Ephakathi - yilokhu ekhulwini? Uyini ngasekupheleni kweNkathi Ephakathi

Ephakathi - inkathi yentuthuko olubanzi umphakathi European, esehlanganise 5-15 th AD leminyaka. It kwaqalisa isikhathi ngemva kokuwa enkulu yoMbuso WaseRoma, phezu - ekuqaleni izinguquko kwezezimboni eNgilandi. Kulezi eminyakeni engamakhulu ayishumi Europe ifikile ibanga elide yentuthuko, libhekene ukuthuthelwa elikhulu lezizwe, ukwakheka kwamazwe main European futhi ukuvela ezikhumbuzo enhle kunazo zonke emlandweni - amasonto ababhishobhi Gothic.

Kuyini isici eyenziwa ngenkathi ephakathi emphakathini

isikhathi ngasinye zomlando inezici yaso ehlukile. Isikhathi zomlando iyathinteka.

Inkathi Ephakathi - kuyinto:

• umnotho nezokulima - iningi labantu wasebenza kwezolimo;
• the predominance yabantu basemakhaya komuzi (ikakhulukazi enkathini yokuqala);
• indima enkulu kakhulu esontweni;
• ukunamathela eziyalezweni lobuKristu;
• eziMpini Zokholo;
• feudalism;
• ukuvela isizwe-uthi;
• Culture: ababhishobhi Gothic, temdzabu, izinkondlo.

Ephakathi - yilokhu ekhulwini?

Inkathi ihlukaniswe izinkathi ezintathu eziyinhloko:

• Early - 5-10 eminyaka th. n. e.
• High - 10-14 eminyaka th. n. e.
• Kamuva - (16) leminyaka imizuzu 14-15. n. e.

Umbuzo ka "Ephakathi - yilokhu Century 'ongenazimpande impendulo ecacile, kukhona kuphela eseduze izibalo - umbono ka iqembu lezazi-mlando.

izinkathi ezintathu zihluke kakhulu nomunye: ekuqaleni kwenkathi entsha yeYurophu nezikhathi elinezinkathazo - izikhathi ukuntengantenga kanye nokwehlukaniswa, ekupheleni kwekhulu le-15, bakha umphakathi nezimiso zayo ehlukile lamasiko.

I okuphakade ingxabano kuqhakanjiswe isayensi ne okunye

Ngezinye izikhathi ungase uzwe isitatimende :. "Antiquity - iyona Ephakathi" indoda Bafunde ibambe ikhanda lakhe lapho ezwa kulokhu ukuduka. isayensi Esemthethweni ebheka khona ukuthi Ephakathi - inkathi, lwaqala ngemva ukuthunjwa Western WamaRoma namaqaba ekhulwini 5th. n. e.

Kodwa izazimlando okunye (Fomenko) ungabelani umbono wesayensi olusemthethweni. Esiyingini yabo, ungezwa isitatimende :. "Antiquity - iyona Ephakathi" It uzotshelwa hhayi kusukela bengenalwazi, kodwa ngelinye ihlo. Ubani kholwa ongenalo - unquma. Sihlanganyela umbono umlando olusemthethweni.

Kanjani konke kwaqala: ngokuwa okukhulu uMbuso WaseRoma

Ukuthunjwa eRoma bakhona - lena senzakalo esingokomlando sina kwaba ekuqaleni kwenkathi ka ephakathi eYurophu.

Empire eyathatha amakhulu eminyaka 12, phakathi nalesi sikhathi, uye zanqwabelana isipiliyoni eliyigugu futhi ulwazi abantu bashone lwanyamalala emva izizwe ngonya we Ostrogoths, Huns kanye Gauls wathatha ingxenye yayo entshonalanga (476 BC. E.).

Inqubo kwaba kancane kancane: kuqala, out of control eRoma athumba sifundazwe, ngemva kwalokho lawela Centre. Engxenyeni esempumalanga yaleli umbuso, nenhloko-dolobha yalo eConstantinople (manje Istanbul) waqhubeka kwaze kwaba ngekhulu le-15.

