WaseBhabhiloni yinkosi uHammurabi nemithetho yakhe. Owalwela imithetho King uHammurabi?

Uhlelo lomthetho zezwe lasendulo - kuyinto ndaba eyinkimbinkimbi futhi yehlukene kaningi okubalwa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ungase abulawe uma "ngaphandle kokuba kuqulwe amacala", kodwa ngakolunye - eningi imithetho ezazikhona ngaleso sikhathi, babengenabo isampuli bubuhle labo isinyathelo bese zithatha isinyathelo amasimu uthi eziningi zanamuhla. Inkosi uHammurabi, abusa eBhabhiloni endulo - isibonelo esihle kule ezihlukahlukene zokusisebenzisa. Okuningi ngokunembile, hhayi yena, kodwa leyo mithetho seyemukeliwe phakathi nokubusa kwayo.

Lapho kwafumaniseka ukuthi babe yizinkulungwane?

Eminyakeni 1901-1902 bomkhankaso French yesayensi eyenziwa imivubukulo iSusa. Ngokuhamba yalezizifundo ososayensi esetholé ongaqondakali black esiqoshiwe sase-, ogama surface embozwe-cuneiform izinhlamvu. Mhlawumbe, lokhu okuthunyelwe uvele edolobheni ngemva 1160 BC. e., lapho Elamu (abantu abahlala eShushani) yanqoba futhi aphanga izindawo eziningi ngaphambili kwakungekaNkulunkulu abaseBhabhiloni. Manje lokhu zakudala zenani igcinwe French Louvre. Yena immortalized WaseBabiloni yinkosi uHammurabi nemithetho yakhe.

isizinda emfushane

EBhabhiloni - omunye uthi endala emlandweni emhlabeni wethu. Uma ku yayo endaweni isenzo imithetho wadlula yamaSumer asendulo, kodwa isikhathi esithile kucaca ukuthi babephumelela impela iphelelwe isikhathi futhi azibonisi ezingokoqobo zamanje. Futhi akumangalisi, ngoba lo mthetho elathathwa phakathi nesikhathi Okwesithathu Dynasty e-Uri!

Sumulailu, okwakukhona inkosi yakwa lwamakhosi yokuqala yaseBhabhiloni yesibili, waqala ukwenza izinguquko endleleni umthetho kahulumeni. Inkosi uHammurabi baqhubeka umsebenzi eyandulela wakhe. Hlela-ke kwadingeka kusukela 1792 kuya 1750. BC. e.

Kungaphansi kwaziphi izimo umbusi omusha wathatha isethi entsha kwemithetho?

Thanda ababusi abaningi besikhathi sakhe, wayezama ukuzizuzela esimisweni sezenhlalo, okuyinto esase sikhona kakade kuleli zwe. Okuningi ngokunembile, amandla aphakathi nendawo kanye slaveholders ezinkulu. Ngokusobala, inkosi entsha wanika ukubaluleka yakhe ekwakhiweni kwemithetho elikhulu, ngoba waqhamuka lo msebenzi ezinsukwini wokuqala wokubusa kwakhe. Ngeshwa, asazi kahle ukuthi inkosi uHammurabi wabhala ekuqaleni: zonke imithetho esikhishwe kubo ezihlobana kwesikhathi kamuva wokubusa kwakhe. Zonke izinguqulo ngaphambili ilahlekile.

Kwesokudla babeqanjwa onkulunkulu

Imithetho aqoshwe ikholomu enkulu emnyama-basalt. On the ingxenye eyayibaluleke sephrofayela ukuboniswa yinkosi phambi unkulunkulu uShamash ilanga, okuyinto ngezinkolelo abaseBhabhiloni kwaba izitsha nomvikeli. Ngaphansi kwalo esiqoshiwe sase-umbhalo ezibaziweyo imithetho ngokwabo. Zonke umbhalo ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye ezintathu okunengqondo.

Inkosi uHammurabi wakholwa ukuthi imithetho yakhe evumelekile futhi eqinile, ukuthi sobukhosi yanikwa konkulunkulu ukubusa okulungile, kanjalo, yena nenzalo yakhe abanamandla akazange alinge bacindezele buthaka. By endleleni ekhuluma, le mibandela ikhona ngempela kuKesari wazama ukwenza ukuba afike ekugcineni.

