Hydrogen fluoride: izici futhi izicelo

Phakathi Halogen compounds - izakhi 7 amaqembu we iqeqebana eyinhloko uhlelo ngezikhathi izakhi zamakhemikhali D. I. Mendeleeva - ukubaluleka okukhulu okusebenzayo hydrogen-fluoride. Ekanye nabanye halides hydrogen, isetshenziswa amagatsha ezahlukene emnothweni kazwelonke: sepulasitiki fluorinated, hydrofluoric acid nosawoti yayo. Kuleli phephandaba sitadisha isakhiwo zishintshe, izakhiwo ngokomzimba futhi amakhemikhali yalolu ketshezi futhi ucabangele ukusetshenziswa kwalo.

Umlando yokutholakala

Ekhulwini le-17 K. Shvankvard zazinolwazi ne amaminerali fluorspar futhi sulphate acid. Ososayensi bathole ukuthi igesi savela ngesikhathi yokusabela eyaqala ukuqeda kusukela ipuleti ingilazi, esehlanganise tube ne ingxube reagent. Le ngxube gaseous yaziwa ngokuthi i-hydrogen-fluoride.

Hydrofluoric acid Kwatholakala indawo 19 leminyaka Gay Lussac kusuka ukwaziswa okufanayo zokusetshenziswa: fluorite futhi sulfuric acid. Ampere ucwaningo yakhe yafakazela ukuthi kule nokwakheka engqamuzaneni hf iyafana hydrogen chloride. Ibuye ilandise ngezinto izixazululo aqueous hydrogen halides. Umehluko ezihlobene amandla acid: hydrofluoric - ababuthakathaka, futhi chloride - eqinile.

izakhiwo

Negesi nge chemical ifomula hf has a okunoshukela isici iphunga, kungekho nto enemibala emihle, kancane alula kakhulu kunomoya emoyeni. Phakathi halides HI- HBr- HCl- abilayo iphuzu futhi encibilika ngokushelela ukushintsha, futhi kwathatha hf okwanda ngokushesha. Incazelo zalesi simo zihlanganisa yamangqamuzana amafomu hydrogen fluoride abangane (iqembu izinhlayiya hlangothi, phakathi lapho kukhona i-hydrogen izibopho). Ukuze singawanyathela, amandla lutholakala, ngakho abilayo futhi ukuncibilika amaphuzu ukwanda. Ngokwezibalo kwabantu igesi kule uhla close ukubila iphuzu (19.5), i-hydrogen fluoride yakhiwa lokubolekwa nge Ukwakheka isilinganiso hf _2. Lapho ukufuthelana ngenhla 25 ^{° C,} lezi izakhiwo kuthiwa ukubola kancane kancane futhi izohlala ezingeni lokushisa elingaba ^ngu-90 ° C kantsi sicuketse loku-hydrogen fluoride ka hf molecule.

Indlela kukhishwe ftorgidrid

Izindlela ukuthola izinto hhayi ngaphansi kwezimo zelabhorathri, okuyinto sekushiwo, futhi umkhakha, lutho ngeke kuhluke bodwa bathi: the reagents zonke fluorspar efanayo (fluorite) kanye sulphate acid.

A enomkhiqizo wokumbiwa phansi kuhlelwe Primorye Zabaikalye, Mexico, eU.SA, kuqala okucetshiswe flotation, bese kusetshenziswa inqubo kwezobuchwepheshe hf, okuyinto eyenziwa e ekhethekile amaziko steel. Babekwe icala futhi ore exutshwe sulphate acid. ore lesimo iqukethe 55-60% of _fluorite. Izindonga somlilo uphahlwe phambili amashidi ukudoba i-hydrogen-fluoride. Lokhu sasicwengwa kukholamu ukugeza is selehlile bese wafingqa. Ukuze uthole i-hydrogen-fluoride, asetshenziselwa bokushisa rotary, ngokungaqondile heatable ugesi. IMisa ingxenyenamba hf okukhipha imayelana 0.98, kodwa inqubo has nemiphumela ethile engathandeki. Kuyinto isikhathi eside futhi kudinga ukusetshenziswa enkulu sulphate acid.

