Eqoshiwe ku imithetho itshe insika: imithetho King uHammurabi

Isayensi yemivubukulo iye njalo wavula esintwini izimfihlo ngaphambili. Enye yezinto eziyigugu kakhulu wenza ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 emzini eShushani lasendulo, steel ezibaziweyo ku insika itshe imithetho, eyayibonakala kuqala elalibizwa ngokuthi iKhanana yimithetho uHammurabi. Kuyini ikhodi yokuqala, futhi kwakungubani kumdlali? Lokhu kuzoxoxwa ngakho manje.

Wayengubani uHammurabi: Biography emfushane

Mayelana uHammurabi, inkosi yaseBhabhiloni lasendulo State, ngaphambi ukugibela eziya esihlalweni sobukhosi, kangako. Ngo 1793 BC, waba umbusi yedwa kuze umbuso wakhe omncane. Cishe ngokuphazima kweso, waqala amalungiselelo impi uchuku ezungezile lizisho: Larsa, isin, Malgiuma, Rapikuma futhi Uruk. Izinhlelo zakhe ziye lwenteke ekupheleni 1781, kodwa isikhathi sethu, okuholela uHammurabi united emazweni Lower eMesophothamiya ibe umbuso onamandla, engazi ukuhlulwa.

Ukugomela kwamandla obukhosi futhi benethonya elikhulu yombuso wakhe emnothweni kanye lezimpahla-imali ubudlelwane esifundeni namanje nakakhulu amandla akhe autocratic. Kodwa ukwenza le mikhankaso sokunqotshwa waba yinkosi abadumile.

Izimo zethu zihluke kakhulu impumelelo ngaleso sikhathi kwaba ukwakha uhlobo umthethosisekelo - uHammurabi. Eqoshiwe ku imithetho itshe insika, ngaleso sikhathi wahlala eBhabhiloni, baba somlando hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi umthombo ezinhle ulwazi mayelana nesakhiwo wombuso kanye nokuphila emphakathini ngaleso sikhathi.

Ukubukeka insika itshe nemithetho

imithetho uHammurabi zibhalelwe ngolimi nesi, okuyinto esicishe ungathi-cuneiform zamagama. Eqoshiwe ku imithetho itshe insika walondoloza ngokuphelele, okuyinto bavunyelwe kahle ibheka konke imininingwane kwezomthetho kanye nesimo apharathasi eBhabhiloni phakathi nokubusa kuka-umsunguli imithetho, kanye amakhulu amaningi eminyaka ngemva kokufa kwakhe.

Ngokwakhe insika eyenziwe basalt, idwala sasivumela okuqinile. phambi ingxenye yakhe engenhla lwaluba esiqoshiwe sase-ka uHammurabi enikwa nonkulunkulu welanga uShamash labo imithetho efanayo.

Ezinye izindaba zika-surface embozwe kwakunemibhalo eqoshiwe, ucacisa ukuthi umuntu kufanele aphile ezweni kunangesikhathi uholwe iyiphi imisebenzi, esitokisini noma isehlukaniso, futhi lichaza izinhlawulo main lapho kahle. Umbhalo yizinqamu ezintathu okunemibandela: isingeniso, 282 umthetho bese esiphethweni. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi kuqoshwe kuyo imithetho itshe nsika liyalondolozwa ngokugcwele: 35 babo baye lisuswe. Noma kunjalo, wakwazi ukuthola i-ngosizo imibhalo ezigcinwe emtatsheni inkosi yase-Asiriya-Ashurbanipal.

Imithetho King uHammurabi: Kukuziphi izici zokuphila lulawulwa umthetho

UHammurabi, ngokuvumelana babeka phansi imithetho basalt amakholomu, uzama axazulule cishe yonke imikhakha yempilo ezweni lakhe. Imithetho aqukethe ezihlukahlukene izinto emkhakheni ubudlelwane ukuhweba, ikakhulukazi sezimali ezikweletwayo umdayisi ukudayisa impahla engaphephile, kuhlanganise izinto zokuhloba, indwangu, ngisho nemikhumbi. Eqoshiwe ku ilungelo itshe insika ukuchaza imininingwane, kanye nemiphumela yanoma yikuphi yicala, noma ngabe nokweba, nokubulala ngamabomu noma ngephutha noma ubuthakathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlinzeka i icala futhi amanga. Ingxenye enkulu soMthetho iphatha lomshado futhi umthetho umndeni, kanye nobudlelwane impahla.

Inani komlando uHammurabi

On ukubaluleka komlando uHammurabi kungenziwa kuphela wehlulelwa yokuthi kuba komthombo kahle walondoloza, esangenza hhayi kuphela ukuze ufunde mayelana eBabiloni lasendulo, kodwa yayihlanganisa nokuthi Umthetho wasendulo Eastern bebonke. Ososayensi wafinyelela esiphethweni ukuthi inkosi yaseBhabhiloni, isimo sase ngokusekelwe imithetho imithetho eyayivamile umphakathi ngesikhathi, kodwa hhayi wonke okwakudingeka ayenze. Imithetho uHammurabi avunyelwe ukuba baqonde izici eziningi zokuphila kwabantu baseMesophothamiya ngesikhathi 2nd yeminyaka BC.