Lokhu kulandelwa uhlu sasivumela enemininingwane izinzuzo ukuthi inkosi ahlonishwe edolobheni yezwe labo. By the way, owalwela imithetho King uHammurabi? Impendulo yalo mbuzo ungayithola anikezwe kuphela ngemva kokutadisha iqoqo lwemithetho neziqondiso. Lesi sihloko sichaza zonke izici ezibaluleke kakhulu.

Lezi idolobha

Phakathi kwemizi ikakhulukazi egqanyisiwe Lars noMarie, Ashur, eNineve. Ngakho, nezazi-mlando ezingenamandla siqiniseka ngokugcwele ukuthi kakhulu insika lamiswao ngemva kokunqoba brilliant phezu Rimsinom. Ngalesi sikhathi, ithonya yaseBhabhiloni, ngokufanayo nje, futhi babeboshelwe emizini eminingi, kukhulunywa zazo zingatholakala emzimbeni umbhalo imithetho. Cishe, amakhophi "amancane" idokhumenti babenzelwa zonke kodwa amadolobha owesincane umbuso, kodwa asisoze sazi ngalo.

Iqiniso lokuthi indaba King uHammurabi liyakhuluma ngokuphela acebile kakhulu futhi ethule izwe lakhe, lapho izitha wangaphandle zaba ntekenteke kakhulu. Ngemva kwalokho, lapho ngenkathi ukwehla, bakwazi ukuba abambe futhi baphange eBhabhiloni. Akukho lutho isimanga eqinisweni lokuthi abanqobi hhayi ceremonious kakhulu nge izikhumbuzo ubudala ezisele umbusi wokugcina.

olahlekile ingxenye

Ngemva isingeniso etsheni aqoshiwe imithetho eminingi, futhi iphela "idokhumenti" kuyinto ngempela okukhulu umbono enemininingwane. Ngokuvamile, lesikhumbuzo ngokwayo walondoloza kahle kakhulu, kodwa ohlangothini front, kukhona izindawo lapho umbhalo libhujiswa. Cishe, lokhu kwenzeke ngomyalo wabaholi inkosi yase-Elamu, owanqoba Insimu eBhabhiloni samanje, wathuthela emzimbeni umthetho eShushani yayo. Yiziphi imithetho yeNkosi uHammurabi lochazwe esizeni izihloko libhujiswe?

Abavubukuli nezazi-onjiniyela isifundo multistage wathola ukuthi 35 kuphela ababeshumayela wayokhuhla off izihloko (for ingqikithi 282). Nokho, ungakhathazeki: namuhla sinolwazi kusuka ezihlukahlukene imitapo lasendulo, ukuze ucishe ongasho ncamashi nalokho okushiwo umthetho lisuswe.

A uhlu olufushane imithetho

Ngakho, ezihlokweni ezinhlanu zokuqala inkosi sisungula ojwayelekile zonke WaseBabiloni enkantolo. Ngo imibhalo Nos 6 kuya 25 ezibhekwa la maphuzu alandelayo:

• Izihloko 6-13 ukukhombisa umfundi indlela yokubona uyisela, futhi njengoba kwakufanele ajeziswe ngokweba. Le mithetho abasakwazi Inzima ukuthenga ngamunye kudingeka ubufakazi. Uma bengekho umthengi ingathiwa isela futhi abulawe.
• Imibhalo 14 kuya ku-20 ezibhekwa amacala okweba kwezingane kanye ukufukamela izigqila runaway. Imithetho ukuhlinzekela isijeziso lawa macala, kanye umklomelo Ukukhishwa ezimele noma ukuthunjwa isigqila zeqe okuyinhloko.
• Izihloko 21-25 ngokuningiliziwe futhi ugxile izinhlobo ezahlukene ukuphanga kanye nezinye amacala ukwabiwa okungagunyaziwe impahla yomunye.

nezindaba bomhlaba

Kwenye ingxenye yeNingizimu ikhodi yakhe kwemithetho kwenkosi yaseBhabhiloni uHammurabi kakhulu uhlola ngokuningiliziwe eziningi nezindaba kokusetshenziswa komhlaba. Yilokho-ke uthi:

