IbhizinisiUmkhakha

CHP: okulotshiweyo. ukushisa Kuhlanganiswe namandla (CHP)

I supply ukushisa kanye nogesi ingenye imisebenzi eyinhloko isimo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngaphandle kukagesi akunakwenzeka ukucabanga ukuthuthukiswa yokukhiqiza kanye imboni lehlanganisa tinhlelo, ngaphandle lapho umnotho ngeke babakhona isimiso.

Enye indlela Ukubhekelela ukuntuleka amandla ukwakhiwa ezishisayo amandla plant. Kulungiswa kwegama elithi ulula: kuba okuthiwa ukushisa elihlangene namandla, okungesinye lwezinhlobo ezivame kakhulu ezishisayo izitshalo amandla. Ezweni lethu, zivamile kakhulu, njengoba ukusebenza zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi (amalahle), lapho izici abeke izidingo nesizotha.

Izici

Yilokho CHP. Efunda okwakubhalwe kulowo mbhalo imiqondo usuvele ujwayelene. Kodwa lokho izici owenza lolu hlobo amandla? Phela, akusiyo ngephutha njengoba ngamnyama!?

Iqiniso ukuthi ugesi nje kuphela kodwa futhi ukushisa ehlinzekwa wumnikezeli kubathengi ngesimo amanzi ashisayo futhi umusi. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ugesi ovela eceleni, njengoba umusi okuyinto sidla ohlelweni Ukushisa, phendula samanzi generator kuqala. Inhlanganisela izinkampani ezimbili (kubhayela namandla isitshalo) muhle ngoba kungenzeka kakhulu ukunciphisa petrol.

Nokho, lolu hlobo kuholela "endaweni ukusatshalaliswa" ingelutho HPP. Ukususa ukubethela ilula: ngoba esiteshini is alenzanga nje ugesi, okuyinto nokulahlekelwa ubuncane kungenziwa athuthwe phezu izinkulungwane amakhilomitha, kodwa evuthayo ukudluliswa ukushisa uketshezi, abakwazi walubeka amabanga amade uma liya edolobhaneni. Akumangazi ukuthi cishe yonke ezishisayo amandla esiteshini eyakhelwe eduze ngokushesha kuleli dolobha, whose ntu are evuthayo futhi elikhanyayo.

ukubaluleka emvelweni

Ngenxa yokuthi ngesikhathi kwakhiwa zalesi sitshalo amandla kungenzeka ukuqeda eziningi zomuzi omdala kubhayela, ezidlala indima ezimbi kakhulu isimo emvelweni of endaweni (omningi intuthu), izinga lomoya edolobheni ngezinye izikhathi kungenzeka ukwandisa umyalelo ezidlula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izitshalo ezintsha CHP uvumele ukuqeda izinqwaba udoti ngesikhathi yokulahla emzini.

Okwamuva yokuhlanza imishini ukuhlanza ngempumelelo amagesi kanye nokusebenza kwamandla isixazululo elinjalo kuphezulu kakhulu. Ngakho, ukukhululwa amandla omlilo of amafutha ton nsé umthamo yayo, okuyinto ikhishwe ngesikhathi kabusha amathani amabili plastic. Futhi lokhu "ezinhle" anele emashumini ukuza!

Ngokuvamile, ukwakhiwa CHP kuhilela ukusetshenziswa izinto zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi, njengoba sishilo ngenhla. Nokho, eminyakeni yamuva nje, sihlelwe ukudala izitshalo amandla enuzi, okuyinto izofakwa endaweni okunzima ukufinyelela izindawo eNyakatho Ekude. Kusukela ukunikezelwa fuel ukuze kunzima kakhulu, amandla enuzi uwukuphela onokwethenjelwa futhi njalo umthombo wamandla.

Yiziphi?

