Fayum portrait: obukhulu yobuciko emhlabeni

Ekuqaleni XVII ekhulwini kwelinye amathuna wafunda isihambi Italy wathola ekumeni exotic ezibangele baseYurophu shock real - abahluke ngakho kusukela abanye.

ukutholakala ezingokomlando ezibalulekile

Kodwa udumo yangempela yazuza bemivubukulo yokuthola ezidunjini ezomisiwe ngo-1887 eduze kwedolobha Fayoum, ugcwale nabaseGibhithe lasendulo. Ngemva kokunqoba kuka-Alexander Omkhulu wathatha indawo yakhe lapho, futhi amaGreki namaRoma. lwezinhlangano ezingathandwa ezibhekwa omngcwabo elihlobene ne nokugqumisa kwabafileyo, sibhekana nezinguquko zawo. Uma ngaphambili abaseGibhithe nigqoké ubuso mummified umzimba wakho limbozwe a sarcophagus, ezihlukahlukene buso, izithombe okuyiqiniso woshonile, abaculi bendawo zaveza ekumeni of ngakuthathu wax upende zokumelana kubola, ngezinye izikhathi emidwebweni zazo ethe njo ibhodi.

Fayum isiziba, kokuvula izici esingaziwa lokusungula abaculi lasendulo, wanika igama layo ukuze isithombe olunothile lwabafileyo, abenze lokhu revolution kwamasiko ngempela ngaleso sikhathi. Ekumeni, usike at ubukhulu kwesokudla, banamathela inhloko yabangamashumi mummy: ngokumelene amabhandeshi ezimhlophe, sengathi ngefasitela, wabheka kwebalingisi namaqiniso lomuntu oshonile.

Technique kapende nokusebenzisa

Abaculi babesebenzisa isu elikhethekile encaustic, okuhilela nokusebenzisa upende ngqo phezu kwezinkuni ngaphandle pre-ukucubungula. Fayum isithombe umufi isithombe sisetshenziswa nge ibhulashi kanye evuthayo metal rod. Lo msebenzi kwakumelwe odinga izisebenzi eziningi, edinga amakhono akhethekile, kusukela ukulungiswa ku portrait akuvunyelwe. Ngenxa okusezingeni eliphezulu lokushisa upende kahle okuphekwe waxy elicibilikile, azakhele unezikhinsi ngesikhathi solidification, ukudala umphumela ivolumu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amakhosi esetshenziswa amapuleti zegolide, egcizelela ngemuva, umqhele omuhle phezu kwekhanda lakhe noma iyiphi ingxenye izingubo.

Enye inqubo esetshenziswa ubhala ekumeni omngcwabo zabantu, kuyinto tempera. Izithombe wadala zombala based exutshwe glue isilwane, kwenziwa phezu matte nge emiphemeni Ngokuphambene kancane ngokuphawulekayo obangelwa ukukhanya nethunzi. Ososayensi bathi ukuphila isikhathi eside izithombe ezinjalo: Fayum portrait waseGibhithe lasendulo wakudala umhlabeleli walondoloza, futhi kuze kube namuhla bafika ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ukukhanya umbala akukwazi ushintsho yesikhashana.

Roman art izithombe sabafileyo

Akumelwe sikhohlwe ukuthi ngokubhala ekumeni isiko kwaba esiyingxenye yesiko Nombuso WaseRoma, kuphela isithombe iba yingxenye sehlelo omngcwabo, nama-altare empepho amadlozi nababusi oshonile igcinwe ngamamitha ngokuthi Atria. Nokho, izinkondlo nezici zendlela yokubhala zazifana yokudweba Fayum ekumeni, abavubukuli bathola encane kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa imisebenzi yobuciko Roman, kodwa yobuciko zezwe Ubuciko nabaseGibhithe lasendulo, njengoba ososayensi bakholelwa, ngasinda zisesimweni esihle ezifana yesizukulwane hhayi kuphela ngenxa inqubo ehlukile yokusebenzisa upende, kodwa futhi amazwe eyomile .

Ukufana ne iconography

izinkulungwane Kuqalwe zeminyaka edlule ekumeni abaye baba isimangaliso sangempela emhlabeni yobuciko, watshelwa ukuthi abantwana baphile izithombe zabantu. isithombe Eyingqayizivele nabaseGibhithe lasendulo, owaphila sikhathi amandla yamaGreki namaRoma, hhayi nje sekudlule kwifomu womuntu. amehlo Huge edabukisayo ebuka obuka sengathi babona into ingekho ngaphansi libukeka uyaphila.

