The Battle of Austerlitz 1805: imininingwane. Ubani wayala amasosha Russian empini Austerlitz?

A emzaneni omncane Bavarian ka Austerlitz wayemiselwe ukungena emlandweni wezwe, kusukela eceleni kwakhe ngoDisemba 2, 1805 kwakukhona impi, ubizwa kufanele kubhekwe soma impi grand phakathi nezimpi kaNapoleon. It 73000th ibutho French wahlasela izinombolo ephakeme sokusebenzisana yayo anti-kaNapoleon. The Battle of Austerlitz kubhekwa ukunqoba genius zamanxusa nakwezempi Napoleon.

Umbango we-Three-Emperors

Ngezinye izikhathi ibizwa ngokuthi "Battle of Three-Emperors at Austerlitz." Futhi ngempela kuyiqiniso, ngoba ngaphezu Napoleon enkundleni lwempi ngalolo suku kwesibhamu yahanjelwa nezinye bantu ababili Agasti - Russian uMbusi u-Alexander I Austria Franz II. Ukuze siqonde izizathu kwamandla abo shí kwegazi, kufanele ubuyele ku-eminyakeni emibili edlule lapho France saphetha ngokukhulula England okubizwa ngokuthi Ukuthula lase-Amiens.

Ipulani ekunqotshweni England

Ungene ephepheni, empeleni zaziwubufakazi ambitious French umbusi sikhathi ukuze alungiselele ayehlasela eBritish Isles ukuthunjwa okwalandela yaseLondon. AmaNgisi yayikuqonda lokhu kahle kakhulu futhi kufanele abone insindiso yabo kuphela ekwenzeni nezwekazi olandelayo, eyesithathu ilandelana, umfelandawonye international ngokumelene Napoleon. It yadalwa futhi yayikhona kuze ngosuku yaze yephukela kuye inhlekelele nempi ye-Austerlitz.

Kulo nyaka kwaphawulwa sibe nensada yezinto imigomo emikhulu kakhulu imithetho yombusi isiFulentshi, wayesefakwa ngempela sina ngokweqile ngenhloso ekuthumbeni London. Ngenxa yale njongo, e Boulogne, eduze neParis sasikhona ukulwa ukulungela egcwele amabutho, ogama msebenzi kwaba, ukweqa i-English Channel, ukuthuthela enhlokodolobha English. Kuvikelwe ukuqaliswa okuhleliwe French Admiral Pierre-Sharl Vilnov, iphutha lapho Napoleon akazange ulinda isigaba, senzelwe ukuthuthwa amasosha yonkana strait.

isakhiwo sokusebenzisana

Ngokushesha, umfelandawonye sidalwe kusukela uthi nentshisekelo zokunqanda leli izinhlelo nolaka Napoleon. abahlanganyeli zako ziyizindlela Russia, e-Austria futhi England yena. Nokho, izindima zabo kukhona, uma sikubeka kahle, kuyinto engalingani. England iqhaza ngqo ezingxabanweni bengalamukeli, futhi bacabanga uxhaso kwezindleko lempi. Austria yayizimisele asempini, kodwa impi ewumnqamula-juqu empini kwaholela izinkulungwane 25 wamasosha, kuyilapho Russian kwakukhona izinkulungwane 60. Ngakho, impi ye-Austerlitz zonke isisindo bakhe banyukubala emahlombe amasosha Russian Nokho, okuyinto, umlando siphindiwe.

I kokuqala sokusebenzisana izinhlelo

Kumele sikhokhe intela isu European. Zasungula uhlelo wokuvelela kakhulu ukunqanda Napoleon nempi ye Austerlitz kwaba umphumela yokuthi uye wahlala kuphela ephepheni. Ngokusho ekuthuthukeni kwabo, ukuze isinyathelo sezempi kufanele baye baboshwa Manpower okukhulu kunalokhu elaliyikho ngo-ngokoqobo. Ngokwesibonelo, engxenyeni esenyakatho ye-Europe ngokumelene sizana sikaNapoleon - Denmark - obekumele ukubeka cishe 100,000th Corpus Russian-English.

Enye sizana France - Bavaria - kwakufanele ukuhlasela amabutho 85 senkulungwane amabutho Austrian iphansi kwesandla sika-edumile ngesikhathi Jikelele K. Mack. Ukuze amsize aphume Russia ukubeka phambili ibutho M. I. Kutuzova. Kumi esiqongweni sezindawo Austrian iNkosana wayala, ongqongqozayo out French kusukela enyakatho ye-Italy, ukuze uqale imashi enqobile phezu kweFrance. Uma singase bona okungenani isigamu of the kuhlelwe, i-ill-fated 1805 impi ka Austerlitz bekuzokuba zingenzeki. Kodwa isiphetho kwakuyodingeka ukuba bachithe ngendlela yalo.