Ngemva bamba kanye isaka eRoma bakhona Europe shí le enkathini yobumnyama. Naphezu kweziphazamiso abalulekile futhi ukudideka, izizwe bakwazi ukuhlanganisa ukudala isimo esihlukile futhi isiko esiyingqayizivele.

Ekuqaleni kweNkathi Ephakathi - iyona Inkathi "enkathini yobumnyama": 5-10 eminyaka th. n. e.

Phakathi nale nkathi, esifundazweni okubi okwakugcwele eMbusweni WaseRoma baba uthi, nombuso, abaholi Hun, ukulungele futhi Franks wamemezela ngokwabo ezo, amagrafu, nezinye izihloko sina. Kuyamangalisa ukuthi babekholelwa ukuthi leli ubuntu onegunya kunabo futhi wathatha amandla abo.

Kwabe sekuvela ukuthi, izizwe ngowezizwe kwakungafanele zasendle ngakho, njengoba ungacabanga sicabanga ababenakho ekuqaleni wekuba sive futhi wayazi ngesikhathi bakudala ezingeni yokusansimbi.

Le nkathi kwaba futhi esiphawulekayo lokuthi kwakukhona izigodi ezintathu:

• abefundisi;
• izikhulu;
• abantu.

Ukuze abantu baphathwe abalimi, ababazi kanye abathengisi. Angaphezu kuka 90% abantu ahlala emizaneni wasebenza emasimini. uhlobo Ukusebenza epulazini kwakuke kwaba nezokulima.

High Ephakathi - 10-14 eminyaka th. n. e.

usadlondlobele kwamasiko. Eyokuqala libhekene ekwakhekeni yalelozwe ezithile, isici umuntu owayephila ngenkathi ephakathi. Horizons titfutfukiswe: kwakukhona isithombe enhle, ukuthi kunengqondo ekubeni, futhi izwe kuyinto enhle nobunye.

Inkolo esadlala indima ezinkulukazi - abantu bakhulekela uNkulunkulu, ukuya esontweni futhi wazama ukulandela izindinganiso zeBhayibheli.

Ukuze babe nobuhlobo ukuhweba esitebeleni phakathi East and West: abathengisi nabahambi ebuya emazweni akude, ngokuletha zobumba, amatshe, izinongo kanye nesipiliyoni esisha lamazwe exotic Asian. Konke lokhu kwaba nesandla enanini elihle ukwanda jikelele kwezemfundo e-Europe.

Phakathi nale nkathi kwakukhona isithombe sendoda-knight, ubani kuze kube namuhla, amantombazane ekahle kakhulu. Nokho, lapha kukhona ezinye umehluko wemisindo nemiqondo yamagama, okubonisa neodnoznanost niwubone umzimba wakhe. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-knight wayeyinkosi eyiqhawe elinesibindi abanesibindi futhi abanesibindi, asifungela umbhishobhi ukuvikela izwe lawo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kwakuwumyalezo ngendlela enesihluku futhi ongenazimiso - indlela kuphela ukulwa isixuku namaqaba nesihluku.

Yena uqinisekile kwaba "inkosikazi", okuyiwona walwa. Efingqa, singasho ukuthi knight - sibalo impikiswano enkulu, ehlanganisa izimfanelo futhi ngikwazi ukuthenga ugwayi notshwala.

Ngasekupheleni kweNkathi Ephakathi - imizuzu 14-15 (16) leminyaka. n. e.

mlando zaseNtshonalanga cabanga ekupheleni Ephakathi, ekutholakaleni Melika uColumbus (Okthoba 12, 1492). mlando Russian unombono ohlukile - ekuqaleni izinguquko kwezezimboni ngekhulu le-16.

I Autumn Ephakathi (igama wesibili oqopha umlando ngasekupheleni) besihambisana nesiminyaminya kumiswa emadolobheni amakhulu. Futhi, kwakukhona emikhulu ongumlimi kokubhikisha kwango - ekugcineni waba class khulula.

