Revival: Kuyini Renaissance, futhi yiziphi imiphumela yayo?

Ebandla emlandweni waseYurophu uyazi izenzakalo eziningana ezibalulekile kanye nezimo, eshintsha ngokuphelele isithombe emhlabeni kwezakhamuzi zawo. Enye yalezi mlando kwaba Yempucuko. Kuyini Renaissance (la magama okulingana)?

Izici eziyinhloko the Renaissance

Revival ukubizwa ngokuthi inkathi ukuthi indawo Ephakathi. Kusukela ngekhulu lesi-XIV kwezinye izifunda (ikakhulukazi e-Italy) kuye kwaba nokukhula kwamasiko. Yena lajika laba isithakazelo sabantu emlandweni yabo futhi endulo. Lokhu, saholela ekukhuleni ulwazi lwesayensi, yokwanda wokubhekela izidingo zomuntu kanye nesithakazelo umuntu womuntu.

Esinye sezizathu zokuba ekuqaleni lezi zinqubo kwaba kokuwa kweConstantinople. I WaseByzantium, lezo kakade okwase khona iminyaka eyinkulungwane, zawa ngaphansi ekuhlaseleni Muslim nabaseTurkey. AmaGreki Abaningi abazange want dazula ukholo lobuKristu babaleka ziye eNtshonalanga Yurophu okwesikhashana. Ososayensi manje bathatha yonke yezincwadi zasendulo, eyayibonakala ngokushesha elihunyushwe olimini lwesiLatini izilimi zezwe. Konke lokhu kwaphoqa Yempucuko. Uyini Renaissance e-Italy? Libuye ukuvela amakilasi entsha yokuqonda umphakathi, okwakukhona esizimele elidala ubudlelwane izinduna ngaphakathi ohlanga.

Inani elikhulu republic Italian emenza bebhange, ososayensi nabanye abantu uhlobo olusha. Phakathi kwabo wazalwa zobuntu - inzalo emvelweni yomuntu nobuntu. Ekuqaleni kwaba isikole esincane zefilosofi.

Nokho, baba izikhungo ezintsha ucwaningo lwesayensi futhi art. E-Italy, yaqala ukuthuthukiswa ukunyathelisa futhi amafomu amasha art. Buyinto ebaluleke kwaba ukuthi imfundo banikeza imali tycoons wendawo kanye nemindeni enethonya nge high kuwufanele net.

Izikhungo Renaissance Florence neRoma waqala. UPapa uJulius II wayandisa kakhulu ukuqinisekisa ukuthi "idolobha okuphakade" wasebenza abadali enkulu kwenkathi. Ngaphandle ibhizinisi lakhe Kunzima ukucabanga Yempucuko. Asho ukunakwa kakhudlwana Church kuya abadwebi kanye Okugweda? Lokhu kwabonisa ukuthi babengeke bakwazi ukwakha, ngokusekelwa wabantu abanethonya kakhulu e-Italy. Phakathi kwabo kwakukhona amakhosi ezifana Michelangelo futhi Raphael. Renaissance abadwebi wadala imidwebo okukhulu kanye nemidwebo isigcawu waseBhayibhelini. Imisebenzi yabo ehlobise amasonto amaningi eminyuziyamu kulo lonke elaseYurophu.

ULeonardo da Vinci

Umhlaba Renaissance isiko kungaba ephelele ngaphandle uLeonardo da Vinci. imidwebo yayo emangalisa ekhululekile yanqoba besikhathi begodu uqhubeke ukubamangaza abantu ngekhulu xxi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, it is njengoba umsunguli ezaziwayo. Amasu akhe eminyakeni eminingi ngaphambi Yempucuko. Uyini umuntu? Indlela okusebenza nalapho esikhundleni sakhe? Konke lokhu yemibuzo okumelwe uzibuze Italian okukhulu.

Renaissance abaculi babengakaze bakwazi ukudlula kwakhe "Mona Lisa." Lesi sithombe isibe uphawu jikelele we umqondo ubuhle futhi ophelele.

Revival kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu

Late Renaissance historiography ngokuthi engxenyeni ngekhulu XVI yesibili. Ngaleso sikhathi, ezobuciko namasiko baye bathuthela ezingeni elisha, hhayi kuphela e-Italy kodwa futhi kwamanye amazwe amaningi aseYurophu. Renaissance izikhungo babe eJalimane, eNetherlands naseNgilandi.

AmaNgisi bayazigqaja Countryman yabo edume kakhulu yangeNkathi Yenguquko - uWilliam Shakespeare. Ngaphandle kwakhe, ukuvuselelwa izincwadi ubuyoba ongaphelele. amahlaya wakhe kanye netinhlekelele babé zabuna ezingaphelelwa isikhathi of the weshashalazi.

iNguquko

Isazi semfundiso yenkolo yobuKristu uMartin Luther ingenye izibalo ebaluleke kakhulu Yempucuko. Lokhu German ukhala ngokuthi incane kakhulu eSontweni LamaKatolika. ezinkulumo zakhe ukuyilahla abapristi abakhohlakele sisakubona zenkolo, eqoqwe izinkulungwane izilaleli.

ULuther ikakhulukazi ngolaka wagxeka imithetho emisha, owawuthi amaKristu ayekwazi ukuthenga ngoba izono imali (ukuthethelelwa kwezono). Imibono ye Umshumayeli odumile kuholele ezingu-95. October 31, 1517, uMartin hung kubo phezu esicabheni sesonto edolobheni German of Wittenberg. Kamuva, le isiqephu esidumile waba uphawu lokuhlala ekuqaleni kweNkathi Yezinguquko.

Ngakho ngokuthi inqubo ukukubika eSontweni LamaKatolika. AmaKristu German waqala ukugxeka eRoma inertia yakhe futhi conservatism. Lokhu kwaholela ekutheni izikhulu eziningi izimpi zenkolo. I Apotheosis of ukungqubuzana namaProthestani kwaba iMpi Yeminyaka Engamashumi Amathathu 1618-1648 GG.

Ukulwisana ukuncika isonto kwaholela yokuthi umphakathi European isibe wokuziphilisa. Amanye amaProthestani isikhathi ababesesimweni esingcono nzima kakhulu. Abaningi babo ekhulwini XVII waya eNyakatho Melika, lapho baye wakwazi ukwakha umphakathi omusha ngempela.