Ethnonym - Iyini? definition

Lihunyushwe kwelesiHeberu elithi ethnonym Greek - kuba ngokoqobo "egameni labantu." Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, amagama tribal eyenziwa lapho kukhulunywa ngento ethile. ethnonymic Isayensi study la magama, thola izimpande zabo futhi uchaze zisho.

Amagama unikezwa abanqobayo

Ngokomlando, umsuka ethnonyms zingase zishintshe kakhulu. Amagama ezinye izizwe nabazali bokutholwa lapho abahlaseli yezwe labo. Ngokwesibonelo, ngekhulu le-VII ku iNhlonhlo Yamazwe AseBalkan ihlaselwe iqulo ukukhuluma Turkic-baseBulgaria. Khan waba umbusi wawo alien lwamaSlav aseNingizimu isimo. Ezincane-Turks kancane kancane wanyamalala phakathi bendawo.

LwamaSlav ungazange wanyamalala, kodwa bamukela igama abanqobi yabo, waba namesakes we iVolga baseBulgaria, kanye eCaucasus Balkars. Lesi sibonelo sibonisa ukuthi ethnonym - into eliguqulekayo, nokuqukethwe kungenzeka ziphenduke.

Ngokufanayo, njengoba baseBulgaria, ku XIII leminyaka, izenzakalo ithuthukiswe Asia Ephakathi. Ensimini ka Uzbekistan ihlaselwe amaMongol. Amagama ngezizwe zawo nangemindeni zazibonakala amagama amaqembu endawo (ngakho lapho manghud, Barlas nokunye. D.). Ngesikhathi esifanayo lo ethnonym engumakhelwane "Kazakh" siku imvelaphi Turkic. Ngokusho kwenye inguqulo ye zolimi, leli zwi negama elithi "Cossacks" (womabili ahunyushwa ngokuthi "free, abantu khulula").

Endabeni abanqobi futhi zabanqotshiwe babe isibonelo okuphambene. Ngezinye izikhathi abantu yayinqoba ngokwazo igama abanqobi yabo. Isibonelo indaba Hutts. Laba bantu babephila e Anatolia ekuqa- zeminyaka lesithathu nelesibili BC. e. Kamuva, esikhundleni Hutts efika Indo-Europe, okuyinto waziwa ngokuthi bakwaHeti.

Territories nabantu

ethnonym ngalinye - uhlobo indaba. It awasebenzi kuphela abantu, kodwa futhi izwe ahlala kulo. izifundo Ethnonymic abonisa ukuthi kwezinye izimo igama endaweni wanika igama ungumsebenzi omusha kulo abantu.

I edume nomholi wezempi Aleksandr Makedonsky wazalwa ngo Macedonia - lizwe enyakatho eGrisi lasendulo. NgeNkathi Ephakathi kule ndawo thina kuzixazulule South lwamaSlav. Babengenakuphika lutho esifana ngakho ngempucuko yasendulo ngisho yanqoba wakhe kusukela kudala wanyamalala. Kodwa igama Macedonia ayaqhubeka ekhona. It washiya isigxivizo phezu eningizimu lwamaSlav. Wayefana icala nabantu Baltic yasePrussia. Esikhathini XIII leminyaka, umhlaba wabo yanqotshwa amaJalimane. Esikhathini esizayo, uhulumeni German kule ndawo yayaziwa ngokuthi Prussia, labahlali bawo, amaJalimane nabizelwa Prussians.

imifelandawonye tribal

Ngokuvamile ethnonym - ifa isizwe esisodwa, nowake waba yinhloko inyunyana noma ukuhlanganyela. Kwaze kwaba sekhulwini IX, le amaCzech namaRomany musa hlala endaweni ngobukhulu. Duzane kwabo kwakukhona ezinye izizwe eziningi West Slavic. Nokho, kancane kancane, futhi laliwukuphela kwesikhungo amaCzech namaRomany basisiza endaweni yakhe.

Union Polabian lwamaSlav bodrichey ithole igama kusukela kwesinye sezizwe zakwa inyunyana. Kungenjalo zinto ngesikhathi omakhelwane babo lutici. Baqhelelé igama elisha yasendlini, awahlobene ezinye izizwe. amaqembu e-Ethnography Tungus abe isiko ukwetha uhlobo eyinhloko iqembu.

izibonelo eyaziwayo reverse. umphakathi Ethnic kungase liphuke, bazibuyisa ezingxenyeni ezihlukene - ukugcina igama original. Nokho, ngeke kube namanje okulingana (avamile). kwavela Ngakho igama Turk (-Turks owehla evela), Slovenes, Slovaks futhi Slovenes Ilmen (owehla evela lwamaSlav).

ethnonyms yokuphambuka

Uma ethnonym "lwamaSlav" uye waba omunye incazelo njalo, enye ethnonyms angashintsha okuqukethwe kwayo, ngisho noma leyo nto ayiguquki. Esikhathini XIX leminyaka baseMoldova ayebizwa ngesiqu nakumaGreki amaGypsy. Ngo zangaphambi wamavukelambuso Russia ethnonym "Kyrgyz" akavele le Zulu (Karakirgiz amagama abo), kanye Turkmens futhi Kazakhs.