Hhayi ngokunikeza umfundi ithuba bedle izithombe enengqondo ukuthi kukhona ngakolunye uhlangothi yokuphila, waqala ukwakha izimiso iconography. Kodwa ungakhohlwa ukuthi kusenzima ekumeni obungokwesiko ayenzelwanga nokucabanga okwenza okuthile kwabaphilayo, kwadaleka kuphela ukumbelwa, ngoba ngaso sonke isikhathi abaseGibhithe onginike kakhulu kwelizayo.

portrait omngcwabo njengoba idwetshwe eyandulela

Kamuva WaseByzantium iconography kuthonywa lokusungula eenkhulwini lasendulo, ubhala kwi encaustic isihlahla nokusebenzisa amapuleti mncane zegolide leaf. Ukubheka ekumeni umngcwabo, nibheke kwelinye izwe, kancane kancane ayahamba aye zenkolo art waseByzantium. Stylistically Kusolwa proikonoy Fayum portrait, sad emngcwabeni isithombe bese yakhelwe ukugcina izici ozithandayo lomuntu oshonile. Impilo isithonjana onqobayo ukufa, futhi ubuso bakhe nokuthi naphendukela kanjani kuNkulunkulu, futhi baqonde okushiwo ukunakekelwa alikho sokuvalelisa, futhi injabulo umhlangano Easter. Abaculi like ababheka umphefumulo, hhayi ngidlula isithombe lungolomzuzwana futhi ukuyibuka ngokombono ubuntu okungenakufa isimo ekukhanyeni yaphakade.

Kusukela ekumeni namaqiniso - ebusweni ekahle

Abacwaningi bayaqiniseka ukuthi zonke izithombe ebhaliwe kumuntu ophilayo, njengokuba ukufinyelela oshonile nokusebenza nabo unqatshelwe ngokuphelele by amakhosi waseGibhithe. Ngakho-ke i-portrait omngcwabo (Fayum) kumele ngaphambilini kusengaphambili, ngesineke phakathi nesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe, yena waba uhlanganyela endlini kuze kube sekufeni lomuntu. Abanye ososayensi baye basikisela ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi kwaba esinye isithombe kuyi-papyrus, ngawo kwesidumbu futhi amakhophi ekhiqizwa ngoba ezidunjini ezomisiwe.

Uma sikhuluma isithombe namaqiniso woshonile, ngokuqinisekile edukisayo, kusenzima vnevozrastnye isithombe esithile kanokusho, sengathi simisiwe uphakade. ezidunjini ezomisiwe Akaziwa, nge omngcwabo ekumeni okuyinto wabheka osemusha, nakuba empeleni abantu abaye bafa yokuguga. WaseByzantium isithonjana Umdwebo eyayihamba kusukela portrait wangempela ekahle futhi ubuso okuphakade zokunamathela emithethweni ethile yokubhala nezithombe zosanta.

izinguquko wesitayela

Kuhle kokusho ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa ubuKristu ngokubhala Fayum portrait izinguquko global zisenzeka, it is conceptualized isithombe sendoda nengokomoya ngokuya obusa ukhoporali. Abadali okubi okwakugcwele eMbusweni WaseRoma wazizwa izinguquko eziphawulekayo bezibona emhlabeni, waveza ngendlela ezivamile kokwenza ifomu, wayemthanda wabuka olukhuni, kunokuba ivolumu.

Ukugqoka yisakhiwo sodumo uhlamvu portrait Fayum washintsha stylistically, rethinking isimo somuntu. UbuKristu, evunyiwe ekhulwini IV eGibhithe, okuvimba umkhuba wokusebenzisa nokugqumisa futhi encaustic nqubo ibizwa kancane kancane ukhohliwe, kanye ukunyamalala izithombe nokungcwaba.

