Imfundo:Isayensi

Imvelo yamagnetism kanye nomvuthwandaba. I-Ampere's hypothesis mayelana nemvelo yamagnetism

Eminyakeni engama-50 eyedlule, wonke amagatsha wesayensi aye phambili. Kodwa emva kokufunda omagazini abaningi mayelana nemvelo yamagnetism kanye nomvuthwandaba, umuntu angafinyelela esiphethweni sokuthi umuntu unemibuzo eminingi kunalokho.

Imvelo yamagnetism kanye nomvuthwandaba

Kusobala futhi kucace kubo bonke ukuthi izinto, eziphonswe phezulu, ziwa ngokushesha emhlabathini. Yini ebahehayo? Kungacatshangwa ngokuphephile ukuthi bakhangwa ngamanye amabutho angaziwa. Lawo mabutho ayebizwa ngokuthi - amandla adonsela phansi. Ngemuva kokuba umuntu ngamunye onentshisekelo abhekana nezingxabano eziningi, ukuqagela, ukucabanga kanye nemibuzo. Iyini uhlobo magnetism? Ziyini amagagasi ezithinta amandla? Ngenxa yimuphi umthelela owakhayo? Iyini isisekelo sabo, kanye nemvamisa? Zithinta kanjani imvelo kanye nomuntu ngamunye ngabanye? Ngabe lesi simo singasetshenziswa kanjani ukuze kuzuze impucuko?

Umqondo we-magnetism

Ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu lesishiyagalolunye leminyaka, i-physicist Oersted Hans Christian yathola insimu yamagnetic yamanje kagesi. Lokhu kwenzeke ukuba ucabange ukuthi uhlobo lwamagnetism luhlobene kakhulu nombane kagesi owenziwe ngaphakathi kwe-athomu ngalinye ekhona. Umbuzo uvela, yiziphi izenzakalo ezingachaza isimo semagnetism yasemhlabeni?

Kuze kube manje, sekuqinisekisiwe ukuthi amasimu magnetic ezintweni ezenziwe magneti aphethwe ama-electron, aqhubeka ajikeleza eduze kwe-axis yawo futhi eduze nombono we-athomu ekhona.

Sekuyisikhathi eside sekuqinisekisiwe ukuthi ukunyakaza okuphazamisayo kwamandla kagesi kuyamanje kagesi wamandla kagesi, futhi ukuhamba kwayo kudala isizukulwane sensimu yamagnetic. Ukufingqa lesi sigaba, kungase kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ama-electron, ngenxa ye-atotic dislocation ngaphakathi kwe-athomu, akhiqiza ama-intra-atomic, okuyinto eyasiza ekwakheni insimu yamagnetic.

Kodwa yikuphi isizathu sokuthi ngezinto ezihlukahlukene le nsimu yamagnetic inezinhlobo eziphawulekayo ngokwezifiso zayo, kanti futhi amandla ahlukene okugaya amagnetization? Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi izinkomba nezindlela zokufuduka kwamakhemikhali azimele ema-athomu zikwazi ukuhlala ezikhundleni ezehlukene ezihlobene nomunye nomunye. Lokhu kuholela ekutheni amasimu omhlaba akhiqizwa ama-electron ahambayo asezindaweni ezihambelana nazo.

Ngakho-ke, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi isikhala lapho insimu yamagnetic ivela khona inomthelela ngokuqondile kuyo, iphindaphinda noma ifinyelele insimu ngokwayo.

диамагнитные , а материалы, весьма слабо усиливающие магнитное поле, именуются парамагнитными . Izinto ezibonakalayo ezibuthakathaka insimu ehamba phambili zibizwa ngokuthi i- diamagnetic , futhi izinto ezingenamandla ukukhulisa insimu yamagnetic zibizwa ngokuthi i- paramagnetic .

Izici magnetic zezinto

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi uhlobo lwamagnetism alukhiqizi nje kuphela ngogesi kagesi, kodwa futhi ngamaginethi angunaphakade.

Amakhulumi angapheli angenziwa kusukela esincane semithi eMhlabeni. Kodwa kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi zonke izinto ezizobe zisendaweni yegnetic field, zizofakwa magnetized futhi zibe imithombo eqondile yensimu yamagnetic. Ukuhlaziya okungenhla, kufanelekile ukufaka ukuthi i-vector yokufakelwa kwamagnetic esimweni sobukhona bezindaba ihluke kwi-vector yokufakelwa kwamandla kagesi.

I-Ampere's hypothesis mayelana nemvelo yamagnetism

Ubuhlobo be-causal, obuholela ekuxhumaneni kwezimpahla ngezidalwa zamagnetic, kwatholakala ngososayensi ovelele waseFrance u-Andre-Marie Amper. Kodwa yini i-Ampere's hypothesis mayelana nemvelo yamagnetism?

Umlando unemvelaphi ngenxa yombono oqinile kulokho ososayensi abone. Wabona izifundo zika-Oersted Lmier, owathi ngesibindi ucabangela ukuthi imbangela yeMagnetism Yomhlaba yimizila evame ukuwela ngaphakathi emhlabeni. Umnikelo oyisisekelo nesibaluleke kunazo zonke wenziwa: izici magnetic zezidumbu zingachazwa ngokujikeleza okuqhubekayo kwamagagasi kuwo. Ngemuva kokuba i-Ampere igcizelele lesi siphetho esilandelayo: izici zamagnetic kwanoma yiziphi izidumbu ezikhona ziqokwe isifunda esivaliwe sezingxenyana kagesi ezigeleza ngaphakathi kwazo. открытия, объяснив магнитные особенности тел. Isitatimende se-physicist sasiyisibindi nesibindi, njengoba esedlula zonke izinto ezitholakalayo zangaphambili , echaza izici zamagciwane ezidumbu.

