Crusade wesihlanu: iminyaka, ababambiqhaza, imigomo, imiphumela

Zokholo kuya eMpumalanga - lomkhuba ibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni. Siyazi kubo kusukela izincwadi esikoleni, sici amafilimu kanye nezincwadi.

Ubude (by N. Basov) kwakukhona eziyisishiyagalombili: ukuba 1096 futhi 1248-1270. Wikipedia unezela ngisho 9th (1271-1272 GG.) Futhi eziMpini Zokholo eYurophu. alufakwa Iningi, okuyinto lanyakazisa umhlaba Christian lonke, kwaba Yiqiniso, kuqala. Ngalesi sikhathi, eJerusalema ngo VII. Benqotshwa Arabhu, bese kusukela ekhulwini VIII, ingeyamakhosi Seljuk nabaseTurkey. Ukuze avuzayo ekhulwini belapho ngilahlekile.

Ngo zomlando isayensi zenkolo uhlola impi phakathi yobuKristu futhi imihlaba Muslim. It is hhayi usuqedile bese uyaqhubeka esikhathini sethu. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi Zokholo polarity ngqo. Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi kungcwele, umsebenzi omuhle igama Church. Michaud mlando sabhala ngabo mayelana feat. Amanye amavesi athi wukuthi kuba ngokugqugquzela kaDeveli, okwabangela eziningi izinhlekelele. Ngokwesibonelo, le mashi 4th ezimpi zokholo lobuKristu baphanga leli dolobha, aphanga waseConstantinople, obscurantism - Crusade Ntwana ezidumile sika. Kukholakala ukuthi uma imiphefumulo okuhlwengileko esefikile eJerusalema, izindonga ugoqe. Futhi laphela ngokudabukisayo kakhulu, babulawa e-Europe e-Alps abandayo, iningi labo kwathengiswa ebugqilini eGibhithe.

INGEMUVA Kuzonyuka

Ompofu Hermit Petr Amensky, ogama isidlaliso kwaba Hermit wavakashela Calvary kanye Lethuna Elingcwele eliseJerusalema. Wabona amaKristu becindezelwe Palestine. Lapho ebuya ekhaya, wayethole izilaleli nge uPapa Urban II futhi wabusiswa ukuba bashumayele impi ukuze akhulule Lethuna Elingcwele. Egqoke zidwedwe, zicathulo, bareheaded, imbongolo, wathuthela emizaneni nasemadolobheni yeYurophu, futhi zonke izinkulumo akhe anjengamalangabi omlilo yemukele ukwesekwa, ukunakekela kanye isifiso ukulandela ababesabela ngayo ekushumayeleni kwakhe. Wayelethwa ithathwa njengendlela saint futhi bajabule ukuthatha ithuba phusha off ucezu uvolo udumbanakhe. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, uPapa Urban II wathembisa kubahlanganyeli yokuthethelelwa kwezono (kubaluleke kakhulu ngoba uquqaba), lokho kusho ukuthi ukunakekela imindeni yabo futhi ukuqedwa izikweletu zabo.

Yavusa lezi izingcingo abantukazana ithungwe ezingutsheni zabo iziphambano ezibomvu. Ngakho-ke, lokhu kuhamba wabizwa ngokuthi "impi", futhi abahlanganyeli ngokwabo yase yaziwa ngokuthi "Crusaders." Eyokuqala akuyona Knights waya izintaba, nabalimi, abangakwazi nokuyicabanga kude kangakanani Europe eZweni Elingcwele wahlangana wonke amadolobha amakhulu wathatha phezu kweJerusalema. Iningi lazo wafa endleleni. Nokho, esikukhathalela ne impi yesihlanu - phakathi abahlanganyeli, izinjongo, imiphumela. Sikhuluma ngalokhu ngezansi.

Qala, imigomo kanye Izizathu zalokhu uhambo

The Fifth Crusade (1217-1221) waholekela King of Hungary Andras II. Knights eqoqwe hhayi kuphela e-Hungary, kodwa kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Izimali okumele zikhokhelwe ukwenziwa impi yenkolo yesihlanu (izithombe, yebo, angeke enikeziwe ngoba eyasungulwa, ngemva kweminyaka eminingi kwabhalwa) sibonisa isithombe ibekwe ngezansi.

András II ahole amabutho wathonyelwa uPapa Honorius III. Ngalesi sikhathi, umbuso umKristu obuthakathaka babukhona nakwa-Palestine (1099 ka 1291), owawuvela edwengulwe ukuphikisana yangaphakathi (elwa oda Chivalry bodwa) futhi sihlasela Saracen amaSulumane. Wayentula ukusekelwa yeYurophu. Inkosi entsha Zhak Briensky efika ngaphandle amasosha futhi akazange avume lapho izwe imali eningi ukuthi ahlinzekwa Saracens (kubo amahemuhemu kakade wezwa umkhankaso omusha oluzayo). Lokhu kuyoba impi yesihlanu bekumele ukusekela ezibolile umbuso yobuKristu.

