t. Isimo E. Bound ingena ATP molecule. On umbuzo yini amandla amaseli biology, kukhona impendulo uyakucabangela postulates ezilandelayo:

1. Iseli njengenhlangano izinhlelo evulekile begazi kudinga siwuthole njalo amandla kusukela imvelo.
2. izinto eziphilayo ayadingeka ukuze amandla, iseli ingatholakala ngezindlela ezimbili:

a) kusuka medium extracellular, ngesimo compounds ngomumo;

b) ngokuzimela Kuhlanganisa amaprotheni, ama-carbohydrate namafutha, kusuka carbon dioxide, i-ammonia, njll

Ngakho-ke, zonke izinto eziphilayo zihlukaniswe umzimba heterotrophic futhi Autotrophic okuyinto izici izifundo oyisazi samakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo.

Umzimba naMandla

izinto eziphilayo ngokufaka cell ibhekane cleavage, lapho amandla ikhishwe ngendlela ATP noma NADP-H2. Yonke iqoqo ukusabela nokwenziwa kanye dissimilation - umzimba ke sika. Ngezansi sibheka izigaba amandla umzimba, ukuhlinzeka umsoco amaseli heterotrophic. Okokuqala, abaphukile amaprotheni, ama-carbohydrate, futhi lipids phansi monomers zabo: ama-amino acid, i-glucose, glycerol futhi fatty acid. Khona-ke, e-ukugaya-mpilo-free, angaphansi kwamazinyo eminye (ukugaya anaerobic).

Ngale ndlela lapho kunikwe amandla intracellular izimuncagazi rickettsia, chlamydia, kanye namagciwane abangela izifo ezifana Clostridium. Unicellular ukhunta-imvubelo ninamathele glucose ukuba ethanol, acidosis acid amagciwane - ukuze acidosis acid. Ngakho, glycolysis, utshwala, icwecwe, acidosis acid ukuvutshelwa - lawa izibonelo zamandla amaseli ngenxa ukugaya anaerobic e heterotrophs.

Autotrophic nezici izinqubo umzimba

Ukuze izinto eziphilayo emhlabeni, main amandla umthombo ilanga. Siyabonga kuye, nezidingo abakhileyo iplanethi yethu. Abanye babo kwemiqondo umsoco ngenxa yamandla okukhanya, bebizwa phototrophic. Abanye - ngosizo amandla ukusabela redox, bebizwa chemotroph. Ngo owumphumela ulwelwe cell umsoco, izithombe zazo lapha ngenzansi, kube photosynthetically.

izitshalo Green mangqamuzana ane-chlorophyll, okuyinto ingxenye chloroplast. Usekhonza njengephayona-antenna, bamba Quanta yokukhanya. Ukukhanya kanye izigaba amnyama photosynthesis okwenzeka ukuphendula enzymatic (Calvin umjikelezo), umphumela okuyinto kumiswa carbon dioxide izinto eziningi eziphilayo ayewusebenzisa ekunikezeni ukudla. Ngakho-ke, yeseli emandleni akhe kungenxa ukusetshenziswa amandla okukhanya, okukhulunywe Autotrophic noma phototrophic.

eziphilayo Unicellular ngokuthi hemosintetikami, ukuze kwakhiwe izinto eziphilayo usebenzisa amandla ezikhishwe zamakhemikhali, isib, compounds-bacterium yensimbi oxidize yensimbi ayoni ukuze ferric, futhi amandla ezikhishwe eya zamagama glucose molecule.

Ngakho, isithombe-zokwenziwa eziphilayo adonse ukukhanya namandla bese siguqulwa amandla covalent mono- futhi polysaccharides. Khona kanye izixhumanisi ngamaketanga ukudla amandla udluliselwa amaseli eziphilayo heterotrophic. Ngamanye amazwi, sibonga i-photosynthesis, kukhona kuzo zonke izingxenye isakhi uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli. Singasho ukuthi amaseli ukuthi amandla iza ngendlela Autotrophic, "feeds" hhayi kuphela yena nabo bonke abakhileyo kuyo yonke iplanethi ewuMhlaba.

Njengoba eziphilayo heterotrophic ukondla

Amaseli okuyinto ukondliwa kuncike kokuthola therein izinto eziphilayo ukusuka imvelo bangaphandle, ngokuthi heterotrophic. Organisms ezifana isikhunta, izilwane, abantu, nama-bacterium yisinanakazana sokudiliza carbohydrate, amaprotheni namafutha ngosizo ama-enzyme.

Khona-ke, lo monomers okuholela esikuthola by esitokisini futhi wasebenzisa sona ukuze ukwakha organelles izimpiko zaso nokuphila. izakhi ziyoncibilika ufake iseli nganoma pinocytosis, nezinhlayiyana ukudla okuqinile - phagocytosis. eziphilayo Heterotrophic zingahlukaniswa zibe saprotroph kanye nezinambuzane. Eyokuqala (isib, namagciwane asenhlabathini, isikhunta, ezinye izinambuzane) adla izinto ezifile, kanti isixuku esikhulu (amagciwane, iminyundu, isikhutha yisinanakazana) - kwamangqamuzana nezicubu yezinto eziphilayo.