Kube CHP (izithombe babe esihlokweni), izimboni kanye thi "nendlu" bafudumale. Njengoba ungase ukuqagela kusuka igama, zezimboni amandla plant kutholakale ugesi ukushisa futhi amabhizinisi enkulu yezimboni.

Ngokuvamile Kwakhiwa esigabeni sokwakha isitshalo, ukwakha nalo nengqalasizinda olulodwa. Ngenxa yalokho, "kwabendlu" izinhlobonhlobo Kwakhiwa eduze izifunda ingalali komuzi. Ngo ezezimbono ukushisa idluliswe ngesimo umusi esishisayo (akukho kuka 4-5 km) esimweni Ukushisa - ngamanzi ashisayo (20-30 km).

Ulwazi mayelana iziteshi imishini

Imishini main yalezi wamabhizinisi ophephela amayunithi, okuyinto ukuguqula amandla mechanical ku ugesi, kanye boilers banesibopho ukwenziwa umusi, okuyinto obuyisa flywheels generator. Ukwakheka kuhlanganisa kokubili ophephela iyunithi ophephela uqobo kanye generator undiza. Trubino backpressure 0,7-1,5 MN / m2 ukunikeza labo ngezinhloso ukuphakela ukushisa amandla futhi izindawo zezimboni. Leyo mikhumbi nengcindezi 0.05-0.25 MN / m2 asetshenziselwa abathengi yasekhaya.

imibuzo kahle

Ngomqondo onabile, zonke ukushisa asetjenziswe. Yilokho nje inani kagesi ukuthi wenziwa ezivezwa CHP (yombhalo we eside usuwazi), incike umthwalo ezishisayo. Uma sikubeka kalula, entwasahlobo nasehlobo, ukukhiqizwa yayo kuyehla cishe zero. Ngakho, ukufakwa backpressure esetshenziselwa zezimboni ukunikezela amandla, lapho ukubaluleka ukusetshenziswa iyunifomu ucishe phezu yonke inkathi kuphela.

Ukufakwa uhlobo ushintsha uba yileli

Kulokhu, ukuphakela ukushisa ukuze abathengi usebenzisa okuthiwa "Ukukhetha umusi", nakho konke okunye ukushisa ngokuvamile nje elahlekile, asakazeke imvelo. Ukuze wehlise amandla ukulahlekelwa, ngalezi zinhloso kumele isebenze nge ukukhululwa ubuncane ukushisa ushintsha uba yileli iyunithi.

Nokho, kusukela ezinsukwini zeSoviet Union eyakhelwe lezi iziteshi, inqobo nje uma imodi ikhipha hybrid: bangakwazi isebenze njengendlela ezivamile ushintsha uba yileli CHP, kodwa generator ophephela kuyinto ngempela uyakwazi ezisebenza esiphikisayo imodi.

izinhlobonhlobo Universal

Akumangalisi ukuthi otshalayo nge ukufingqa umusi wathola ukusabalala esiphezulu ngenxa yokusebenza kwalo ngezindlela eziningi. Ngakho, uma nje enze kube nokwenzeka ukuba cishe ngokuzimela ulawule umthwalo kagesi kanye ezishisayo. Ngisho noma nesidingo ukushisa is akulindelekile (in the case of ehlobo kushisa ikakhulukazi) labantu Siyonikwa ugesi namanje ihluzo (West CHP Petersburg).

"Ukushisa" ezihlukahlukene CHP

Njengoba ungase uqonde, ukushisa sizukulwane izitshalo amandla lolu hlobo kuyinto engalingani kakhulu unyaka wonke. Kungakuhle azungeze 50% amanzi ashisayo noma isitimu isetshenziselwa Ukushisa abathengi, futhi lonke yenethiwekhi ukushisa isetshenziswa ukuphehla ugesi. Isebenza ngakho South-West CHP Petersburg.