IYurophu alahlekelwa ongathí sina ngokuphila nangokukhulekela ngenxa yenhlupho. Lesi sifo sabulala nabantu abaningi, labantu kwamanye amadolobha uwile ngesigamu.

Ngasekupheleni kweNkathi Ephakathi - inkathi ifinyelele esiphethweni esinengqondo inkathi ocebile emlandweni European, eyathatha mayelana Eyinkulungwane.

Eminyakeni Eyikhulu neMpi: umfanekiso Joan of Arc

Ngasekupheleni kweNkathi Ephakathi - kuba ukungqubuzana naseFrance, okuyinto iminyaka engaphezu kweyikhulu.

sína, setha ukuthuthukiswa Vector yeYurophu, kwaba iMpi Yeminyaka Engamashumi Angamakhulu '(1337-1453 GG.). Kwakungekhona impela impi hhayi ngokuphelele iminyaka eyikhulu. Elinengqondo kwalesi senzakalo esingokomlando ngokuthi standoff phakathi naseFrance, ngezinye izikhathi ludlulele ngaphakathi i isigaba asebenzayo.

Konke lokhu kwaqala ingxabano phezu EFlanders, lapho inkosi yaseNgilandi baqala ukubeka isimangalo kuya okhakhayini French. Ekuqaleni, impumelelo ehambisana UK: ongumlimi eziqhelelene elincane abacibisheli wahlasela Knights French. Kodwa-ke isimangaliso kwenzeka: Joan of Arc wazalwa.

Le ntombazane usinamathelise nge ukuma wesilisa kwaba bengezona iziphoxi kanye nentsha ababeyizazi ezindabeni zezempi. UBooysen wakwazi ukusho ukuthi ngokomoya ukuhlanganisa French kanye nayo iBritish ukulwa emuva ngenxa izinto ezimbili:

• Wayekholelwa ngobuqotho ukuthi lokhu kuyenzeka;
• Washayela ngoba ubunye bonke French lapho sibhekene nesitha.

Umphumela iMpi Yeminyaka Engamashumi Angamakhulu ' Kwakuwukunqoba yeFrance, uJoan kucinga langena umlando njengoba Heroine kazwelonke.

Inkathi Medieval inqubo unezela iningi amazwe aseYurophu futhi ukwakheka umphakathi European iphelile.

ngenkathi imiphumela impucuko European

Isikhathi zomlando Ephakathi - iminyaka eyinkulungwane, ukuthuthukiswa ezithakazelisayo kakhulu sempucuko eNtshonalanga. Uma umuntu ofanayo esiwavakashele kuqala ekuqaleni kweNkathi Ephakathi, bese sahamba kwaze kwaba phakathi nekhulu le-15, yena ngabe wafunda endaweni efanayo, abalulekile zagcwaliswa kanjalo izinguquko.

Ake enumerate kafushane ngemiphumela eyinhloko Ephakathi:

• ukuvela emadolobheni amakhulu;
• ukusatshalaliswa amanyuvesi eYurophu;
• ukwamukelwa of ubuKristu ngokubhubhisa iningi lezakhamuzi European;
• scholasticism Avreliya Avgustina futhi Fomy Akvinskogo;
• isiko esiyingqayizivele KweNkathi Ephakathi - isakhiwo, izincwadi nezobuciko;
• ukuzimisela ongazithola emphakathini waseNtshonalanga ye-European esigabeni esisha ukuthuthukiswa.

Injwayelo yokufuna ukuba Ephakathi

Inkathi Ephakathi - ngokuyinhloko isiko isici. Ngezansi kuyaqondakala umqondo ezibanzi, okubandakanya impumelelo angaphatheki kanye obucacile bokuthi abantu bangaleso sikhathi. Lezi zihlanganisa:

• izakhiwo;
• izincwadi;
• imidwebo.

izakhiwo

Lokho ababhishobhi abaningi abadumile European ezakhiwa kule nkathi. chwepheshe benkathi ephakathi wadala okujabulisa yezakhiwo at izitayela ezimbili ethize: ongumRoma Gothic.