Mixotrophy, ukusatshalaliswa kwazo nemvelo

ukudla ezazixutshwe imvelo ngempela ezingavamile futhi iyithuluzi ifomu (idioadaptatsy) nezici ezihlukahlukene kwemvelo. The main isimo mixotrophic - kuba phambi kumaseli futhi organelles equkethe chlorophyll for photosynthesis kanye enzyme izinhlelo ukuthi sokudiliza izakhi ngomumo ivela imvelo. Ngokwesibonelo, owumphumela isilwane euglena oluhlaza iqukethe chromatophores hyaloplasm ne-chlorophyll.

Lapho ichibi, lapho euglena siphephele, ovuthayo kahle, ke odla lesi sitshalo, isb. E. Autotrophically ngu-photosynthesis. Ngenxa yalokho we-carbon dioxide is kuhlelwe umqondo glucose, okuyinto esitokisini futhi asetshenziswa njengokudla. euglena inikwa amandla yi ebusuku heterotrophically sakhathala salokhu sinamathele izinto eziphilayo ngu enzyme ise vacuoles wokugaya ukudla. Ngakho, mixotrophic amandla amaseli, ososayensi bakholelwa ubufakazi ubunye umsuka izitshalo nezilwane.

iseli ukukhula ubuhlobo baso trophico

Ukwandisa ubude, ubudisi, ivolumu, like umzimba wonke kanye nezikhungo zayo nezicubu, ngokuthi ukukhula. Akakwazi kube ngaphandle supply njalo kwezakhi emangqamuzaneni benzela ngemabhuloki ekwakha. Ukuze uthole impendulo yombuzo othi kanjani sikhule amaseli kwenzeka umsoco Autotrophic, kubalulekile ukucacisa ukuthi ingabe lotimele noma ingxenye iyunithi isakhi ngabanye ezinamangqamuzana amaningi. Esimweni sokuqala, ukukhula kuzokwenziwa ngesikhathi interphase lomjikelezo cell. It icubungula ngokushesha plastic umzimba zenzeka. Amandla eziphilayo heterotrophic correlatively ehambisana nokuba khona ukudla okuvela imvelo bangaphandle. Ukwanda a amaningi kwenzeka umphumela ukusebenza kwezicubu biosynthetic zemfundo, kanye nokudlanga izinqubo Anabolic, ukusabela catabolic ngenhla.

Indima oxygen ukudla amaseli heterotrophic

eziphilayo aerobic: ezinye amagciwane, isikhunta, izilwane kanye nabantu zisebenzisa i-oksijini ukuze kokudla esiswini ephelele izakhi ezifana glucose ukuba carbon dioxide futhi amanzi (Krebs umjikelezo). Senzeka matrix mitochondrial eliqukethe enzymatic uhlelo H + -ATP-ase, okuyinto synthesizes molecule ATP kusukela Adp. Ezintweni eziningi eziphilayo prokaryotic, ezifana amagciwane aerobic kanye cyanobacteria, umoya-mpilo dissimilation isinyathelo kwenzeka ngesikhathi ulwelwesi plasma amaseli.

Ngokucacile supply gametes

Ngo-molecular biology namandla Cytology cell kungenziwa kafushane kuchazwa ngokuthi inqubo okuphuma izakhi yawo, zamagama abo futhi cleavage amanani athile amandla uhlobo ATP molecule. Trophism gametes: ova futhi isidoda, it has ezinye izici ezihlobene nge ngokucacile eliphezulu imisebenzi yabo. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene amaseli zesifazane zokuzala, baphoqwa ukuba buthelela supply elikhulu izakhamzimba, ikakhulu ngesimo Iqanda isikhuphasha.

Emva kokukhulelwa, sizosebenzisa kubo kwasani kanye kumiswa umbungu. I spermatozoa ngesikhatsi nokuvuthwa (spermatogenesis) etholwe izinto eziphilayo ukusuka Sertoli amaseli, ise tubules seminiferous. Ngakho, zombili izinhlobo gametes abe izinga okusezingeni eliphezulu umzimba, okuyinto kungenzeka ngenxa asebenzayo iseli trophic.

Indima amaminerali umsoco

izinqubo umzimba akunakwenzeka ngaphandle ukuthutheleka cations futhi anions ezakha nosawoti wamaminerali. Ngokwesibonelo, kudingeka i-photosynthesis-magnesium ion, izinhlelo enzymatic mitochondria - ion potassium ne-calcium, ukuze silondoloze kokubhafa umthamo hyaloplasm - khona sodium ion kanye carbonate anions acid. Solutions nosawoti amaminerali ufake iseli nganoma pinocytosis noma okusheshayo ngokusebenzisa ulwelwesi cell. Mineral umsoco esivela kokubili amaseli Autotrophic futhi heterotrophic.

Kufinyeta, sibonile ukuthi ukubaluleka amandla amaseli enkulu ngempela, njengoba le nqubo kuholela ekwakhekeni zokwakha (carbohydrate, amafutha namaprotheni)-carbon dioxide e eziphilayo Autotrophic. amaseli Heterotrophic zidla izinto eziphilayo kwakhiwa ngenxa autotrophs umsebenzi. Amandla okuholela basebenzisa zokugaya, ukukhula, ezinyakazayo, nezinye izinqubo ezibalulekile.