Heat okukhipha ezimweni eziningi Kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa izikimu ezimbili. Uma isetshenziswa ngaphandle samuntu, umusi esishisa bhé kusukela ophephela abathengi samaqanda. Uma ukusebenza likhethiwe somshini esivalekile, le kokupholisayo ihlinzekwa ngemuva bedlula kwabebhange ukushisa. Ukukhethwa kohlelo kunqunywa kuzinto eziningi. Eyokuqala uyakucabangela ibanga kusuka into ihlinzeka efudumele futhi ugesi, isibalo sabantu kanye isizini. Ngakho, South-West CHP Petersburg, ukusebenza ngesimiso somshini esivalekile, njengoba kunikeza ngekhono elingcono.

Izimpawu fuel esetshenziswa

Ingasetshenziselwa okuqinile, uketshezi kanye zokubasa gaseous. Njengoba CHP ngokuvamile eyakhelwe eduze nemizana ezinkulu nemizana, ngokuvamile kufanele basebenzise eyanele zezinto eziphilayo ezibalulekile, igesi kanye nophethiloli amafutha aso. Ukusebenzisa efanayo ezweni lethu ngempela kungagcini amalahle enjalo imfucumfucu, kusukela akuwona wonke iziteshi ifakwe kahle imishini emoyeni-wokuhlanza yesimanje.

Ukuhlanza izinhlelo qeda, sebenzisa izicupho ezikhethekile particulate ndaba. Ukuhlakaza izinhlayiya okuqinile endaweni sezingeni eliphezulu umoya Yakha tube at 200-250 amamitha. Njengomthetho, zonke ukushisa kuhlanganiswe namandla (CHP) kukhona kude enkulu ezivela emithonjeni yamanzi (emifuleni kanye amadamu). Futhi ngenxa yokuthi usebenzisa izinhlelo yokufakelwa, kufaka phakathi isibalo samalungu alo umbhoshongo lwaluyophola. amanzi Qondisa ukugeleza supply ezingavamile kakhulu, ezimweni ezithile kakhulu.

Izici amagalaji

Phuma igesi CHP. Heat abathengi Kwenziwa hhayi kuphela amandla okuyinto eyenziwe evutha LPG, kodwa futhi lapho yokutakula ukushisa amagesi ukuthi Ngakho kwakhiwa. Nekusebenta izinhlelo ezifana kuphezulu kakhulu. Kwezinye izimo, le CHP ingasetshenziswa, futhi izitshalo amandla enuzi. Lena esivelele kakhulu kwamanye amazwe Arab.

Lapho, lezi iziteshi indima ezimbili: nokunikeza Ugesi sabantu namanzi zezimboni, njengoba kanyekanye enze imisebenzi kungeyona lamanzi olwandle. Manje bheka yezinjongo eziyinhloko ezweni lethu kanye nasemazweni angomakhelwane.

South-West, Petersburg

Ezweni lethu abadumile kokuba Zapadnaya CHPP, esemgwaqweni Petersburg. It bhalisiwe njengoba JSC "South-West CHPP". Ukwakhiwa kwalesi into yesimanje waphishekela imisebenzi eminingana:

  • Ekunxephezeleni kusilela enamandla energy ezishisayo, okuyinto kuvimbe ukwanda lokwakhiwa kwezindlu.
  • Ukuthuthukisa nokwethenjelwa kanye nokusebenza kwamandla kohlelo ezisemadolobheni sisonke, njengoba lo isici Petersburg nenkinga. CHP ngeke kancane ukuxazulula le nkinga.

Kodwa esiteshini liyaziwa yokuthi omunye kuqala laseRussia aqala ukuhlangabezana nezidingo elawula kunazo kwemvelo. kuhulumeni edolobheni usunike endaweni amahektheli phezu 20 ukuze ibhizinisi elisha. Iqiniso lokuthi endaweni isipele, lonke Kirov wesifunda wayenikezwa for ukwakhiwa. Kulezo zindawo kwaba iqoqo endala umlotha kusukela TPP-14, futhi ngenxa endaweni akumfanele izindlu, kodwa kahle kakhulu elise.