I polarity yezinhlayiya hf

Anhydrous hydrogen fluoride sakhiwa izinhlayiya kokuba ikhono ukuhlanganisa uxhumano nomsebenzisi nomunye futhi ifomu lokubolekwa. Lokhu kungenxa Sakhiwo sangekhatsi engqamuzaneni. Phakathi hydrogen ne sasekhaya athomu, okunamandla chemical isibopho, ngokuthi covalent polar. It imelelwa jikelele electron pair, saya a electronegative ngaphezulu sasekhaya athomu. Ngenxa yalokho ftorgidrida molecule kukhona polar futhi ube dipoles fomu.

Phakathi kwabo kukhona electrostatic Luhambo amandla, okuholela nesenzakalo abangane. isibopho obuphelele phakathi hydrogen ne sasekhaya ama-athomu kuyinto 92 NM, namandla ayo uyalingana 42 kJ / Mol. Njengoba e ketshezi gaseous noma uketshezi liqukethe ziyingxube yezilwane polymeric H ₂ F _2, H ₄ F _4.

chemical izakhiwo

Anhydrous hydrogen fluoride unekhono ukuxubana usawoti carbonate, silicate, sulfide nitrite futhi acid. Bembonisa oxidative izakhiwo, hf uyalulama compounds ngenhla ukuze-carbon dioxide, i-silicon tetrafluoride, i-hydrogen sulphide futhi oxides nitric. Kuvele aqueous 40% isixazululo hf ebhubhisa ukhonkolo, ingilazi, lesikhumba, iraba, futhi baxhumana ezinye oxides ezifana Cu ₂ O. Umkhiqizo kutholakala zethusi khulula, ithusi fluoride namanzi. Kukhona iqembu izinto ngawo hf ayiphenduli, isib, izinsimbi ezisindayo, kanye magnesium, insimbi, aluminium, ne-nickel.

I ikhambi aqueous hydrogen fluoride

It has a igama hydrofluoric acid isetshenziswa njengoba u-40% no 72% izixazululo. Hydrogen fluoride, isici izakhiwo amakhemikhali okuyinto incike lokuhlushwa yayo, ngokungenamkhawulo oncibilikayo emanzini. Kulokhu, ukushisa ekhiqizwa echaza le nqubo njengoba exothermic. Ngenxa naphakathi eqinile acid aqueous hf wasithukuthelela izinsimbi (esikhundleni ukuphendula). usawoti Kwakheka - fluorides -, ne-hydrogen ikhishwe. Ungathathi ngamawala nge hydrofluoric acid izinsimbi yokwenziwa - platinum kanye igolide nomthofu. Acid passivates ke, ngamafuphi yakha ifilimu zokuzivikela phezu kwensimbi ehlanganisa i zingaxazululeki phambili-fluoride. I aqueous isixazululo hf ingaqukatha yensimbi ukungcola arsenic, i-sulphur dioxide, kuleso simo ibizwa ngokuthi lobuchwepheshe acid. Bagxila 60% isixazululo hf ubalulekile organic zokwenziwa kwamakhemikhali. Lilondolozwe plastic noma Teflon iziqukathi, futhi hydrofluoric acid tonnage uthuthwa amathangi steel.

Indima hydrofluoric acid emnothweni

Isixazululo hydrogen fluoride esetshenziswa ukwenziwa ammonium borofluoride, okuyinto isakhi ekucucuzeni e yokusansimbi ayoni futhi nonferrous. Futhi, isetshenziswa inqubo electrolysis ukuthola boron okumsulwa. Hydrofluoric acid isetshenziswa kremneftoridov ukukhiqizwa, ezifana isibonelo Na ₂ Sif _6. Isetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza usimende kanye enamels amelana acid yezimbiwa.

