Geoecology - ke ... Yini study geoecology

Geoecology isayensi - isiyalo ekusebenzisaneni ngemvelo nokuma kwezwe. Phakathi nohlaka yayo, sitadisha Ukwakheka, isakhiwo kanye netinchubo olwenzeka endaweni womuntu. Ochwepheshe kulo mkhakha abasebenza ukuvikela uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli kusuka izinguquko enqabayo abangelwa izenzo zabantu kwezomnotho.

isihloko cwaningo

Umsebenzi oyinhloko ongoti emkhakheni we geo-ngemvelo ukuthola ukusilela phakathi labantu, ukukhiqizwa kanye nemvelo. Ukuze wenze lokhu, atadisha imithombo nomthelela wezenzo zabantu ebhodulukweni, ukusatshalaliswa yabo lubandlululo kanye yesikhashana futhi ufake umfutho owengeziwe. Ucwaningo ukubhujiswa kwezemvelo kanye izingxenye ukugadwa ku Dynamics yabo.

Umthwalo phezu geoecosystem - yilokhu uyafundelwa geo-emvelweni. Ngenxa yale njongo, ke ihlaziya impendulo eziphilayo wokuthinta izinqubo zabo zobuchwepheshe. Ososayensi ezilingisa, ukubikezela kanye nokulinganisa umthelela yabantu. Waba yini umphumela wesibindi umsebenzi wabo, njengoba umthetho, kuba ukulungiswa izincomo, okuyinto ebekwe indlela engcono kakhulu yokuzisebenzisa GEOECOSYSTEM.

Ngo isayensi

Kusukela iphuzu Ngenxa ngezigaba yesayensi geo-ngemvelo - ngemvelo lonke esigatshaneni (ngezinye izikhathi ebizwa ngokuthi megaekologiey). Njenganoma iyiphi isiyalo, it has into yayo eqondile cwaningo. Kulokhu geoecology ephakeme simiso semvelo ezingeni phezulu (isb Mainland, uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli, biome, ocean).

Zikhona nezinye izilinganiso nasendaweni isiyalo isayensi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, geo-ngemvelo - womhlaba esigabeni sesine (kanye nezomnotho, imizimba kanye nomphakathi). Kodwa akugcini lapho. Geoecology is zithandelana komhlaba - ke study imvelo Geological kanye nobuhlobo bayo nabanye abezindaba, kuhlanganise hydrosphere, umkhathi uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli. Lolu cwaningo ucubungula nomthelela wezenzo zabantu bonke ngothi lwabo.

umngcele isiyalo

Iqiniso lokuthi ukutadisha geo-ngesimiso semvelo, ezahlukene imvelo letindzala (lawa, isibonelo, ukuxhumana kwemvelo abiotic nangemisebenzi yezinto eziphilayo). Ngokucacile, ososayensi sethule eside olusha lwale isayensi. Lokhu GEOECOSYSTEM okuwumphumela ukuxhumana we hydrosphere, uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli; futhi umoya lithosphere. Futhi, kubonakala ngokuthi umkhiqizo we ukushayisana bemvelo umphakathi. Umphumela Akukhona ukubukeka ekusebenzelaneni kwabo ovulekile futhi ivalwe izinhlelo geoenvironmental.

Njenganoma iyiphi enye emngceleni isiyalo, lokhu isayensi isebenzisa izindlela zocwaningo bemvelo ezahlukene. Geoecology - uhlelo ezingeke esachazwa inkomba eyodwa kuphela, okusho ukuthi kulesi simo sidinga ukuhlanganiswa yokwakheka komhlaba, geography, imvelo kanye nezinye izindawo bolwazi lwabantu.

inkinga omhlabajikelele nawasekhaya jikelele

Ukutadisha Geography kanye Geo ikhomba ezimbili yemiraro. Abakwazi ihlukaniswe global kanye jikelele. Isigaba sokuqala sihlanganisa izinkinga ezithinta lonke ecosphere (isibonelo - kwamagesi abamba ukushisa emkhathini). Ngu uhlobo jikelele aphindaphindwe imikhuba emibi ezinguqulweni ezahlukene. Lezi zihlanganisa zokunciphisa zezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni futhi ukubhujiswa ungqimba lwe-ozone le planethi.

ukunakekela okukhethekile geography geo-ngemvelo uMnyango ikhokhwe ezinkingeni kwenhlabathi. Ukuwohloka izinga yayo kuholela ukwehla okuzala. Njengomthetho, amanyala abangelwa izenzo zabantu kwezomnotho. Noma kunjalo, iyini imbangela yako, futhi singasebenza njengesisekelo esiqinile sokufinyelela isici yemvelo (kwenhlabathi, izivunguvungu, ukuqhuma kwezintaba-mlilo nokunye. D.).

izimiso ucwaningo

Ngo geoecologists ucwaningo linezimiso embalwa eyinhloko. Eyokuqala wabo - yesifunda. Ucabangela izimo geo-emvelweni wendawo. Isimiso zomlando kusekelwe ekuhlaziyweni izimbangela kumiswa uhlelo kanye nezimo ngendlela. Ekuhloleni ochwepheshe futhi acabangele oyiyo, Dynamics kanye nokusebenza izinqubo. Omunye izisekelo cwaningo yiyona ibalazwe landscape.