Wethulwa ngasekupheleni 2010, futhi emcimbini yahanjelwa cishe bonke ubuholi kuleli dolobha. Entsha uhlelo ezimbili othomathikhi kwangena boilers.

Murmansk

Murmansk is njengoba base izimoto zethu oLwandle iBaltic ezaziwayo. Kodwa noma kunjalo, libhekene izimo ezinzima sezulu, okuyinto umnika ngenkani nezimfuneko ezithile ku bamandla alo uhlelo. Akumangalisi ukuthi Murmansk TPP kakhulu kuba into yezobuchwepheshe ngempela esiyingqayizivele, ngisho kulo lonke lelo zwe.

Yena eyalwa ngo-1934, futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi uyaqhubeka ukuphakela njalo izakhamizi kanye ukushisa kanye nogesi. Nokho, Murmansk HPP kwaba ezivamile amandla plant eminyakeni yokuqala emihlanu. Eyokuqala 1.150 kwamamitha Ukushisa efakiwe kuphela ngo-1939. Into iyasebenza Lower Tulomskaya HPP, okuyinto ihlanganisa cishe ngokuphelele izidingo kagesi womuzi, ngakho-ke ithuba ukukhulula ezinye ukukhiqizwa ukushisa ezakhiweni Ukushisa edolobheni.

Isiteshi libhekene yokuthi wonke unyaka usebenza imodi olinganiselayo, njengoba ukushisa kwalo futhi "amandla" sizukulwane okungenani zilingana. Nokho, e-polar ebusuku TPP ezikhathini ezithile isiqongo iqala ukusebenzisa iningi fuel ekuphehleni ugesi.

Novopolotsk esiteshini, Belarus

Ukuklanywa nokwakhiwa kwale ndawo waqala ngo-August 1957. New Novopolotsk CHP kwaba ukuxazulula inkinga akuyona nje ukushisa edolobheni, kodwa futhi ahlinzeke ugesi lakhiwa endaweni efanayo kule femu. Ngo-March 1958, umsebenzi ekugcineni ngemvume, kuvunyelwa yokutholwa.

Okokuqala thina wasungula ngo-1966. Eyesibili wethulwa 1977. Khona-ke Novopolotsk CHP Kwakuqala ngqa ethuthukisiwe Selilonke namandla athe xaxa okwengamela ukuze 505 MW, futhi kamuva wabeka Isigaba sesithathu ukwakhiwa, eyaqedwa ngo-1982. Ngo-1994, esiteshini iye sidluliselwe kuncibilike igesi yemvelo.

Kuze kube manje, lo sesimanje amabhizinisi osukusebenzele abangaba yizigidi ezingu-50 US dollars. Njengoba i umxhwele imali infusions, inkampani hhayi kuphela iye idluliselwe ngokugcwele ku-gas, kodwa wabuye wathola omningi brand imishini emisha ezokwenza ukuba esiteshini ukukhonza amashumi eminyaka.

okutholakele

Isimanga siwukuthi kodwa namhlanje CHP akusebenzi kukhona iziteshi lwathandeka nezesikhathi esizayo. Ukusebenzisa converters yesimanje nokuhlunga, ungakwazi ukufudumeza amanzi, evutha cishe zonke udoti ukuthi ukhiqiza ndawo. Lokhu ephumelelisa izinzuzo kathathu:

  • Ethula bese ukusula yokulahla.
  • City uthola ugesi ezishibhile.
  • Lencola inkinga ne bafudumale.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezindaweni ezisogwini kungenzeka ukwakhiwa ezishisayo power station, okuzoba kanyekanye amanzi asolwandle kungeyona isitshalo. Lolu ketshezi ngempela efanelekayo ukunisela, izinkomo-zizalela izakhiwo kanye izitshalo ezimbonini. Ngamafuphi, lokhu netheknoloji yekusasa!

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