Flyuaty ukunikeza zokwakha izakhiwo amanzi. Ngo inqubo isicelo sabo kuyadingeka ukuze uqaphele, ngoba zonke kremneftoridy anobuthi. An isixazululo aqueous of hf nazo asetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni zokwenziwa yezihlanganisi amafutha. Ngokungafani amaminerali, bona kubuyise viscosity bese bakha ifilimu zokuzivikela phezu kobuso ukusebenza izingxenye, compressors, gearboxes, amabombo kokubili at high kanye okushisa aphansi. Lokubaluleke kakhulu kuyinto aqueous hydrogen fluoride ku etching (Matting) ingilazi, kanye embonini Semiconductor lapho esetshenziselwa Silicon etching.

Fluorine-equkethe plastic

Ethandwa kakhulu sazo Teflon (PTFE - 4). Lalivulwe ngengozi. wemithi Organic Roy Plankett, wahlanganyela zamagama freons, atholakala amasilinda nge gaseous ethylene cheteryhhloristym egcinwe ashisa ngendlela engavamile eliphansi hhayi igesi, njengoba powder emhlophe, okunamafutha uma uyithinta. Kwatholakala ukuthi ngomfutho ophakeme futhi lokushisa ongaphakeme tetrafluoroethylene polymerized.

Cishe le ndlela yokusabela zaholela ekwakhekeni we amapulasitiki entsha. Kamuva wabizwa ngokuthi Teflon. Anakho ukushisa kakhulu futhi ukumelana ezibandayo. Teflon ezinengilazi asetshenziswa ngempumelelo embonini yezokudla, amakhemikhali umkhakha, enkulu ekwakhekeni Cookware-non stick izakhiwo. Ngisho u-70 ° ^C PTFE imikhiqizo - 4 qinani nezici zabo. Kuyinto ezehlukile okusezingeni eliphezulu inertness amakhemikhali PTFE. It is asibhubhi ngokuthintana izinto nolaka - alkalis futhi acid. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ngoba imishini esetshenziswa izinqubo kwezobuchwepheshe nitrate kanye acid sulfate, ammonium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide. Fluorocarbon polymer ingaqukatha izingxenye ezengeziwe - modifiers, ezifana ingilazi noma izinsimbi, ukuze ushintshe izakhiwo zabo, ezifana anda ukushisa ukumelana futhi ihlala isikhathi eside.

Dissociation hydrogen fluoride

Ngasekuqaleni sishilo ukuthi ifomu eqinile covalent isibopho, ngaphezu, bona bangamaJuda ukwazi ukuhlobanisa ku lokubolekwa, ukwakha i-hydrogen izibopho e hf molecule. Yingakho-fluoride hydrogen has a degree eliphansi dissociation nengenawo wajinge wanamatsela e ikhambi aqueous e ion. Hydrofluoric acid ntekenteke chloride noma uxhumano lokudlulisa. Lezi zimo zokuma ukuchaza ukhona dissociation ukumelana layo, acid kwalokho nosawoti, kuyilapho futhi chloride noma kulawo mafomu kungekho iodine. Abantu abehla dissociation ka aqueous isixazululo hydrogen fluoride kuyinto 7x10 ^-4, okufakazela iqiniso lokuthi isixazululo salo inqwaba molecule undissociated futhi kumakwe okuqukethwe eliphansi hydrogen ne sasekhaya ion.

Indlela ftorgidrid esiyingozi

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi anobuthi kokubili gaseous ne liquid hydrogen-fluoride. izidakamizwa Ikhodi - 0342. Hydrofluoric acid futhi anazo izakhiwo kwezidakamizwa. On nethonya layo emzimbeni womuntu, sizogxila kamuva. I somhleli yalolu ketshezi, kanye ftorgidrid anhydrous, kuyinto eklasini ingozi yesibili. Lokhu kungenxa, ngaphezu kwakho konke, ikhono sasekhaya kalula okhela. Kahle kahle, lokhu impahla lubonakala ikakhulu ekhuthaza njenge-hydrogen-fluoride, okuyinto Pozharovzryvoopasnost okusezingeni eliphezulu ikakhulukazi.

