Collectivization eSoviet Union: Izinjongo kanye nemiphumela

Maphakathi nawo-1920 ubuholi Soviet bekhetha inkambo engaguquki kwezimboni. Kodwa ukwakhiwa omkhulu insiza zezimboni kudingeka imali eningi. Sanquma ukuba uzithatha edolobhaneni. Yaqala kanjalo-ke le collectivization.

Indlela Bonke baqala

Imizamo ukuphoqelela abalimi ukusebenza ezweni ndawonye amaBolshevik wathatha ngisho ngesikhathi kulwiwa. Kodwa kule zindlani abantu beza ngokungathandi. Abalimi udonse babe nomhlaba futhi bengaqondi ukuthi kungani ukudlulisela kanzima atholwe kwempahla "imbiza ezivamile". Ngakho-ke, omasipala enikeziwe babempofu, futhi wayesejele ngokungathandi.

Kusukela ekuqaleni kuka-nep, collectivization eSoviet Union okulahlekile. Kodwa ngo-engxenyeni 1920 yesibili, lapho olandelayo iphathi Congress wanquma industrialize, kwaba sobala ukuthi kwakudingeka imali eningi. Thatha ukubolekisa kwezilwandle akekho wayeya - ngoba ngesinye isikhathi bebengayikuba ukunikeza. Ngakho sanquma izimali ezidingekayo ngezithukuthuku nokuthengiswa, kuhlanganise okusanhlamvu. izinsiza ezinjalo USiphon ekulimeni ubengase ukuphoqa abantu abavamile ukuba asebenze ukuze sisetshenziswe umbuso. Futhi ukwakhiwa omkhulu izimboni inikeza ukuthi umuzi uyokhanga kwetisebenti, okuyinto ludinga ukunceliswa. Ngakho-ke, collectivization eSoviet Union sasingagwemeki.

Ebusika 1927-1928 ,. kwaqubuka okusanhlamvu izinto ezinhlelweni zokuthenga crisis. Abalimi, kanye eminyakeni embalwa ngaphambili, ekujaheni ukuthatha okusanhlamvu ukuze amanani ngisho nesenti. Kodwa manje uhulumeni usenqume wawubaphuca amandla sokuvuna. Yokutholwa ngoJanuwari 1928 nesiqondiso edingekayo iqembu ukuze ajezise wasekela abantu ukuthengisa amabele ngamanani aphezulu. Waqala baboshwa ngobuningi kanye kwezincwadi isinkwa "befisa."

Ngalesi amandla akagcinanga lapho. Entwasahlobo ka lowo nyaka, umthetho kwadluliselwa zezolimo olulodwa. Kuyakuba amapulazi ekhululiwe collective, abalimi elichumayo kwadingeka ukuba ukhokhe imali esezingeni elifanele. Kuba yini umthwalo osindayo, kanye nokuqoqwa kwamasiko, nokuzibona komuntu intela, futhi ukuthenga okuyimpoqo loans ahlukahlukene. Empeleni, kakade kwase ekuqaleni collectivization: amapulazi collective baphoqeleka ukuba zidlule izindlela kwezomnotho. abalimi Ngokushesha ocebile futhi balahlekelwa ilungelo athathe loans, sebenzisa zabasebenzi aqashiwe imishini yezolimo ukuthenga.

ukuphoqwa

Nokho, zonke lezi zindlela ungazange kwaholela ekwandeni kwesibalo amapulazi. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi amapulazi ezintsha zadalwa izimo ezikahle, abalimi ekujaheni ukuya khona. Ngo-November 1929, lapho Stalin wagomela ngokuthi esimweni collectivization waqala "omkhulu soshintsho", futhi abantu yehla e emihlambini amapulazi collective, empeleni Yayinesikhwanyana% 6-7 kuphela amapulazi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umfutho intela kwaholela isinyathelo mass abalimi ngezinye izikhathi batheleka kuvukela zemvelo.

Ngemva isitatimende kukaStalin mayelana "iphuzu turning" collectivization eSoviet Union ngesivinini esikhulu. Ngaphambi ubuholi beqembu weRiphabhulikhi ukusetha zokukhokha ecacile lapho bonke abalimi esifundeni kwakumelwe zenziwe amapulazi collective. ekuthathweni eMiseni futhi kwababawi "kulaks" ngezinga elikhulu: Urals naseSiberia waya izinkulungwane zabantu abaye muva nje Sebawoti yimpumelelo. Nokho, Ngaphansi cannibalization, wawa hhayi kuphela abalimi kahle, ezindaweni eziningi, uye yaphenduka ukuphanga banal. Ngokuvamile, kwaba nezigameko lapho izishoshovu zendawo udonsa kusuka maqhugwane yasemakhaya, ngisho ifenisha, wangishaya noma prokulak ezamenyezelwa labo bamane nje abafuni ukuya ipulazi. Kulesi simo, abantu bendawo baqala ukuba abalekele emzini, ukuthengisa impahla yabo lutho, ukuze ngandlela-thile ukusinda.

Le nqubomgomo kuholele ekwenyukeni ngesibalo kanye nabalimi abancane sevukelombuso. Izwe lase phezu onqenqemeni kwempi yombango. Kuphela ukuntula inhlangano nokuthi umpofu abalimi izikhali avunyelwe amaBolshevik ukugwema omunye engakuthandi ukuqagulisana sina. Futhi kungayilulaza kahle igunya labo, ngoba nokusekela umbuso - ibutho - iningi lawo emzaneni. Ngo-March 1930, ingcindezi abalimi yanquma ukunciphisa. Iqembu elisha elibusayo, njengoba lesi sihloko yanyatheliswa ngaphambi kukaStalin "enenzululwane Impumelelo", walahla ophoqelelwe phezu entry epulazini. Abalimi Wamkhohlwa ngobuningi ukuzondwa ngenxa yokuthi umnotho wabo. Kodwa nesifiso sokubuyela emuva wayengekho lapho. Iphuma ipulazi ekhokhwa kwezintela ezinjalo eziholela izwe engadini awulona kungenzeka.

Imiphumela collectivization

Ngo-1932, collectivization eSoviet Union empeleni iphelile. Iningi labalimi zabasebenzi emapulazini ngokuhlanganyela. Yilokho kuphela umsebenzi wabo athola ingxenye encane isivuno. Zonke ezinye athunyelwa kwamanye amazwe. Umphumela waba ukweba okukhulu zommbila emasimini, okuyiwona nomthetho omusha enikeziwe iminyaka engu-10 noma ukubulawa. Grain ezifundeni zase-USSR lahlaselwa indlala. E-Ukraine, isibonelo, safa amadolobhana wonke abantu abangavumelani. Kwakungekhona usesimweni esingcono kakhulu kule Kazakh emaqeleni, lapho workpiece uphoqwa inyama.

Eqinisweni, i-collectivization yezinhloso lifinyelelwe. Besatshiswa ezingabekwa zokucindezelwa kwalabo bantu nendlala abalimi ngokuthobeka ngangisebenza epulazini esenana inkokhelo okuncane e uhlobo - okubizwa ngokuthi nesonto. Isimo etholakele edolobhaneni izinsiza ezidingekayo. Kodwa amapulazi collective ngokwabo babe amapulazi ngempumelelo, kodwa ngokuphambene, abe yezimbangela kokuntengantenga komnotho Soviet.