Eyokuqala eladabuka entshonalanga Yurophu ekhulwini th 11-13. Lokhu kuthambekela yezakhiwo kwahluka okukhulu futhi zaba namandla kakhulu. Amasonto kanye izinqaba isitayela Romanesque kube yilolu suku ugqozi umuzwa ebumnyameni Ephakathi. Isenzakalo esidume kunazo zonke zihlanganisa Bamberg Cathedral.

Isitayela Gothic akabashiyi ubani nandaba: ubuhlakani kanye Sublimity sezakhiwo Gothic lezimanga.

Lapho kwazalelwa Gothic - France. Emhlabeni ngekhulu le-12 kwaqala ukuvela isakhiwo sokuqala lesi sitayela. Bakhandwa zihlukaniswa emaceleni nenhle, ngasezulwini, futhi eziningi ibala ingilazi ukukhanya.

Isihambi eyinkimbinkimbi uzothola ababhishobhi abaningi gothic futhi emaholo ku emazweni Western Europe. Nokho, ukugxila evelele kunazo zonke:

• Notre Dame;
• Strasbourg Cathedral;
• Cologne Cathedral.

izincwadi

izincwadi European Ephakathi kuyinto Symbiosis zezinkondlo Christian, umcabango lasendulo futhi abantu yeqhawe. Akekho uhlobo izincwadi emhlabeni ngeke kuqhathaniswe nge izincwadi kanye ballads yabhalwa abalobi ephakathi.

Ezinye izindaba ngalokho izimpi nibaluleke! Ngokuvamile uthole buyinto ezithakazelisayo: abantu abathintekayo impi enkulu eyenziwa ngenkathi ephakathi (isib, Battle of Ganstingse), engaqondile ababhala: base sofakazi kuqala izenzakalo.

Akwaziwa abalobi medieval kwakuyilawa:

• Aurelius (esibusisekile) U-Augustine - uyise ka scholasticism. Wazihlanganisa umbono kaNkulunkulu nefilosofi lasendulo ngo yakhe "City of God."
• Dante Alighieri - nomele okhazimulayo izinkondlo ephakathi. Wabhala: "The Divine Comedy."
• Zhan Maro - lokubhala temibhalo yephrozi. umsebenzi Famous - "Incwadi amakhosazana izintokazi zasebukhosini."

Ephakathi - lena ngenkathi Chivalry nezincwadi enhle. Endleleni wokuphila, amasiko nemikhuba yabantu singafundani abalobi izincwadi.

imidwebo

Amadolobha wakhula, amasonto eyakhelwe, ngokulandelana, futhi kwakukhona ukufunwa umhlobiso zokuhlobisa zezakhiwo. Ngezinye, lokhu Izakhiwo zokuqala ukhathazekile ezinkulu ezisemadolobheni, bese abacebile abantu izindlu.

Ephakathi - kwenkathi kumiswa Umdwebo European.

On ezidumile kakhulu esibonisa izigcawu waseBhayibhelini - I uMariya Ingane, isifebe yaseBhabhiloni, "I Annunciation" nokunye. Ukusabalala triptychs (izithombe ezintathu ezincane eyodwa) diptrihi (izithombe ezimbili kwelinye). Abaculi ngesineke izindonga yesonto, emaholo, zaveza ingilazi ibala amawindi ngoba amasonto.

art Medieval kuhlangene ngokungenakuhlukaniswa ubuKristu nokukhulekela Virgin Mary. Masters kuvezwa ngokuhlukile: kodwa singasho into eyodwa - lezi zithombe iyisimangaliso.

Ephakathi - isikhathi phakathi umlando zasendulo nezanamuhla. Kuyinto kule nkathi kwavula indlela izinguquko kwezezimboni nabakhulu okutholakele womhlaba.