• Izihloko 26-41 ukudalula amalungelo nemisebenzi isigaba lempi, kodwa iningi ukunakwa e imibhalo inikezwe izimpikiswano ubunikazi bomhlaba.
• Imibhalo olunezinombolo 42 kuya 47 libhekisela amalungelo nezibopho zalabo bayizakhamuzi bekwi sokuqasha umhlaba, kokubili umphakathi kanye nemvelaphi yangasese. Lokuvunyelwa esiqinile yabo. Ngakho, uma umuntu liqashe evundile, ngakho akukho lutho kulo, futhi ungazange esekhulile (ensimini umkhankaso, wenza overgrowing yabo), kufanele namanje ukunikeza isimo noma umbolekisi kubo sithembele lemali yamabele.
• Izihloko ngezinombolo 48-52 ukuyeka eyeqile futhi zibonisa lokho iphesenti isivuno noma omunye umkhiqizo unelungelo kumtshelekisi othile (kuncike ukuhlinzekwa kwemisebenzi yasebhange kubo). Ngokuyinhloko, ngenxa yokuthi lokhu kubusa iNkosi uHammurabi kwaphawulwa ukwanda imali yentela, kodwa inhlalakahle yabantu sayo sasikhula, ngezinga ababengenza ngalo Ungamphangi ifike.
• Imibhalo ku ekupha 53 kuya 56 kungenziwa ngokuthi "kwemvelo", ngoba ukusungula umthwalo abantu ngobudedengu iphathwe inethiwekhi wokunisela. Ikakhulukazi, uma edamini akwenza, ngenxa lapho amanzi wageza away ukolweni kwabangelwa lo ukunganaki yomnikazi ke enesibopho ukubakhokhela isinxephezelo zonke izisulu ngemali yabo.
• Izihloko 57-58 Kuxoxwa imininingwane labo izinhlawulo ukuba sisetshenziswe kubanikazi imfuyo, uma benquma nimkhiphele emasimini nihlwanyele futhi othela izithelo.
• Izihloko 59-66 iyafana ukusho mayelana abanikazi izingadi, amalungelo abo, kanye ukukhuluma ngamalungelo sokuvuna zababolekisa ngemali uma they lent imali umnikazi womhlaba.

Ukulawulwa sphere nomphakathi

Yonke eminye imithetho kungenziwa ebizwa nge- "social", njengoba imibuzo yokusetshenziswa komhlaba kungukuthi kubhekwe, kodwa abathintekayo izinkinga zomphakathi, futhi kusukela umbhalo imithetho, singafunda okuningi mayelana namasiko isikhathi. Ngakho, nanka:

• Izihloko 100-107 inkulumo mayelana namalungelo nezibopho abathengisi (tamkarov), kanye yisho noma iyiphi abasizi babo.
• Imibhalo olunezinombolo 108-111 writhes umsebenzi ngokuqinile ngokomthetho (zokudla) ukuthi kukhona kokubili izindlu zomphakathi.
• Ngokushesha Izihloko 14 (№№ 112-126) zibekwa eceleni ukuze acutshungulwe komthetho izikweletu, kuhlanganise nalezi zimo kuxoxwa omkhaya okweletayo, futhi isitoreji impahla yakhe, okuyinto sathathwa njengesibambiso.
• Akubalulekile ukukholelwa ukuthi amandla senkosi uHammurabi osebenza kuphela ukuba izici zebhizinisi umphakathi. Ngakho, emithethweni abalwa kusukela 127 kuya 195 kuchazwa omkhulu ngokuningiliziwe nomndeni khona.
• Izihloko 196-225 umbusi usungula izinhlawulo kanye uchaza izinhlobo ezahlukene isijeziso kufanele isetshenzisiwe maqondana abantu, okuyinto ululazekile ngamabomu ukushaya omunye umuntu.
• Imibhalo 226 kanye 227 echazwe enqabelo ku ukubhujiswa sangamabomu uphawu izinceku.
• Abaklami onjiniyela baye bathola bemikhumbi imithetho ehlukene olunezinombolo 235 kuya 228.
• Eminye imithetho njengengxenye omsebenzi, kanyekanye ngokuthinta njengezigqila. Ngokulawulwa wezomthetho lomtshikatshika abasebenzela inkokhelo babe baqashwe nge-Athikili 236 277. Ngakho, emakhasini Ikhodi Imithetho esekhuluma amaholo ngo ukuqasha artisan. Izihloko kusuka 278 kuya 282 acoce ngqo izici lobugqila. Bathi laliwukuthi isigqila asikwazi nje ukumbulala, ukuthi ukufa sencekukazi yomunye kumelwe nxephezela umuntu ngokuthi kabani iphutha kwenzeka.

eziphethweni

Ngakho, owalwela imithetho King uHammurabi? Uma ubheka uhlu kafushane, isithombe ejwayelekile: kukhona izinyathelo eziningi kanye nemithetho evikela yangasese hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi ekuphileni nasempilweni yabantu; izindinganiso ngokomthetho nemisebenzi zababolekisa ngemali, ngubani beqa labo Sasingekho isidingo sokuba ngaphansi kokwesaba, uma kungekhona ukufa ke imali eshisiwe ngempela.