Igama lelinye isizwe Zingase zande zisakazekele nakwezinye komakhelwane uma owayewazi la commonalities kukhona kusele izingxenyana kanye enganele. Ngokwesibonelo, ethnonym "AmaTatar" Sekuyisikhathi eside esetshenziswa Russian ngokuhlobana nenye aseMpumalanga. Lolusiko ukusabalala ziye eNtshonalanga Yurophu okwesikhashana. uvele Ngakho kumephu we Tatar Strait (ohlukanisa ezwekazini kusukela Sakhalin), ngenkathi ezayo kuye angizange sengihlale AmaTatar hhayi kuphela, kodwa ngisho amaMongol. Futhi eRussia ngekhulu XVIII amaJalimane Babembiza Danes noma Dutch. Ukuze frendzh athile ase-Afrika ' "- akusiyo kuphela isiFulentshi, kodwa futhi zonke eYurophu.

Evolution izihloko

Ukuba izwi ethnonym iqala ezimele omusha kusuka ubudlelwano odlule ophilayo. Ukraine - hhayi abekelwe emaceleni, ngisho uma kwenzeka isihloko lena incazelo etshaliwe kuwo. Ngakho, abantu amagama kungase kube amazinga amathathu amagugu. Eyokuqala - umqondo ngaphambi ukwakheka ethnonym, kwesibili - le ethnonym uqobo, kanti eyesithathu - wasuka ethnonym. Isibonelo: eRussia zangaphambi wamavukelambuso, futhi yimuphi zulazulani indoda emnyama lungase lubizwe ngokuthi lwamaGypsy.

Phakathi self-igama ethnicons ukumela ingxenye ezincane. Igama amaJalimane aqala ukusetshenziswa hhayi kubo kodwa AmaCeltic. izizwe Sami, yabeka isisekelo ikusasa isizwe samaJalimane, kuqhathaniswa ngokwabo komunye nomunye. Kwakungafanele yomkhakha owodwa futhi ayinayo igama lesihloko elivamile. Ukuze amaCelt, le Teutons kukhona mass abstract, division yangaphakathi ukuthi ingadlali iyiphi indima.

amagama YaseYurophu izizwe eziningi American aboMdabu Benziwe phezu kusukela omakhelwane. Ukunika igama, ungathandi bebodwa, kunezilwane abomdabu kuqhathaniswa ngokwabo nabanye. Ngakho-ke, izizwe eziningi ababaziwa amagama bona ngokwabo neze ayibonwa. Ngokwesibonelo, amaNdiya lwesiNavajo bazibheke "Dine" - okungukuthi, "abantu." Ayikho amagama bebodwa phakathi Papuans. Lezi izizwe isehlane waziwa baseYurophu ezungezile imifula, izintaba, iziqhingi, emizaneni.

amagama indawo futhi totemic

Omunye izinkolelo-mbono eziphathelene igama abantu Bashkir kuthi igama elithi 'Bashkort "lihumusha ngokuthi" beekeeper ". Nakuba le nguqulo ikude eziyisisekelo, ekubonisa omunye izinhlobo amagama yobuhlanga. isizinda Ethnonim kungaba hhayi kuphela umusho obonisa ubunjalo umsebenzi, kodwa futhi ireferensi inkolo. Inani elikhulu lezizwe lasendulo wathatha igama layo behlonipha totem sakhe. Kufakiwe mass izibonelo ezinjalo. Indian isizwe Cheyenne iqanjwe le totem inyoka. Ngakho kwakunabantu abangu-amagama abantu be-Afrika kanti aboMdabu-Australia.

Yande ethnonyms indawo. Buryats - the "ihlathi" (igama banikezwa asemaqeleni omakhelwane). "Abantu nezihlahla" ababizelwa kwabaThwa. Igama Slavic Union Dregovichi elihunyushwe ngokuthi "inyunyana Bog" (dregva - bog, marsh). Bekhuluma egameni we Balkan eMontenegro.

Umbala nokwesibili ethnonyms

Umbala ethnonyms zitholakala kuzo zonke izingxenye zomhlaba. Ukunemba akwaziwa njengoba kwakukhona igama elithi "Belarusian". Kukhona Izincazelo eziningana: kuthonywa umbala amahembe zabo, amehlo ukukhanya noma izinwele. ethnonyms umbala Iningi ngezilimi Turkic: ophuzi Uyghurs, umlenze elimhlophe black Nogais. Kukhona inguqulo ukuthi Kyrgyz abantu - a "Oguz elibomvu".

ethnonyms yesibili ngaphandle kwalabo kwabaseMakedoniya sekushiwo futhi Prussians - kubalulekile futhi, okwakunginika igama Italy futhi amaNtaliyane yesimanje. Ngaphambi ukuvela abantu Bavarian esifundeni yabo ixazululwe Bavaria lasendulo, exosha AmaCeltic boyev. Ngakho etnonim labantu wangaphambili iba ethnonym yezwe, bese - sabantu abasha. Isibonelo waseNgilandi eyaziwa - England - British kanye Franks - France - French.