Geo-ngesimiso semvelo, imvelo kanye umngcele nabo isayensi awanakuziziba isici nsiza. Ososayensi sinake kakhulu ukuba amaphethini yesikhashana futhi kwezendawo landscape nayo yonke imvelo jikelele. Indima ebalulekile udlalwa yi-okuthiwa umcengezi isimiso. Ngokusho kwakhe, ukuhlaziywa isimo kubalulekile hydrogeological, amandla ecucuza izidakamizwa kanye nabezindaba.

Imiqondo nemibono

Ngesisekelo ezincwadini geo-ngemvelo kubhekwa nomqondo umphakathi imvelo, athuthukiswe in the isazi XIX leminyaka uKarl Moebius. Le nkulumo ibhekisela nesigcino eziphilayo abahlala izimo ezifanayo zemvelo. Noma yimuphi Institute of Environmental Geoscience igxile imiqondo ezifana ikhava womhlaba, zemvelo, namathafa, noosphere, umqondo geosystem, umqondo uhlelo be-Geotechnical.

Isisekelo ezincwadini isiyalo isungule sibonga sciences amabili umzali, futhi intuthuko yabo ekhulwini elidlule leminyaka nesigamu. Ngenxa geography Geoecology isungule umqondo olunzulu ubudlelwano yemvelo kanye indima geocomponent ngabanye, imiqondo yokuzihlukanisa kwamangqamuzana ngokwemisebenzi yawo nokuhlanganiswa. Okubalulekile kungenye uhlangothi kule uhlamvu lwemali. Lemvelo balethwa geoecology imigomo noosphere futhi uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli, sezinkolelo ngoba kunyatheliswa izinto futhi izinga kwemvelo.

I izimfanelo ngoba isayensi

Imibono ngabanye ayisibonelo salezi geo-ngesimiso semvelo, uzwakalise ngisho nangaphambi ivela khona. Ngakho, i-Economist omkhulu waseBrithani kwekhulu XVIII Adamu Smit uphenyo ngokuningiliziwe imithombo yemvelo deku Umcebo kazwelonke. compatriot yakhe uThomas Malthus e-1798, mhlawumbe okokuqala ezama ukuzenza athandeke kubantu kwakuthiwa uqonde ingozi ka the zezinhlekelele kubangelwa ukusweleka kokudla wayesengaba. Njengoba kuphawulwe ngenhla, ngokuba isayensi esikhuluma ngako mkhuba ebaluleke kakhulu umjikelezo we ndaba. Wakhe eqala ukutadisha owaphila XIX leminyaka Yustah Liebig ngaleyo ndlela obuqinisekisa ukuthi imfundiso yokuziphendukela amaminerali nokudla izitshalo.

On ukuthuthukiswa geo-ngemvelo nomthelela umsebenzi eyisisekelo "Origin of Species:" uCharles Darwin sika (1859), kanye incwadi ngesibani sokuma waseMelika uGeorge Perkinsa Marsha "Indoda Imvelo" (1864). Kuyinto lo mcwaningi ngomunye wabokuqala kushiwo isidingo imikhawulo yomsebenzi wezomnotho, imvelo.

usosayensi Russian Alexander Voeikov ngo-1891 wachaza izindlela zokubhekana enqabayo zemvelo (imimoya owomile, yesithwathwa, isomiso, nokunye. D.). Njengoba zokumelana, wasikisela amanzi sokufunwa futhi azithathwa. UProfesa Petersburg University Vasily Dokuchaev 1903 igcwaliswe ukuthuthukiswa ngesisekelo ngemfundiso eyayithi kwabonakala umzimba wemvelo-zomlando. Zonke lezi misebenzi kamuva kwaba nendima ukuthuthukiswa geo-ngemvelo.

Umsuka Geoecology

Umlando ekuhloleni geography, geo-ngesimiso semvelo, ezokuvakasha kanye nezinye ezihlobene izimpande ezivamile. Abakwazi kuhlehlela emuva, uma yibhekisise kwemvelo isayensi ekhulwini XX. Ukuvela geo-ngemvelo elihlobene ne ukuvela landscape emvelweni elafika ngo-1939. Umsunguli walesi yokujeziswa Carl Troll. Watadisha sezulu, nesimo sendawo, izimila, nokuhlobana izici zemvelo ezihlukahlukene. Lokho Troll waqamba umqondo landscape ngesimiso semvelo, okuyinto ukuhumusha kusuka German isiZulu lalenziwa imvelo Geological noma geoecology.

Double eside kwabonisa ngokucacile essence yayo. Ukuyala entsha Carl Troll uhlanganisa ukucwaninga izindlela ezimbili. Omunye (emile) kuyinto ekutadisheni zemvelo kanye nokusebenzisana zabo, kanye nezinye (mpo) esekelwe Ukutadisha ubudlelwano babo ngaphakathi semvelo. isayensi okusha isibe counterweight eyala ke ekhona kakade. Ngokwesibonelo, geoecology sihluke kakhulu imvelo yemvelo, eyayintula isakhiwo ehlukene (emvelweni izilwane, izitshalo, nezilwanyana ezincane kanye nokunye okufana nalokho. D.). Brainchild of uCarl Troll kancane kancane ukunwetshwa komthetho ngo-1960. ngaphansi emehlweni hit geoecology umsebenzi womuntu kwezomnotho kanye nomthelela wakhona landscape kanye nemvelo.