Experience Torricelli: ubunjalo nokuqakatheka

Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, ukhona, ezingqondweni zabantu uzamile yokuqonda lokho okushiwo yinkulumo zomhlaba, imithetho yemvelo, umlando imvelaphi yabo futhi ikusasa kwi-universe. Lesi sifiso evelile isithombe ehluke ngokuphelele yokusebenzisa leli izwe ngezikhathi ezihlukene futhi ezingxenyeni ezahlukene zezwe: samuntu izinto zemvelo yaphezulu, umqondo emzabalazweni ubumnyama nokukhanya ku namaZoroaster Persian, Indalo kanye Apocalypse ebuJudeni, nokuningi.

Nokho, igciwane wangempela a ulwazi okunengqondo nesayensi zomhlaba ubhekwa intuthuko, ongqondongqondo esiphelele eGrisi lasendulo. Ngakho, enye imiqondo ebaluleke kakhulu u-Aristotle kwaba ukwethulwa "yize" umqondo, egcwele wokulahlekelwa - isikhala lapho ayikho into ekhona. isiqinisekiso Nokho Iphuzu laliwukuthi ukuze sefilosofi into kuyethusa, ngokombono wakhe, futhi engenzeki nemvelo. Ngempela, le idatha enokwehla etholakalayo ke umuntu ngeke bakwazi ukudalula nomqondo cleaner ngokuphelele, futhi yonke indawo igcwele umoya ovamile. Ngokwesibonelo, uma ngamapayipi eziyize ukuzama ukushaya emoyeni, udonga lwawo olukhulukazi ngeke shwabanisa. Lokho, ngaphakathi kuyoba yini cleaner kuphela, kodwa futhi isikhala uqobo. Futhi uma amanzi enyakaza, amapayipi njalo ekuphumeni ngemuva piston, ekuvimbeleni sikhala.

Yazi Torricelli: incazelo

Lo mbono wokuthi izwe akakwazi ukuba isikhala ongasuthi nge uketshezi, okuqinile noma gaseous izidakamizwa, ngempumelelo wahlala kwaze kwaba sezikhathini zanamuhla - kwenkathi ukucabanga futhi impumelelo yezesayensi. Yingaleso sikhathi lapho abantu waphinda ngasibuyisela ukholo lwabo kungenzeka ulwazi esiwusizo futhi okunengqondo emhlabeni. Nokho, Torricelli nakho, uJesu akabanga nje umphumela ucwaningo lwesayensi, kodwa futhi ithuba. Ngesikhathi kwakhiwa umthombo esigodlweni omunye Dukes odumile we Medici lwamakhosi , ke kwaphawuleka ukuthi amanzi ngokusebenzisa amapayipi liphuma ngempela ekubalekeleni, kodwa kuphela ukuphakama ethile bese eyeka ukuhamba kwayo. Leli qiniso ayikwazanga ukukhiqiza isithakazelo ezweni Yenguquko.

Ukuze uthole incazelo esibhekiswe owaziwa ngaleso sikhathi (nabadumile nakakhulu namuhla) physics kanye izibalo ukuze uGalileo Galilei. Nokho, akazange uthole impendulo esamukelekayo ubuhlakani, wanquma iphendukele indlela yokuvivinya. Ukuhlolwa bayalelwe ukubeka ababili kubafundi bakhe - Torricelli futhi Viviani. Imiphumela abathandwayo izuzwe yesibili. Experience Torricelli wacabanga isikhala ku ngamapayipi ingilazi ethile mercury (kuba ngoyisiwula kusinda kunakho amanzi, ngoba kubonisa imiphumela ngokucace nakakhulu esinevolumu encane isitsha) ukuze kungangeni moya ingena. Ukuphela engenhla selinqunyiwe, futhi phansi evulekile yafakwa ku niyithola mercury. Kwatholakala ukuthi mercury nayo bagcwalise isikhala lonke tube, kusale ethile voids phezulu. Nokho, lezi ulwazi enokwehla akazange ngokushesha uthole balungisiswe theory.

incazelo isipiliyoni

ngokushesha Experience Torricelli kwaziwa kulo Europe abafundile, lapho ososayensi basanda kuphikisana mayelana nohlobo lesi simanga. Ukuchazwa Eqinisweni wanika Evangelista Torricelli. Kusukela phezulu avaliwe tube ingilazi wayengekho emoyeni ngaphezu mercury it is wachaza ukuthi ukuphakama ikholomu mercury nezwi kuchazwe ngu umfutho womoya phezu mercury endebeni, okubangela ukuba ahambe ngaphezulu ngamapayipi ingilazi. Okokuqala kwatholakala Ucwaningo yi umfutho womoya. Formula Torricelli lasho ukuthi lo ingcindezi oluhambisana ukuphakama mercury: P = P atm mercury. Irhubhululo elingezelelako wabanjwa engumFulentshi Blez Paskal, obonakaliswe inani ukuphakama engaphansi ikholomu umoya wamandla adonsela phansi ngesikhathi othize, ngaleyo ndlela enikeza esintwini ikhono ukuchaza atm. ingcindezi.