Amagama ababukeka umsebenzi

Ngesisekelo ethnonym kungaba izimpawu zangaphandle. Abantu base-Indonesia wanika igama Papuans ( "abacaphuni"). AmaKushe - "abantu ubuso elihangukile" amaLombard - "okusezingeni eliphezulu". AbaseBrithani Bahamba Phambili Ekubukeni babe Umdwebo ngokwezifiso umzimba. Mhlawumbe yilokho babizwa ngokuthi "variegated".

Futhi ethnonym selivela kutjhiwo amasiko nemikhuba. Izakhamuzi lasendulo yeSisili Siculo - "Abalimi" noma "abavuni", Koryak - "abelusi". Okwe thwebule kakhulu imindeni dafir futhi muntefik - "aluka" noma "united" (reference ukucubungula ukuhlanganiswa).

ethnonym Russian

Kunemibono eminingana emphakathini yisayensi ngezingozi yini umsuka ethnonym "Rus". okufushane Varangian ithi leli gama - zaseScandinavia, futhi ngokuvamile lihunyushwa ngokuthi "abagwedli." Kukhona mbono Indo-Iranian (elihunyushwa ngokuthi "ukukhanya") futhi Proto-Slavic. Ngandlela-thile, kodwa Ephakathi igama elithi "Rus 'wayesho kokubili abantu kanye nembuso. Kusukela kuye kwaba igama wanamuhla East Slavic abantu.

Ethnonym "Russian" lokuqala sasetshenziswa njengophawu "abantu Russian". Ekuqaleni kwawo-the XVIII futhi XIX eminyaka. nge ukuvela isiphawulo yesimanje etemibhalo yasetshenziselwa wedwa, futhi uye savela ibe ibizo. Ngaphambi 1917, igama elithi "Russian" ungase ubhekisele eMpumalanga Slavic abantu abathathu (futhi sokuhlukanisa Omkhulu baseRussia Ukraine ladluliselwa).

igama collective

Ethnonyms ngesiRashiya isho iqoqo ifomu ngokuhlanganyela (Chud) noma ubuningi (amaJalimane). Njengomthetho, amagama akhiwa ne tijobelelo. Ngokwesibonelo -yata futhi -ichi amele inzalo bohlobo olufanayo. Ngo isiRashiya ethnonyms ngisho waboleka wathola Ukuvalwa amaningi: amaNtaliyane, amaJalimane, Estonia, i-British, Estonia, abaseGibithe. Lezi tijobelelo njengoba -intsy -ovtsy futhi isibonelo kwesinye isakhiwo beya kwesinye Isijobelelo.

Bheke kungenzeka womhlaba. Ethnonyms lezizwe kuya eningizimu-mpumalanga lwamaSlav empumalanga yaphela ngo -ary: Avars, AmaTatar, baseBulgaria, Khazars, njll Lesi simo Turkic nezimpande Indo-Iranian ... izizwe Finnish enyakatho lwamaSlav, kunalokho, abizwa ngokuthi bebonke: Chud, VOD, wonke, i-yam, samoyad, Kors. Lezi zibonelo - Akuwona kuphela. Okunye ethnonyms collective: Erzya, Meria, Izhora, Meshchera, Mordvinians, Lithuania.

Ukuhlanekezelwa

Lapho ngokudlulisela amagama ulimi ngolimi, ngokuvamile kakhulu ekushintsheni amafonethiki yayo. I Turkic izilimi elithi 'Russian' Kuzwakala "Urus" noma "Oros" njengokungathi bazithoba Turkic iqembu alien ukusetshenziswa umsindo "p" ekuqaleni izwi. BaseHungary bazibiza Magyars. izihlobo zabo zikude eSiberia - the Finno-Ugric abantu Mansi. Okusatshalalisiwe inguqulo kokubili ethnonym - ungomunye futhi esho izwi elifanayo, kakhulu Ushintshe mkhombe (Meshchera kungokwalabo iqembu elifanayo, Mishari, Mazhar).

Abaningi amagama-Afrika nabantu bawo abangu zonakaliswa bamakoloni baseYurophu abathuthela kule fomu uvele isiRashiya (Togolese, Congolese). wabahloli Cossacks wahlangana kuyo okokuqala nabahloli Buryats, ngokuyiphutha ngokufingqiwe igama abangabazi ngegama elithi "umfowabo". Ngenxa yalokhu, lonke isiko. Buryats isikhathi eside ngokuthi abazalwane (kungakho igama kwedolobha eBratsk). Ukuze ubone ukuthi umsuka ochwepheshe ethnonym "ukususa" zonke izinguquko zomlando uzama ukuthola ukuma yayo yasekuqaleni.