Ekushayweni kanye ukumuncwa likhanyise ama-athomu. Umsuka umugqa spectra

Lesi sihloko sinikeza nemiqondo eyisisekelo kudingeka ukuba uqonde indlela ekushayweni kanye ukumuncwa likhanyise ama-athomu. Kukhona futhi echazwe ukusetshenziswa kwalezi zenzakalo.

Smartphone yemvelo

Umuntu owazalwa ngo-1990, ukuphila kwakhe ngaphandle ezihlukahlukene zobuchwepheshe abakwazi ukunikeza. Smartphone ingena esikhundleni hhayi kuphela ifoni, kodwa futhi kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuqapha amazinga exchange, ukuba transact, ukubiza itekisi ngisho kuvumelana osomkhathi ebhodini ISS, ngokusebenzisa isicelo sabo. Ngokulandelana, futhi ziqondakala zonke lezo abasizi digital njengoba udaba Yebo. Ekushayweni kanye ukumuncwa likhanyise athomu wenze futhi okwenziwe kwaba nokwenzeka ngenkathi ekunciphiseni zonke izinhlobo amadivaysi, ngakho abafundi ngeke kubonakale ngesihloko isidina physics izifundo. Kodwa lokhu legatsha physics eziningi ezithakazelisayo futhi kujabulise.

isizinda ezicatshangelwayo zezinkolelo-kuvulwa spectra

Kukhona isisho esithi: ". Le ilukuluku phambi ukuwa" Kodwa le nkulumo kunalokho yokuthi ubuhlobo okungalungile kungcono hhayi ukugxambukela. Uma Nokho, ibonisa ilukuluku maqondana nezwe, lutho olubi ngeke kwenzeke. Ekupheleni kwekhulu nesishiyagalolunye, abantu baqala ukuqonda ubunjalo uzibuthe (okubhalwe kahle ngayo ohlelweni of zibalo uMaxwell sika). Umbuzo olandelayo, esizokwenza ososayensi, baba isakhiwo ndaba. Kuyadingeka ukuba ngokushesha ukucacisa: ngesayensi akuyona isidoda eyigugu kakhulu futhi ukumuncwa likhanyise ama-athomu. Line spectra - is phetho lokhu mkhuba futhi ngesisekelo lapho kutadishwa isakhiwo ndaba.

isakhiwo athomu

Ososayensi eGrisi lasendulo zisikisela ukuthi zemabula yakhiwa izingcezu eziningana indivisible "ama-athomu." Futhi ngaphambi kokuphela yekhulu nesishiyagalolunye, abantu bacabanga ukuthi izinhlayiya ezincane kunazo kwendaba. Kodwa okuhlangenwe nakho uRutherford phezu zisakaza izinhlayiya esindayo phezu ucwecwe lwegolide luye lwabonisa ukuthi i-athomu futhi ine isakhiwo kwangaphakathi. nucleus Heavy imaphakathi nangendlela eyakhayo icala, ama-electron engasindi negative singaxoxi kuye.

Zango-atom amancanyana ngaphakathi theory Maxwell

Le miphumela baye kwavula zango eziningana: ngokuvumelana zibalo uMaxwell, noma yiziphi izinkinga ezihambayo kuyizinhlayiyana icala likhipha inkambu kagesi, ngakho-ke, ilahlekelwa amandla. Kungani-ke, ama-electron, musa ukuwela i-nucleus, bese uqhubeke ukuze uphendukisa? Kwakungeyona futhi kucace ukuthi kungani athomu ngalinye ubamba noma likhipha izinhlayiyana eziningi zokukhanya ka inamandla athile kuphela. ithiyori Bohr sika kwenza ukuba aphilise ukukhubazeka ngokufaka orbitals. Ngokusho naletintfo of lo mbono, ama-electron ezungeza i-nucleus kungenzeka kuphela kulezi orbitals. Inguquko phakathi uthi angomakhelwane kuhambisana noma nge ekushayweni noma ukumuncwa kwe-albhamu yezithombe nge amandla athile. Ekushayweni kanye ukumuncwa likhanyise ama-athomu yiso ngenxa yalokho.

wavelength, imvamisa, amandla

Ukuze uthole isithombe egcwele udinga ukukhuluma kancane mayelana izinhlayiyana eziningi zokukhanya. Lezi zinhlayiya aphansi abangenathuba mass ukuphumula. Zikhona nje ezihambayo ngokusebenzisa imvelo. Kodwa isisindo kusadingeka: abatelekile kwamanzi, ayidlulisele inhliziyo ukuthi kwakungenakwenzeka ngaphandle mass. Vele eziningi it is iguqulwe ibe amandla, okwenza umongo lapho hit futhi esikuthola, kancane ukufudumala. ithiyori Bohr sika alichazi leli qiniso. Izakhiwo ikhasi lesikhwama sasekhaya futhi izici nokuziphatha yayo ochazwa quantum physics. Ngakho, i-albhamu yezithombe - kokubili wokuzuliswa kuyizinhlayiyana ne mass. Photon, futhi ufana negagasi ine izici ezilandelayo: ubude (λ), imvamisa (ν), amandla (E). The eside nombono ephansi imvamisa, kanye aphansi amandla.