Kungani ukunquma ezingeni hydrogen fluoride emoyeni

Esikhathini ukukhiqizwa yezimboni of hf, eyatholakala kusukela acid fluorspar futhi sulfuric zingenzeka ukulahlekelwa igesi umkhiqizo, okuyinto imibhangqwana emkhathini. Khumbula ukuthi fluoride hydrogen (isigaba ingozi okuyinto - wesibili) - into enobuthi kakhulu futhi kudinga nesilinganiso okuqhubekayo emakamu yayo. Ngo kwekhabhoni zezimboni iqukethe esiningi amakhemikhali ayingozi kanye ezinobungozi, ikakhulukazi nitrogen ne oxides nesibabule, sulphides of izinsimbi ezisindayo kanye gaseous hydrogen halides. Phakathi kwabo zikhungethe isamba esikhulu kule fluoride hydrogen, okuyinto MPC ezisemoyeni 0,005 mg / m ³ ngokuya sasekhaya ngosuku. Ukuze ifektri amasayithi lapho kukhona umgqomo somlilo, esiphezulu lokuhlushwa kuvunyelwe (MPC) kumele 0, 1 mg / m ^3.

Negesi analyzers hydrogen fluoride

Ukuze uthole ukuthi yini amagesi ayingozi kanye nobungako adedelwa emkhathini, kukhona wokulinganisa mishini ekhethekile. Ukuze ukuthola hf umusi usebenzisa photocolorimetric igesi analyzers, ezisetshenziswa njengoba izibani intambo futhi LED njengoba imithombo Semiconductor ukukhanya photodiodes futhi phototransistors ukukhonza njengephayona photodetectors. Ukunqunywa hydrogen fluoride iqhutshwa emoyeni emkhathini futhi enye igesi analyzers infrared. Bona ayizwani ukuphi. Hf molecule ukuncela eside wave emisebeni ku ezahlukene 1-15 microns. Izinsimbi zomculo ezazisetshenziswa ukucacisa kwemfucumfucu enobuthi emoyeni futhi endaweni yokusebenza amabhizinisi zezimboni, oscillation fixed lokuhlushwa hf kokubili ngaphakathi elivumeleke kanye ezimweni ezibucayi olulodwa (izibhicongo technogenic zokukhukhumala, iziyaluyalu imijikelezo zobuchwepheshe ngenxa umonakalo ka ugesi nokunye. D.). Lezi imisebenzi usebenze thermoconductometric hydrogen fluoride igesi analyzers. Prom. bona ukuhlukanisa kwekhabhoni esekelwe hf conductivity ezishisayo kuye ukubunjwa ingxube gaseous.

Ftorgidrida ethonyeni elilimazayo emzimbeni womuntu

Njengoba anhydrous hydrogen fluoride noma hydrofluoric acid, okuyinto isixazululo yalo emanzini, eyakho ekilasini ingozi yesibili. Ikakhulukazi, lezi zakhi abe nomthelela omubi izinhlelo ezibalulekile: zenhliziyo, excretory, umgudu wokuphefumula, isikhumba kanye nolwelwesi lwamafinyila. Ukungena izidakamizwa ngokusebenzisa isikhumba angaliboni futhi asymptomatic. I izenzakalo of ubuthi kungaba ukuzibonakalisa ngosuku olulandelayo, futhi uxilongwe ngendathane, okungukuthi isikhumba sasigcwala izilonda, iso mucosal ebusweni izingxenye kwakhiwa keloids. Lung kwezicubu ubhujiswe ngenxa lesion necrotic we-alveoli. Athomu fluoride babambeke uketshezi extracellular ke ukungena amaseli bese babopha calcium ne-magnesium izinhlayiya bengena yokwakheka nerve izicubu, igazi, futhi tubules kwezinso - izakhiwo nephron. Ngakho-ke akuyona sifaneleka ikakhulu iyona control ngokucophelela okuqukethwe gaseous hydrogen fluoride futhi hydrofluoric acid umusi emkhathini.