Ekupheleni 1217, abantu baseYurophu waya imikhumbi Venetian ePalestina ngokusebenzisa iMedithera. Bonke baqoqene Acre, idolobha elincane eningizimu-ntshonalanga yezwe. Saracens Namaqhinga, enethemba lokuthi yemibango yangaphakathi, indlala nezifo uyobhubhisa ibutho ayizange kuhlasela. Bona ibalwa konke kulungile. Crusaders Uzame ukuthatha eNtabeni iThabori futhi uqinise wakhe. Kodwa abanalo ubunye, ukudla, izihlilingi, futhi lo mkhankaso kumisiwe. Crusaders nje ixazululwe ekamu ebusika. Ukungasebenzi kuye kwaholela ukuxabana entsha, futhi ngokushesha, ngo-February 1218, iNkosi Hungary, ngibona ngobuze isikhathi sakhe, nge ingxenye yempi yakhe, wabuyela Europe ukuze umoya wenkosi le akhonze ovukelayo ezweni lawo siqu. Ngakho ezimbi ukuqala impi yesihlanu.

Azowalekelela baseYurophu

Kamuva, ngo-1218, kwafika ibutho okuxubile lamaJalimane, Dutch futhi lase. Kwanqunywa ukuba liyobamba Damietta eGibhithe. Ukuze ugweme ukulwa nezimpi ezimbili, umfelandawonye ukuthula nge Anatolia kuphothuliwe. Ngo-July, Omkhulu Wesihlanu Crusade eGibhithe.

Ukuvinjezelwa Damietta

Crusaders lawela eduze kwedolobha Damietta, okuyinto, sibonga indawo yayo phezu iNayile kubhekwe isihluthulelo lizwe. Damietta ukuthi waqinisa kahle. Ngaphakathi kwakukhona eziningi ukudla, ngaphandle kwakukhona izindonga double. Esikhathini itheku lapho kwakunzima, njengoba yena Uvale umbhoshongo, okuyindawo ngebhange kwaba uchungechunge enamandla.

Ngo-July 1218 we-Crusaders waqala ekuvimbezeleni inqaba. Babefuna akuqede phakade maphakathi nezwe Islamic futhi ngesikhathi esisodwa abuqede zokubanga iZwe Elingcwele. The Fifth Crusade (1217-1221) uzibekele umgomo ngokunembile lokhu. Kodwa Kwakuhileleke khona izithakazelo republic Italian futhi lizisho - ukuhlinzeka ukuhweba khulula eGibhithe.

Inkambo ukuvinjezelwa

Kwaqale kwafika ukushiyeka kubangelwa iziyaluyalu kuleli bhukwana. Khona-ke, it waphathiswa Leopold VI Austria.

Ngemva kwalokho oxhumene imikhumbi emibili eyakhelwe kubo umbhoshongo futhi ibhuloho wawa. eduze Its basembhoshongweni Damietta, eMpi Yenkolo ezingamakhulu amathathu nswí. Saracens inkani ngenkani, kodwa impumelelo ehambisana abahlaseli. Bathatha phezu umbhoshongo yavula emikhunjini yabo engena iNayile.

Izizathu ezenza fighters akazange phambili futhi athathe edolobheni, izazi-mlando akucacile. Ngalesi sikhathi nge azowalekelela wasondela Sultan of Cairo. UPapa Honorius III wathumela ibutho ukuhola kwakhe inxusa Pelagiya Albano. Ukukhulisa umoya St efika. Frantsisk Assizsky.

Kodwa konke lokhu akuzange kusize. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ibutho Sultan waqala embangweni odlale indima ebalulekile esikhathini esizayo. nebutho Muslim ahlehla. AmaKristu awela ngisho Nile, Azungezo idolobha wakha ibhuloho, waqala lokuvimbezela yakhe. Sultans Damassy futhi Cairo ziye zazibandakanya futhi wabuyela Damietta. Kungqubuzana waqala, futhi Crusaders zivame wanqoba. Nokho, phakathi amaSulumane kwakukhona ngandlebenye ukuthi usizo iya izitha bebutho uMbusi noFrederick II sika. Bacela i kunenzuzo ukuthula: yokubuyiswa eJerusalema, futhi imali wokubuyiselwa abhidliza izindonga zayo. Akholwayo bavumelana kodwa Pelagios waphuphuthekisa isizinda ocebile kungenzeka e Damietta wenqaba. Okwesihlanu Crusade, kuvela, umgomo wajaha ngempela ngokwezinto ezibonakalayo. Abangenabugovu, futhi umgomo ihlanzekile - yokukhululwa Lethuna Elingcwele - Knights kwakungafanele esingokwemvelo. Ukuvinjezelwa kwedolobha kwadonsa.