Nomkhakha we-athomu

Kumiswa spectrum-athomu is ngezigaba eziningana.

1. ukushintsha Electronic nakuyi-athomu nge esemkhathini 2 (energy ngaphezulu) phezu esemkhathini 1 (nge yamandla aphansi ngaphansi).
2. ethile namandla ikhishwe, kwakheka njengoba quantum yokukhanya (hν) okuyinto.
3. Lokhu i-albhamu yezithombe is asakazeka Isikhala ezungezile.

Ngakho-ke wathola futhi athomu umugqa bohlu. Kungani-ke ngokuthi ngaleyo ndlela, uyachaza ifomu yakhe lapho amadivayisi ezikhethekile "catch" le izinhlayiyana eziningi zokukhanya aphumayo yokukhanya kudivayisi ukuqoshwa izinombolo ezihleliwe lemigqa. Ukuhlukaniswa izinhlayiyana eziningi zokukhanya ka banemibono engafani, esetshenziswa umumo womsebenzi mkhuba amagagasi nge amaza ezahlukene ehlukile Inkomba yezokubona, ngenxa yalokho, eyodwa ngaphezulu baphambukile kunamanye.

Izakhiwo izidakamizwa futhi spectra

Nomkhakha umugqa we ketshezi ihlukile uhlobo ama-athomu ngalinye. Okungukuthi, kwamagesi hydrogen ukunikeza isethi eyodwa imigqa, igolide - nezinye. Leli qiniso ngesisekelo isicelo spectroscopy. Esezuze lutho spectrum, ukuqonda ukuthi yini ngoqobo, e-athomu omoya-yayo ahlelwe isihlobo komunye nomunye. Le ndlela ikuvumela ukuba ichaze futhi izakhiwo ezahlukene izinto, okuyinto ngokuvamile isebenzisa chemistry yemvelo. Absorption futhi ukuphuma likhanyise ama-athomu - lamathuluzi ezivamile lapho kutadishwa izwe elizungezile.

Nemiphumela ethile engathandeki ekushayweni spectra

Kuze kube kuleli qophelo uthi okwengeziwe mayelana nendlela ama-athomu ihlaba umkhosi. Kodwa ngokuvamile, wonke ama-electron ku orbitals esimeni sayo yakhoibrium, abanakho isizathu ukuthuthela kwamanye amazwe. Ingqikithi is okuthile sinqatshiwe, kufanele kuqala ukuncela amandla. Lokhu ukungabi indlela okuxhaphaza ukumuncwa futhi ukuphuma athomu ukukhanya. Kafushane bathi le ndaba okokuqala ukufudumeza noma ukukhanya, ngaphambi sithola bohlu. Izinkinga ngeke luvuke, uma usosayensi ukutadisha izinkanyezi, futhi ngakho ongumfanekiso siqu izinqubo zabo zangaphakathi. Kodwa uma ufuna ukufunda ucezu Okunengi nofana umkhiqizo ukudla, ukuthola bohlu empeleni kuyadingeka ukuze bashise. Le ndlela akuhlali.

ukumuncwa spectra

Emission kanye ukumuncwa likhanyise ama-athomu njengoba indlela "isebenza" ezinhlangothini ezimbili. Ungakwazi kukhanye ukukhanya oku izidakamizwa broadband (ie, lapho kukhona izinhlayiyana eziningi zokukhanya ka banemibono engafani), bese ubone ukuthi asikaze ubude ukuncela. Kodwa le ndlela kufanelekile ngaso sonke isikhathi, qiniseka ukuthi okokusebenza obala ukuze ingxenye ofiselekayo esikalini kagesi.

ukuhlaziywa qualitative bobukhulu

Kwacaca ukuthi spectra esiyingqayizivele ekusebenziseni ngamunye. Umfundi bangase baphethe ngokuthi le ukuhlaziywa isetshenziselwa kuphela ukucacisa impahla okuyindawo senziwa. Nokho, ububanzi esingenzeka ngobubanzi okuningi. kuma-athomu e ngaphakathi kwakwakhe lingasethwa besebenzisa amasu ezikhethekile luhlolo ububanzi ekunakeni ukushuba imigqa okuholela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le nkomba ungaboniswa amayunithi ezahlukene:

• iphesenti (isibonelo, lokhu ingxubevange iqukethe 1% alumina);
• e amavukuzi (ziyoncibilika lolu ketshezi 3 Mol of sodium chloride);
• e amagremu (ekhona isampula 0.2 g uranium futhi cindezela 0.4 amagremu).

Kwesinye isikhathi analysis okuxubile: kokubili qualitative ambalwa. Kodwa kuyilapho zesayensi ngekhanda isikhundla imigca, sibukeze umthunzi wabo ngosizo amatafula ekhethekile, kodwa manje konke kwenza uhlelo.