I izifiso kaKesari Russian

Ngezindlela eziningi yayisetshenziswa imbangela kokunqotshwa khukhumala ngokweqile ambulensi ke abasha futhi bemagange lempi Lavrov Aleksandra I. Chief wamabutho MI Kutuzov sasimelene lokulwa. The Battle of Austerlitz, ngokombono wakhe, kwaba okungazelele hhayi kuphela, kodwa inhlekelele oMfelandawonye. Wasikisela a akanhlanhlatsi ngamabomu, lapho uzokwazi yokwelula ngangokunokwenzeka amabutho esitha kanye ukusizakala ukufika ukusekelwa, ukuba abenze ngayo amagalelo emibi ezinhlangothini.

Isu, ukunqoba kungase kufaneleke, kodvwa hhayi ethembisa okusheshayo brilliant, inqatshelwe yilo mbusi. Izazi-mlando ehlanganiswa le micimbi kamuva, kukhona ngazwilinye umbono ukuthi, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi empini Austerlitz amasosha Russian elaliholwa Kutuzov empeleni izinqumo zithathwe ngu-Alexander. Ngesikhathi impi ekuseni nababesizana wanxusa - the Austrians, njengoba Vienna kwaba ngaleso sikhathi bathunjwa isiFulentshi, futhi wazikhandla ukuze ikhishwe ekuseni.

izinhlelo wezindlela Napoleon

Lapho kuhlanganiswa amabutho kwaliwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi, ungakulungele ngakhoke okubhubhisa Austerlitz 1805, khona-ke kuNapoleon wayewukuphela kwesokudla izinqumo Tactical e isimo linqoba ngaleso sikhathi. Ngokuphelele ekuhloleni isimo, azibeka ukuvimbela ukubaleka isitha, futhi ngaleyo ndlela kokuqina impi. UMbusi French wayeqaphela ukuthi umbimbi silindele kusondela ukusekelwa okukhulu kusukela Prussia, ukulungele ukujoyina le sokusebenzisana anti-kaNapoleon.

cwaningo eningiliziwe yezenzo sikaNapoleon enqophe lo mgomo, singaphetha ngimangaliswe ngendlela ngobuqili lapho wayebekela inetha lakhe. Ngokujulile izenzo ezicatshangwe wakwazi ukukholisa izinduna Allied ebuthakathakeni babo, ukuba manqikanqika, futhi senjongo yokuhoxiswa kokuhlelwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngisho sokucasuka basithathe impi kuya phezulu ngokunembile labo ezikhundleni zawazuzisa kuye.

edolobheni Unokuthula Slovaks

Izwe obekukhona impi ye Austerlitz 1805, namuhla okungewakho eCzech Republic, futhi lapho kwake kwaba emzaneni Bavarian, okwakunginika igama layo enye yezimpi ezinkulu emlandweni, manje osehlala elinokuthula ukuphila edolobheni elincane Slovakia. Izivakashi, kanye khona, kunzima ukucabanga ukuthi eminyakeni 210 edlule, lezi amasimu aluhlaza futhi amagquma lwabuthana wamabutho ezintathu esiqine eYurophu.

Ngaphandle kokuya imininingwane Battle of Austerlitz 1805, nesithakazelo kuphela ezikhulwini zempi, siphawula kuphela izigaba eyinhloko impi. Ziyakwazi kulula alulame by kofakazi abaningi futhi abahlanganyeli kulezi zenzakalo. Lapho ukuthi impi iminyaka eminingi ibilokhu isihloko izihloko eziningi nocwaningo.

The Battle of Austerlitz: kafushane mayelana amaphuzu ayo ayinhloko

Ngakho, ngo-December 2, 1805. Yaqala impi odumile Austerlitz igalelo okubangelwa umbimbi phezu flank kwesokudla isitha, lapho amabutho elaliholwa Marshal Davoust. Ukulandela uhlelo, ithuthukiswe ofaka uNapoleon, ngemva ukumelana emfushane, waqala ashona, okubangela ingxenye oMfelandawonye ushushiso usiphule wabayisa ezindaweni ezisezansi izimbuku. Ngenxa yalokho, i-French wakwazi kakhulu buthaka maphakathi amabutho amaZwe Asizanayo.

Njengoba ngishilo ekuqaleni, e Battle of Austerlitz amasosha Russian elaliholwa Kutuzov, kodwa ukungenela u-Alexander I, kwaba ngokuphelele elingenalo isinyathelo. Kuvele umkhuzi wazibonela wayazi ukuthi isitha ilungiselela isicupho, kodwa elalela lo mbusi, waphoqeleka ukuba anikeze ukuze balwe le marshal abase bebaleka. Ngenxa yalokho lezi zinyathelo zisendaweni ephakathi zamabutho azihlanganisa babe yisisulu esilula isitha.

