England The History of Afghanistan

Inguquko le-capitalism e isigaba saso lingabacindezeli kwaphawulwa imizamo emisha of England izakhe e Afghanistan. Njengoba sinqatshiwe isiphakamiso waseRussia ngo-1873 kuya ku cabanga Afghanistan a "zone kokungathathi hlangothi" phakathi ezibonakalayo Russian e-Asia Ephakathi futhi yeBritish India futhi ukwenza njenge guarantors ka kutimela Afghanistan, nababusi balo British futhi baqala ukulungiselela impi. Ngo-1878 waqala kuhlasela entsha ye British e-Afghanistan. Bangazihluphi ingxenye enkulu yalo, eNgilandi, ngo-May 1879 esiphethwe Emir Yakub sivumelwano eziboshiwe ka gandamak oholele ukudazuluka yentukuthelo kuleli zwe. Abantu bakwa-Afghanistan kanye wabuye wavuka yaso emzabalazweni. Empini odumile Maiwand (27 July 1879) kanye nokuvinjelwa okwalandela kwezinhloko zamaviyo aseBrithani Kandahar, empini ngenxa Kabul futhi Ghazni, eBritish balahlekelwa esindayo ngo-1880 baphoqeleka ukuba babaleke amabutho azo. Kulezi zimo, kubaphathi bamakoloni British kwahluleka ukufeza ngokugcwele ukuqashelwa Afghanistan kwazo zonke izihloko isivumelwano sokuthula gandamak. Ngo Inqubomgomo yasekhaya, laba babusi Afghan ukugcina ukuzimela, kodwa kuphela ngokusebenzisa Viceroy yeBritish India kwakufanele kwenzeke Afghanistan ubudlelwane angaphandle.

Impi onikezwe kubantu baseNgilandi Afghanistan babe umonakalo omkhulu okungabantu kanye nempahla ukulahlekelwa, acekele phansi amabutho elikhiqizayo lizwe, okubangelwa umonakalo ezolimo, umsebenzi wezandla, ukuhweba yasekhaya, okwenza kwaba nzima nentuthuko yezenhlalo nezomnotho kanye namasiko yezwe lonke.

Kule minyaka emibili emashumini kwekhulu XIX. Afghanistan kwenziwa uhlelo izinyathelo ukuthi kwadingeka inhloso njengamanje lokusungulwa izisekelo kwesimo eyodwa uhlobo absolutist. Sihlose yokugcizelela igunya central kanye kwakuwukuthi eyisihlubuki Emir Abdur Rahman Khan (1880-1901) is kugcwele Izindawo ka Afghan enyakatho e oasis izindawo Bal ha, Mazar-i-Sharif, Baghlan, Kunduz, Hazarajat, Haza-Reitz, aimaq abantu, Turkmens, Uzbeks - ezindaweni eningizimu; Indawo futhi kwaba Nurystan ukwazi. Izifiki wathola umhlaba - mahhala noma ngaphansi kwezimo ezimvunayo. Ngenxa yalokho lezi Ukuthuthwa esikhundleni uhulumeni wendawo eyodwa apharathasi zokuphatha eliholwa emir uqoka nababusi izifundazwe, ayesekelwe edala ibutho njalo, amaphoyisa kanye gendarmerie. Emir wayebhekwa njengenhloko yomkhaya wonke amaSulumane yezwe futhi nkosi angenamkhawulo, nakuba empeleni ukubhodloza ithonya ebukhosini futhi isikhundla izizwe Afghan, wayengekho ukwazi. Abaningi babo bayaqhubeka bejabulela izinzuzo ngokugcwele noma kancane emthwalweni intela. ukwesekwa Social iziphathimandla Emir babe ezempi kanye nesimo sama futhi izinduna, ngubani, ukuba izwe yangasese futhi ungayembethe nabezempi lempi, babedinga igunya namandla eyodwa futhi ibutho njalo. Bona basizakala labantu intela ukukhokha Afghan kanye non-Afghan, abaningi esikhokhelwayo, eqoqwe ikakhulu ngendlela efanayo, kanye nentela yelevi.