Ukuhambisa ama-electron namanje kagesi

I-hypothesis ye-Ampère ithi ngaphakathi kwe-athomu ngayinye kanye ne-molecule kukhona icala eliyisisekelo nokujikeleza kwamanje kagesi. Kumele uqaphele ukuthi kuze kube yimanje sisazi ukuthi amasondo afanayo akhiwa ngenxa yokunyakaza okuqhutshwayo okuqhubekayo kwama-athomu. Uma izindiza ezicacisiwe zihamba ngokulandelana ngenxa yokuhamba okufudumele kwama-molecule, izinqubo zabo zenziwa ngokugcwele futhi azikho neze izici zamagnetic. Futhi entweni enezimakethe, ama-currents elula ahlose ukwenza izenzo zabo zihlangane.

I-conjecture ye-Ampère iyakwazi ukuchaza ukuthi kungani imicibisholo yamagnetic kanye namafele anomshini kagesi emkhakheni wamagnetic uziphatha ngokufanayo. Umcibisholo, futhi, kufanele uthathwe njengeyinkimbinkimbi yezifunda ezincane zamanje, eziqondiswa ngokufanayo.

Iqembu elikhethekile lezinto eziphazamisekile, lapho i-magnetic field ikhuliswa kakhulu, ibizwa ngokuthi i-ferromagnetic. Lezi zinto zihlanganisa i-iron, i-nickel, i-cobalt ne-gadolinium (kanye nama-alloys awo).

Kodwa kanjani ukuchaza uhlobo lwamagnetism wamagesi angunaphakade? Izinsimu zamagnetic zakhiwa ama-ferromagnet hhayi kuphela ngenxa yokuhamba kwama-electron, kodwa futhi ngenxa yendlela yokunyakaza yabo eyayizondayo.

I-instantaneous momentum ( yomzuzu wayo wokujikeleza) uye wathola igama le-spin. Phakathi nesikhathi sonke sokuphila kwama-electron, ama-electron ajikeleza azungeze i-axis futhi, ephethe, adala insimu yamagnetic kanye nensimu eyakhiwe ngenxa yomsindo wabo we-orbital eduze nuclei.

Ukushisa kwama-Marie Curie

температура Кюри. Ukushisa okungenhla lapho umuthi we-ferromagnet ulahlekelwa khona ukukhanya kwe-magnetization inegama layo eliqondile - ukushisa kwe-Curie. Phela, kwakungumasosayensi waseFrance owenze lokhu kutholakala negama. Wafika esiphethweni: uma kubalulekile ukushisa into enamandla, uzolahlekelwa ithuba lokuheha izinto ezivela ensimbi.

Ama-ferromagneti nokusetshenziswa kwawo

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ayikho imizimba eminingi ye-ferromagnetic emhlabeni, izici zazo zamagnetic zinokusebenza okubalulekile nokubaluleka. Ingqikithi ekhoyili eyenziwe ngensimbi noma ensimbi ivuselela insimu yamagnetic izikhathi eziningi, kodwa ayidluli ukusetshenziswa kwamanje ku-coil. Lesi simo sisiza kakhulu ukusindisa ugesi. Ama-cores ayenziwa kuphela ngama-ferromagnet, futhi akunandaba ukuthi le nxenye isebenza ngani.

Ukurekhoda magnetic kolwazi

Ngosizo lwezintambo ze-ferromagnet, amateyipu okuqala amaganetic kanye namafilimu amancane amagnetic akhiqizwa. Amateyipu amagnetic asetshenziselwa kabanzi endaweni yokuqopha umsindo nevidiyo.

I-tape yamagnetic iyisisekelo sepulasitiki esine-chloride noma i-chloride ene-vinyl ene-polychlorinated. Phezu kwalo kufakwe isendlalelo, okuyi-magnetic varnish, equkethe isethi yamathambo ezincane ezinjengezinaliti ezinjengezinsimbi noma enye i-ferromagnet.

Inqubo yokurekhoda umsindo yenziwa ku-tape ngokusebenzisa ama-electromagnets asebenzayo ensimini magnetic ngesikhathi sokuguqulwa kwemisindo. Ngenxa yokuhamba kwetheyipu eduze nenhloko yamagnetic, ingxenye ngayinye yefilimu ikhonjiswe kumagnetization.

Imvelo yokudonsela phansi kanye nemiqondo yayo

Okokuqala, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi amandla adonsela phansi namandla ayo akhona ngaphakathi komthetho we-gravitation yendawo yonke, ethi: Amaphuzu amabili okumbumbuluzana athola amandla ngokulingana nesigcawu sebanga eliphakathi kwabo.

Isayensi yanamuhla yaqala ukucabangela imibono yekhono lokuvuthisa kancane ngokuhlukile futhi ichaza njengento yesandla esithintekayo seMhlaba ngokwawo, umsuka wawo, ngeshwa, awusungulwa ososayensi.

Ukufingqa konke okushiwo ngenhla, ngifuna ukuqaphela ukuthi konke okusemhlabeni wethu kuyahambisana kakhulu, futhi akukho umehluko ophawulekayo phakathi kwamandla adonsela phansi namagnetti. Ngempela, amandla adonsela phansi anemagnetism efanayo, hhayi okuningi. Emhlabeni, awukwazi ukunqamula into ngaphandle kwemvelo - i-magnetism ne-gravity iphukile, okuyinto esikhathini esizayo engabangela kakhulu ukuphila kwempucuko. Kubalulekile ukuvuna izithelo zokutholakala kwesayensi ososayensi abakhulu futhi balwela impumelelo entsha, kodwa ukusebenzisa konke okunikezwayo kulandela ukulinganisa, ngaphandle kokulimaza imvelo nesintu.

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