Ukuze umphakathi wasendulo ngempela ngesimo esingavamile lapho ukuthatha le ntombazanyana ukuze athole umfazi kwakunokwenzeka kuphela ngemuva kokuthola imvume yabo, kanye ukuvikela "inkontileka umshado" e phambi kofakazi ngokubhala. Kungenjalo umshado yaziwa njengenye emthethweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umthetho unikeza umuntu esibopheni, ngubani yathatha indodakazi owayengumfelokazi futhi enezingane, lezi zingane inakekelwe, wapha, embethe zigqokiswe. Nakulokhu futhi, ukuthi onjalo eliphezulu futhi egcwele namazinga anqunyiwe akuyona njalo yayikhona Ephakathi, ingasaphathwa izikhathi ezingaphezu lasendulo.

Meaning of imithetho

Inkosi uHammurabi babekholelwa ukuthi imithetho yayo oyoletha ukuthula nokuchuma isimo, futhi wayeqinisile. Ngokwesibonelo, ngokuqinile unqabela ukunyundela engenabulungisa futhi okulahla ukuthi uma umuntu uthi othile necala, kwadingeka ukuba kufakazelwe ne amaqiniso. Ngale kwalokho, ingase ibulawe. Kwakunzima ukuthatha nempahla yomunye, nje ukubulala isigqila konakalisa into somunye umuntu. Abaningi zoMthetho imithetho isikhathi ngandlela-thile baba ingxenye umthetho wamaRoma, ogxile inkambiso wezomthetho cishe kuwo wonke amazwe entshonalanga kanye nezwe lethu.

Kangangokuthi umbusi lokhu immortalized ngempela igama lakhe kuyo yonke le minyaka, njengoba kwakunjalo mhlawumbe sivumele isishaya-mthetho lokuqala, obani ngempela ekhathalele inhlalakahle yabo bonkhe bantfu, ubulungisa, nokuziphendulela ngayinye amalungu omphakathi, noma kungaba indoda khulula noma uyisigqila. Kafushane, indaba inkosi yaseBabiloni uHammurabi siwubufakazi bokuthi ngisho endulo babe isimo lapho empeleni wokuhlonipha amalungelo abantu, futhi lapho mthetho wawungelona nje ngenkulumo awunalutho.

Umthetho - isimo ukhiye

Ngaphezu kwalokho, umthetho evikela hhayi kuphela umbusi slaveholders ezinkulu nabanikazi bemihlaba, kodwa futhi izakhamuzi ezivamile. Abakwazanga ukweba, ukufakaza ukubulala, kubo izinto ayikwazanga lempangweni, futhi ethatha abafazi ngokwabo. Abantu bazizwa belondekile, kodwa ngoba igunya lenkosi laliphezulu kakhulu. Inkosi yaseBhabhiloni uHammurabi nemithetho yakhe baye bafakazela ukuthi ukulawulwa izici ezingokomthetho ungakwazi qinisa isisekelo isimo futhi kwenze kube ezingeguquleke ngempela.

isiphetho

Akumangalisi ukuthi iBhabhiloni ngo nenkathi yokudlondlobala kwawo kwaba isimo elicebile nelingubhongoza. Izitha Sakwazi ukunqoba kuphela ngokuthi owenza amacebo nesokuphela kwalesi imifelandawonye lempi amaningi. UHammurabi ngempela okuningi izwe lakhe, nomthelela lalichumile nokuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo. Ngo isibonelo sakhe, ngisho nasesikhathini esizayo we guided ababusi abaningi eziphambili, abafuna ekuqiniseni amandla akhe. Le nkosi wokuqala ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isimo ayikwazi isekelwe kuphela ubudlova, kodwa lo mkhosi okuqinile imithetho, okwakukhona kuwo wonke efanayo.