Izici ekumeni isiko

Ngesisekelo imithetho esingashiwongo yokudweba izithombe isiko, izici ezilandelayo agcwele ekumeni omngcwabo kwenkathi:

• Umthombo ukukhanya kuyinto phezulu, kwesokudla esikhundleni salokho okufanele likubone isibukeli ohlangothini ubuso ungaphakathi isithunzi.
• Shona waphenduka ngamakota amathathu siphile izithombe cishe lingekho.
• Gaze iqondiswe phezu ababebukele, kodwa hhayi iso sesibukeli.
• Ebusweni kukhona yini imizwa ukuboniswa, amehlo uvulwe zibuhlungu.
• Ingemuva portrait - ezinombala ofanayo, ukukhanya noma igolide.
• I asymmetry emaceleni kwesokunxele bese kwesokudla ubuso (amakhona izindebe, amashiya, izindlebe engele ezahlukene futhi amelwe emazingeni ehlukene). Kukholakala ukuthi lokhu Umkhuba omusha in umdwebo kwazanywa adlulisele ngokombono isithombe ukuboniswa.

Njengoba lo mfanekiso umngcwabo (Fayum) yabhalwa ngisho noma ukuphila komuntu, futhi mhlawumbe isikhathi eside ukuthi endlini yakhe, cishe yonke edwetshwe kubonakale kubantu abasebasha. Ngemva kokufa isithombe lishumekwe amabhandeshi we mummy, nasekhanda lakhe isicelo ngokucophelela ngokusebenzisa Wreath stencil zegolide, elimelela ukuphila okuphakade.

ekumeni omngcwabo njengoba kukhombisa yemfashini

izithombe omngcwabo - lena ngempela yobuciko, ukwakha isimo eziyingqayizivele ukubandakanywa umbukeli ngamunye art enkulu, enikeza injabulo yobuhle. Ngokwe Fayum ekumeni kalula umkhondo fashion yamaGreki yesikhathi. Abesilisa abangu kuvezwa ingubo ecwebezelayo, futhi abesifazane - izembatho obomvu, omhlophe noma ogqamile. Jewellery ukuhlangabezana ebudaleni obuthile kuphela, njengawo izinwele. Kukholakala ukuthi isitayela esithile sokubuza umndeni koMbusi, baziqambela izindlela ezintsha isitayela izinwele, ikakhulukazi abesifazane, kodwa esifundazweni kusukela dolobha imfashini safinyelela kancane kakhulu.

Indawo egcina amagugu esizwe yobuciko yobuciko emhlabeni

Ososayensi Awekho ekumeni engaphezu kwengu-900 Fayum, esikhiqiza ekugxiliseni futhi uzibuse ngokuphelele emkhakheni wezobuciko. Kubonakala sengathi ngisho yobuciko encane ngiphuphe ukulidla amagugu asendulo sehlelo emngcwabeni nabaseGibhithe lasendulo. Lezi ekumeni manje eqolo ngezinye indali ahlukahlukene, futhi isithakazelo abaqoqi oyimfihlo ubuciko isiko kwandisa njalo ngonyaka. Ingasaphathwa inani elikhulu elinegazi futhi amakhophi, kodwa imidwebo yokubukisa e isitayela izithombe omngcwabo awuligubhi lelo isithombe kwesidumbu ukubukeka namasiko.

Ezinye izingcezu eziyingqayizivele ezisekhona kuze kube namuhla, manje agcinwe amaqoqo iminyuziyamu zomhlaba ezinkulu, kuhlanganise Pushkin. Ehholo ubuciko wonke amasiko asendulo futhi unesithakazelo Umdwebo ungase ucabangele of ukudluliselwa izithombe Fayum ekumeni ukujula okuhle ngendlela engakholeki. Pushkin Museum e Moscow, kunesithembiso engaphezu kwengu-20 izithombe yokungcwaba zibabaza ngubani ngokukhethekile woza ngisho nabantu bokufika. I-portrait edume kakhulu insizwa sikhombisa handsome yangempela izici wesilisa futhi elikhazimulayo sengathi Amalahle amehlo. Ukubukeka kwaso sonke kusikisela Ubumnene ashisayo kanye nemvelo ezingezwakali futhi inhlanganisela yalokhu imibala okungafani like iphampa ukucindezeleka yangaphakathi.

art waseGibhithe uyohlale umcebo real sonke isikhathi, futhi Fayum ekumeni, ukubaluleka kwezobuciko okuyinto emangalisayo okusezingeni eliphezulu, kucatshangwa ukuthi yobuciko eyiqiniso. Bangakwazi ngokuthi isango, livulekele amakhosi ikusasa izindlela ezintsha lokusungula, njengoba akusho e ukudalwa imifanekiso WaseByzantium.