Futurists - ubani lo? Futurists Russian. Isiliva Ubudala Futurist

Futurism (kusuka futurum Latin, elisho "ikusasa") - lo avant-garde ukunyakaza zobuciko eYurophu 1910-1920, eRussia ngokuyinhloko futhi Italy .. Wawufuna ukwakha okuthiwa 'ubuciko esizayo ", njengoba nabantu bale limenyezelwe manifest.

Ngo umsebenzi FT Marinetti, imbongi isiNtaliyane, isiRashiya Cubo-Futurists ongcono "Gilei", kanye kubahlanganyeli "Mezzanine izinkondlo", "Ego-Futurists Association", "Spin" kunqatshelwe isiko wendabuko njengoba ifa "esidlule", akhiwa aesthetics umshini umkhakha futhi urbanism .

izici isici

Ukuze yokudweba kule ndawo libhekene Izigaxana ifomu, ukuqhela, ezinikezwa amaningi izisusa ezahlukene, efana summation we okuholela okusheshayo-motion isipiliyoni. E-Italy, i-Futurists -. Lokhu uJohane Severini, U. Boccioni. Esikhathini izincwadi, kukhona nenye letingemaciniso kanye documentary impahla, izinkondlo - nokucwaninga ngolimi ( 'umbhedo "noma" amagama inkululeko "). Russian imbongi Futurist - kuyinto V. Mayakovsky V. Hlebnikov, I. Owasenyakatho, A. E. Kruchenyh.

amaqembu

Lokhu kuthambekela kwavela eminyakeni 1910-1912, kanye acmeism. Acmeists, futurists kanye nabamele amanye imisinga ye yesimanjemanje emsebenzini wakhe futhi inyunyana babe self-eziphikisa. Okubaluleke kakhulu amaqembu Futurists, kamuva eyabizwa ngokuthi Cubo-Futurism, united izimbongi ezihlukahlukene Isiliva Age. Isenzakalo esidume kunazo zonke ye imbongi yalo Futurist - kuyinto V. Hlebnikov, D. D. Burlyuk, V. Kamensky, Kruchenykh V. Mayakovsky nabanye. Egofuturizm I. Severianin (imbongi I. V Lotarev, neminyaka yokuphila - 1887-1941) wayengomunye izinhlobonhlobo lokhu kuthambekela. Eqenjini "Centrifuge" baqala umsebenzi wabo eyaziwa izimbongi Soviet B. L. Pasternak futhi uN N. Aseev.

Inkululeko izwi olusankondlo

Futurists Russian wamemezela ukuzimela ifomu kanye nokuqukethwe, ukwanda kokukhiqizwa yayo, inkululeko angenamkhawulo izwi senkondlo. Benqaba ngokuphelele amasiko etemibhalo. Esikhathini Manifesto, nge cocky kakhulu ngokuthi "ngempama ukunambitheka umphakathi", eshicilelwe eqoqweni elifanayo 1912, abameleli lo mkhuba bakhuthazwa ukuba balahle the "umkhumbi yesimanjemanje" neyaziwayo iziphathimandla ezifana Dostoevsky, Pushkin futhi UTolstoy. Kruchenykh bavikela ilungelo imbongi ukudala, ngolimi lwabo "abstruse", okuyinto ayibalulekile ethile. amavesi lakhe eqinisweni sithathelwe indawo engaqondakali, setha lutho yamagama. Kodwa VV Kamensky (iminyaka yokuphila - 1884-1961) kanye V Khlebnikov (iminyaka yokuphila - 1885-1922) bakwazi ukufeza umsebenzi wakhe ucwaningo kakhulu kanye ngolimi umthelela kwayenza yathela izinkondlo kazwelonke.

Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky

I-Futurist futhi kwaba imbongi edumile uVladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky (1893-1930). izinkondlo zakhe kuqala yashicilelwa ngo-1912. Vladimir Vladimirovich esilethe kule ndawo indaba ephathwayo ayo, okuyinto kusukela ekuqaleni kwenza kube ivelele phakathi kwamanye amalungu. Mayakovsky, Futurist akwazile ukuze kwakhiwe impilo entsha emphakathini, hhayi kuphela ngokumelene ezihlukahlukene "ukungcola".

Ngo inguquko esandulelayo 1917 ngenkathi imbongi kwaba romantic wamavukelambuso, ngubani wayisola okuthiwa umbuso "okunamafutha", wabona kusengaphambili okusondelayo Isivunguvungu senguqula-mbuso. Bephika bonke ubudlelwane kosozimali ohlelweni olukhona, wamemezela ukholo sezifundo kumuntu e izinkondlo ezifana "The backbone umtshingo", 'Ifu e ibhulukwe ", le" ndoda "," War and Peace ". Isihloko eyanyatheliswa ngo-1915 (kuphela ngesimo ufushanisiwe ka ukucwaninga), le nkondlo 'Ifu e ibhulukwe "imbongi ngokwakhe kuchazwa olunye njengoba 4 ukumemeza" Phansi! "Phansi nge uthando, ubuciko, ukuze futhi inkolo. Wayengomunye izimbongi wokuqala Russian yabonisa iqiniso somphakathi omusha emavesini yabo.

nihilism

Eminyakeni esandulele inguquko izinkondlo Russian yayikhona ubuntu elikhanyayo, okuyinto kwakunzima ukuba kuthiwe ethile ukunyakaza etemibhalo. It M. I. Tsvetaeva (1892-1941) kanye M. Voloshin (1877-1932). Ngemva 1910 kunesinye isiqondiso entsha - futurism, melanani ngokwayo zonke izincwadi, hhayi kuphela esikhathini esidlule kodwa nakulokho okwamanje. It weza ezweni benesifiso ukuketula zonke kwezifiso. Nihilism kungabonakala umklamo zangaphandle izimbongi amaqoqo, okuyinto yashicilelwa ngemuva sangemuva noma iphepha evala kanye izihloko zabo - "Dead Moon", "nobisi lwawo" nezinye ejwayelekile inkondlo Futurist.