Ukunqoba noma ukuhlulwa?

kwekwindla 1219 edolobheni athwalwe ukuze angene nephuzu yendlala, yazinikela. ayizinkulungwane 70 abantu babesinde ezinhlanu kuphela. Pelagius kwaba nokwesasa. Zonke babematasa kuphangwa - ukukhiqizwa wayecebile, futhi akekho owacabanga ukuthi kudingekile ukuba ngokushesha ukuzobhidliza ibutho amaSulumane. Bona, Okwamanje, okuhleliwe ngakolunye lomfula ebiyelweyo ekamu elinesimiso esiphakeme.

izikhukhula saseNayile

Ngo-July 1221, abahlanganyeli abaningi benqaba ukulalela imiyalo Pelagia. Zazifuna kwenziwe kanye kuphela futhi wasitholela ukuze emuva ibutho inkosi yaseJerusalema. Amasosha akhe abayizinkulungwane ezingamashumi ayisikhombisa waya Sultan of Cairo. Waphinde ahlinzekwa ukuthula. Crusaders ukuthonywa Pelagia wanqaba ngokuphindaphindiwe. Benza lutho. AmaKristu amaningi aye ngokuzithandela eshiya ibutho lempi. Ally Saracen amaSulumane waqala izikhukhula iNayile. Bashisa sivala futhi dam futhi ake amanzi ethafeni, lapho ikamu Christian sasikhona. Ngaphandle kokudla, ngaphandle ikhono ashona bangamaKristu baqala ukucela ukuthula. Babevunyelwe ukushiya e 1221 ePalestina. Ngakho ignominiously yaphela impi yenkolo yesihlanu (1217-1221). Imiphumela kuchazwa ngawo kulesi sigaba esilandelayo.

imiphumela

Njengomhlaba langaphambilini, umkhankaso yesihlanu wabonisa:

• ushintsho njalo lobuholi.
• isiyalo Kubi: Knights eshiya ibutho lempi kwalo yedwa, ngokuvamile ezimweni ezinzima.
• Ukwenqena isinyathelo cohesively ekuphishekeleni umgomo oyinhloko - yokukhululwa leZwe Elingcwele futhi Lethuna Elingcwele.
• Umhawu isifiso ukuthatha umcebo.
• Ukungabi khona uhlelo enobunye.
• Nokungabinolwazi izimo zemvelo (izikhukhula samaKristu Nile sekwephuzile).
• Uyokwanelisa isifiso sabo uPapa Honorius III ukuhola emkhankasweni ngesithunywa sakhe.
• ukuthula okuyihlazo.

Wonke athathelwe ndawonye kwaholela ukwehluleka futhi akazange ukunikeza noma yimuphi imiphumela emihle. It hit kanzima amaKristu European. Bachitha imali eningi futhi umzamo, salinda kwaze kwaphela ngokunqoba ekhaliphile izinzuzo, waphelela ukuthula ngendlela eyihlazo.

Yenkolo wesihlanu (1217-1221): abahlanganyeli

EHungary Austria babe ekuqaleni umkhankaso isiHungary Inkosi u-András II futhi UMbusi Austria, Leopold VI. Andras kwadingeka ibutho elikhulu kuzo zonke izikhathi eziMpini Zokholo - 20,000 Knights. Kwangena Otto Meransky futhi Bala Wilhelm Dutch. Kamuva uPapa Honorius III wathumela isithunywa sakhe, Pelagius, ababethi umlawuli omkhulu. Korol ioann eJerusalema, kubhekwe ukuthi kudingekile ukuba unamathisele Damietta embusweni wakhe. Nokho, Pelagius, kwaba ngokumelene nalo. UMbusi noFrederick II kuthunyelwe 1221 ngaphansi Damietta azowalekelela eside, kodwa wahlala e-Europe. Phakathi ukuthi uPapa Honorius III ungisongele kuye ngokunqunywa esontweni. Yileyo lesion ibangelwa etholakele.

Ekuphetheni, kubalulekile ukucacisa ukuthi inhloso yayo main - buthakathaka amaSulumane - Europe noma lesihlanu noma neminye imikhankaso ingafinyeleleki. Abaphikisi abazange balilalele isiko European. Udumo nenkazimulo Knights awazange yanqotshwa.