Sokushona flank kwesokunxele Allied

Napoleon akazange anqikaze ukuhlasela esigabeni esibuthaka soMbuso amabutho isiteleka nesinye umkhuzi yakhe edumile - Marshal Soult. Kwenzekeni wukuthi emlandweni wezwe izimpi ngokuvamile kakhulu kwandulelwe ukugunyazwa okwenziwe kokunqotshwa amabutho. amabutho ahlangene zancishiswa ngezinyanga ezingu-nesigamu, futhi ngamunye izingxenye ngenxa umbani-fast aqondisa lesitha esasikuyo manje nayo yayibiyelwe nginqume azowalekelela kungenzeka.

Kodwa izenzakalo ezimangalisayo kakhulu zenzeka ngesikhathi phansi kwesokunxele iphiko umbimbi. Eqhubeka okuhlaselayo namabutho iphansi kwesandla sika-Marshal Davoust, bangena esikhwameni yangempela futhi wafa ngaphansi umlilo esindayo we-French. Kusukela ekubhujisweni ngokuphelele layilamula ngesikhathi ukuzilondoloza Ihhashi Guards, iphansi kwesandla sika-Jikelele NI Depreradovicha. Bathatha ayebulawe, futhi intengo eziningi izisulu zanikezwa ithuba ukuphuma izingxenye umlilo ezungezwe.

Retreat, ukulondolozwa ibutho

Gwema uvalo eyinhlekelele ezimweni ezinjalo ngokuyinhloko ngenxa ukuzibamba futhi iphathwe kukhishwe omunye elitheni ojenene Russian D. S. Dohturova. Wakwazi ngokuthini imvelo kakade kunalokho ehlambulula kwababusi amasosha futhi ukuhlela ukubaleka, ukuze kulondolozwe ibutho empini ukulungela. Noma kunjalo, ukulahlekelwa Allied babe kakhulu. Izazi-mlando zilinganisela ukuthi ngalolo suku enkundleni yempi ngashiya elele abantu 27,000, ne 21.000 kubo babe yizinkulungwane Russian.

Nokho, ukutadisha imininingwane Battle of Austerlitz 1805, izazi-mlando uyavuma ukuthi ukulahlekelwa ngisho enkulu okwakuyogwenywa ngokulandela isiqondiso efanele abakhethiwe lisuka. On kophiko lwesokunxele zamabutho azihlanganisa kwaba lonke inethiwekhi emadanyini, ngokuthi Sychanske. Kwakungafanele ezijulile, kungenca kubo wathumela emuva amabutho, Jikelele Dokhturov. Lapho oMfelandawonye igcwaliswe owela, ke, ekugcineni kwahlaluka ukuthi sisithole abacibisheli isiFulentshi, ngubani wanquma ukungawasebenzisi isitha ngokusebenzisa isithiyo amanzi.

Ukuphela Third Coalition

French Battle of Austerlitz abiza 12,000 izimpilo, kodwa impumelelo lempi kule mpi usekela uhlangothi lwawo, futhi baphuma ke elinqobile. Ukunqotshwa okubuhlungu oMfelandawonye ngezindlela eziningi ushintshe ibhalansi amabutho nezombangazwe eYurophu. Kusukela manje, uNapoleon Bonapart wabizela intando yakhe ababusi imibuso emikhulu. Ayikwazi ukuthola ukusuka kokunqotshwa Austria aphume impi ngokusayina ezingezinhle kakhulu ukuthula sivumelwano. Esesithathu sokusebenzisana anti-kaNapoleon zigoqiwe ignominiously.

Lapho izindaba ukunqotshwa safinyelela Russia, ke kwashaqisa umphakathi wonke ezithuthukayo. Kuyo yonke le minyaka 100 esidlulile kusukela kwezenzakalo ezibuhlungu zangalolo Narva, lapho uPetru ngizazi munyu ukunqotshwa, ibutho Russian sasibhekwa njengophawu lokuthi esinganqobeki. Glorious inkathi uVictoria ka Empress Elizabeth noCatherine II wagunyaza i-baseRussia bayakholelwa ayenganqobeki yebutho lakhe. Nokho, njengoba abantu besikhathi uqaphele ngalezi zindaba ezishaqisayo akazange nithintithe umoya wokushisekela izwe noma empini, futhi abantu.

Kufinyeta lokhu emkhankasweni wempi, izazi-mlando eziye wazama uphendula lo mbuzo: lokho ekugcineni iwine futhi walahlekelwa 1805, uNapoleon? The Battle of Austerlitz, ngokuqinisekile baqaphela ngokunqoba ubuhlakani lakhe lempi, nokho akazange amvumele ukufeza umgomo oyinhloko - futhi ukubhujiswa okuphelele kwalelizwe amabutho okuqondene umfelandawonye nobutha. Ukuze kwenkathi ethile Napoleon baba umashiqela yeYurophu, kodwa nokho nsuku nakanjani kuletha kwamsondeza Waterloo, lapho, ngo 1815, wayemiselwe phakade ukuthi unikezele inkanyezi we neCorsican ekhaliphile.