"Ngempama Zokunambitha Yomphakathi"

Esikhathini sokuqala eshicilelwe ngo-1912 incwadi ethi "ngempama Zokunambitha Yomphakathi" esanyatheliswa isimemezelo. Yayisayinwe owaziwa izimbongi-futurists. Kwaba Andrew Kruchenykh, uDavide Burliuk, uVladimir Mayakovsky futhi Velimir Khlebnikov. Kuyo bathi ilungelo labo kuphela into, ukuba abakhulumeli nkathi yakhe. Izimbongi inqatshelwe njengoba kwezifiso Dostoyevsky sika, Pushkin, Tolstoy, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo futhi Balmont, akhe "amakha ubufebe," Andreyev nge "slime ezingcolile" yakhe, Maxim Gorky, u-Alexander Blok, Aleksandra Kuprina nabanye.

Ukwenqaba zonke futurists Manifesto ubeka "umbani" izwi self-ezibalulekile. Ngaphandle uzama, ngokungafani Vladimira Vladimirovicha Mayakovskogo, lokuketula oda ekhona yokuxhumana nabantu, bayakwethemba ngifuna ukuvuselela amafomu yakhe. In the version Russian of kwesiqubulo esithi "impi - kuphela inhlanzeko zomhlaba", kubhekwa isisekelo Futurism isiNtaliyane, waba buthaka, Nokho, ngokuvumelana Valery Bryusov, lokhu imibono yokungabi nandaba namanje "wama phandle phakathi kwemigqa."

Njengoba kuphawuliwe Vadim Shershenevich, Isiliva Ubudala Futurist lokuqala livuselwa ezingeni ifomu efanele, wasinikeza a ukubaluleka uthishanhloko, isici samotselevogo umsebenzi. Bona categorically wamlahla amavesi ezilotshwe nje ngenxa umbono. Ngakho-ke, kwakukhona Lisethi lemigomo esisemthethweni wamemezela.

Ulimi olusha

Velimir Khlebnikov, omunye umhlaziyi we Futurism, yamemezela ulimi olusha "abstruse" njengoba ulimi esizayo emhlabeni wonke. It ilahlekelwa incazelo yegama elithi, esikhundleni yokuzuza ngomqondo subjective. Ngakho, onkamisa ziqondwa njengoba isikhala kanye nesikhathi (aspirational), ongwaqa - umsindvo, umbala, nephunga. Emzamweni ukunweba imingcele kolimi, inikeza ukudala amazwi ngesisekelo impande (impande: izintelezi ..., ingqondo ... - "thina Charu zibuye zesabe").

Aestheticism simvolisticheskoy futhi ikakhulukazi izinkondlo Acmeist Futurists kuqhathaniswa ladvwetjelwe deestetizatsiyu. Ngokwesibonelo, 'izinkondlo - zincwadi zazizindala wench "UDavide Burliuk. Valeriy Bryusov e ukubuyekezwa "Unyaka izinkondlo Russian" (1914) wathi, siphawula luhlata bayazi izinkondlo Futurist, akwanele ukumthethisa lutho ngaphandle umbuthano wabo, ukuthola into entsha. Waphawula ukuthi zonke lezi ezintsha izimbongi ifuna engokomfanekiso. Sihlangana nabo izinkondlo kwekhulu le-18, e-Virgil futhi Pushkin, futhi umsindo-imibala theory kwahlongozwa Teofilem gote.

yinkimbinkimbi Ubuhlobo

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi, zonke ekuphikeni ubuciko, le Futurists Isiliva Ubudala banomuzwa ngokuqhubeka kufanekisa. Ngakho, u-Alexander Blok, ezaziphethe umsebenzi Igorya Severyanina uthi ngokukhathazeka ukuthi akanayo ngesihloko futhi isihloko 1915 Valeriy Bryusov kuqashelwe ukuthi ukungakwazi ukucabanga futhi ukuntula ulwazi ngiyilulaze izinkondlo zakhe. Yena usola Owasenyakatho e vulgarity, ukunambitheka embi, ikakhulukazi ubukela phansi izinkondlo zakhe mayelana nempi.

Ngisho emuva ngo-1912 u-Aleksandr Blok ukuthi wayesaba lokho modernists abanalo core. Ngokushesha, welithi "Futurist" futhi "ibhoklolo" babé lahlotshaniswa ukongamela yomphakathi leyo minyaka. Cindezela babelamukela walandela "ubuqhawe" Abadali of the art entsha. Ngenxa yalokhu, baba waziwa umphakathi, ukhangwa eziningi ukunakwa. Umlando lo mkhuba eRussia ubuhlobo eziyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwala maqembu ezine eziyinhloko, ngalinye elikwazi naye wayekholelwa ukuthi iveza futurism "iqiniso", futhi ngolaka wagomela nabanye, inselele indima isihloko. Le mpi kwenzeka ngo-mutual ukugxekwa kwemali, okwandisa nokuzihlukanisa ubutha yabo. Kodwa ngezinye izikhathi amalungu amaqembu ehlukene wathutha komunye noma bebuthanela.