Ukusetshenziswa bohlu

Sesixoxile kakade ngemibhalo ngokuningiliziwe, lokho ekushayweni kanye ukumuncwa likhanyise ama-athomu. ukuhlaziywa Spectral isetshenziswa kabanzi kakhulu. Akukho ndawo yizenzo zabantu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi sisuke sicabanga lomkhuba yayisetshenziswa. Nazi ezinye zazo:

1. Ekuqaleni kwalesi sihloko, sakhuluma ngokuthi Smartphones. izakhi Silicon Semiconductor babé elincane ngakho, kuhlanganise ngokusebenzisa zinhlayiya ucwaningo ngokusebenzisa ukuhlaziya Spectral.
2. Uma noma yimuphi sigameko kuba ubunjalo igobolondo electron ka-athomu ngalinye enquma onjani ichashazi wadubula lokuqala, kungani imoto yafa ngohlaka noma umbhoshongo crane, kanye ezinye ushevu ubuthi abantu nokuthi singakanani isikhathi ayihlala amanzi.
3. Medicine esetshenziswa ukuhlaziya Spectral kuzobazuzisa avame maqondana uketshezi lomzimba, kodwa kwenzeka ukuthi le ndlela isetshenziswa emisipheni.
4. imithala ekude, cosmic igesi amafu, amaplanethi phambi izinkanyezi - konke lokhu ufundwa ukukhanya noqhekeko yayo ku spectra. Ososayensi bazi ukubunjwa letintfo, isivinini zabo, izinqubo ezenzeka kubo ngenxa yokuthi bakwazi wasithatha futhi sihlaziye izinhlayiyana eziningi zokukhanya Zikhiphela noma zimuncwe yizitshalo.

isikali kagesi

Ngaphezu kwakho konke, siyinake ukukhanya ebonakalayo. Kodwa kulesi silinganiso kagesi kulesi sigaba lincane kakhulu. Iqiniso lokuthi iso womuntu akusho silungise ubanzi kakhulu eziyisikhombisa imibala rainbow. Can ezishisa kakhulu zikhipha izinhlayiyana eziningi zokukhanya bese ulalela hhayi kuphela ebonakalayo (λ = 380-780 NM), kodwa amanye izinhlayiyana eziningi zokukhanya. isikali kagesi kuhlanganisa:

1. namaza omsakazo (λ = 100 amakhilomitha) ukudlulisela ulwazi olude. Ngenxa nombono esikhulu kakhulu, amandla abo sincane kakhulu. Basuke esikuthola kalula kakhulu.
2. Terahertz wave (λ = 1-0,1 amamilimitha angu) kuze kube muva nje, abakade engatholakali kalula. Ngaphambili, ububanzi yabo kuhlanganisa amaza omsakazo, kodwa manje kulesi sigaba isikali kagesi aniketwa ngendlela esihlukile.
3. Isikhala seso wavelength (λ = 0,74-2000 micrometer) ukudluliswa ukushisa. Fire, ukukhanya, ilanga ezishisa kakhulu zikhipha izinhlayiyana kwabo ngokuchichimayo.

ukukhanya Kubonakala sibuyekeze, ngakho imininingwane eyengeziwe mayelana ngeke babhale.

Ultraviolet wavelength (λ = 10-400 NM) ebulalayo ngoba indoda ngokweqile, kodwa kusimo yabo awushintsheki. Inkanyezi yethu central unikeza omningi kwe-ultraviolet, futhi emkhathini woMhlaba azigcina okuningi ngayo.

X ray nakuma-gamma rays (λ <10 NM) linebanga ezivamile, kodwa kuhluke imvelaphi. Ukuze uthole kubo, kubalulekile ukuhlakaza electron noma ama-athomu kuya velocities eliphezulu kakhulu. Laboratory zabantu ziyakwazi-ke, kodwa ubunjalo amandla olunje izinkanyezi ngaphakathi, noma ukushayisana lezinto omkhulu kuphela. Isibonelo senqubo yokugcina ongakhonza ukuqhuma njengoba supernova, ukumuncwa inkanyezi ngu umgodi black, senzakalo zemithala emibili imithala namafu omkhulu igesi.

amagagasi kagesi wonke amabanga, okungukuthi ikhono lazo ukuba sasikhipha futhi amuncwa athomu, asetshenziswa umsebenzi womuntu. Kungakhathaliseki yokuthi umfundi amkhethile (noma nje yini abakhethiweyo) njengoba izindlela ekuphileni kwakhe, ngokuqinisekile nobuso ngemiphumela yocwaningo Spectral. Umdayisi ojabulela lokukhokha esibulalayo zanamuhla ngenxa kanye usosayensi watadisha izakhiwo izinto futhi wadala a microchip. KokuLima ivundisa amasimu ukuqoqa ezithela eliphezulu manje kuphela ngoba uma sesayensi yokwakheka komhlaba, zatholakala e ucezu phosphorus emkhandweni wensimbi. Igqoka izingubo elikhanyayo kuphela kokusungulwa eziphikelelayo chemical nodayi.

Kodwa uma umfundi efisa ukuxhuma ukuphila kwakhe emhlabeni yesayensi, ngabe kumele ufunde okuningi kuka nemiqondo eyisisekelo inqubo ekushayweni kanye ukumuncwa izinhlayiyana eziningi zokukhanya zokukhanya ama-athomu.