Kabusha wesiFundazwe 1775. kabusha wesiFundazwe Catherine 2

Ukuvimbela yezinxushunxushu ongumlimi, uCatherine II ngo 1775 wanquma ukushintsha eziphathelene yokubusa ezingeni lendawo. Lesi sinyathelo kwaholela ekutheni izikhulu zibonise division okucace ngokwengeziwe mayelana insimu yonke wonke uMbuso Russian. Sekuvele ihlukaniswe amayunithi zokuphatha, okuyinto kunqunywa inani okuthiwa intela ukukhokha labantu (kubantu abakhokha intela). Umhlangano omkhulu kunayo yonke lawa kwakungamadodana sifundazwe.

Kuhlelwa kabusha 1708

Ngokwe esinqumweni uPetru mina -18 Disemba, wonke umbuso lahlukaniswa laba 8 izifundazwe: Moscow, Smolensk, Azov, Arkhangelogorodskaya, Kazan, eSiberia, Kiev and Ingermanland ukuthi ngemva iqanjwe kabusha iminyaka 2 Petersburg. Bakhandwa run by kwababusi aqokwe yinkosi. Ngezinye ezinjalo izikhundla eziphakeme ngokuvamile amangalelwe izicukuthwane ezinkulu. Enza amandla omkhulu wezempi, zokuphatha, kanye zokwahlulela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, banikezwa ithuba ukuphatha izimali esifundazweni sakhe.

Eminyakeni ezayo Ukuza, kukhona 3 amayunithi ezinkulu zokuphatha: Riga, Astrakhan futhi Nizhny Novgorod. Wesifundazwe izinguquko uPetru mina isingamakhilomitha eminyakeni embalwa. Ngo-1715, izinguquko ezithile enziwa kuhulumeni wendawo. Bona sasihlanganisa i-division ayingxenye ye izifundazwe, eyayisekelwe esimisweni kwezibalo, isb. E. isibalo samakhaya. Ngo 1719, lezi amayunithi zokuphatha waqala ihlukaniswe izifundazwe. Kamuva, ahlukana. Umphumela waba 250 izifunda, okuyinto ilawulwa nababusi.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi senguquko ekuphathweni umbuso omkhulu we steel njengoba esinqumweni kaPetru mina, futhi ngonyaka 1708. I kabusha yesifundazwe yayihloselwe yokuncishiswa esiphezulu mshini ukuphathwa yezwe. Ngaleso sikhathi kwakubhekwa cishe ukuphayona.

Catherine umgomo ukuguqulwa

Leli phephandaba main, okuyinto uzimisele ubambe kabusha esilandelayo eRussia, kwaba incwadi enesihloko esithi "Institutions ukuphathwa izifundazwe of the Empire, Russian." Mangisho ukuthi ngobusuku bangaphambi yezinguquko okuqalwe uCatherine II, insimu yezwe, uma kuqhathaniswa nesikhathi kaPetru, wayevele inqwaba izindawo zokuqondisa. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi lo mbuso njalo ukwengeza ezweni elisha.

kabusha wesifundazwe eRussia, eqalwe uCatherine II, kwaba uguqule izifundazwe 23, izifundazwe 66 nezifunda mayelana 180. Yasungulelwa ukwandisa isibalo izikhungo ezinkulu zokuphatha. Ngenxa yalokho, inani licishe laphindeka kabili.

division

Wonke umbuso lahlukaniswa laba izifunda ukuphumula, kwase kuba kwabayishumi izifunda. Le nqubo kwenzeka kuphela njalo zokuphatha, ngaphandle kokunaka kunoma izinkinga zomnotho, ezindawo kanye kazwelonke. Wesifundazwe izinguquko Catherine 2 wajaha umgomo ofanayo - ukuzivumelanisa apharathasi esisha sokuphatha emaphoyiseni kanye nemithwalo yemfanelo ehambisana yentela.

Ukuhlukana iphutha ngemibandela ambalwa, isb. E. Inani labantu. Ngakho, ensimini ka esifundazweni ngasinye ngekhaya ukuze abantu abangaba yizinkulungwane ezingu-400, futhi kule County -. Ayizinkulungwane ezingu-30. Ngemva uchungechunge kugucuka ezenzeka kusukela 1728 kuya 1760, izilawuli ubudala zakhishwa. Futhi waqeda kabusha kwesifundazwe kanye amayunithi indawo ezifana izifundazwe.

ukuphathwa

Ehola amayunithi ngobukhulu indawo babe ababusi, okuyinto zabelwe noma zisuswe kuphela yilo mbusi. Yasiza ukuphatha uhulumeni wesifundazwe, ehlanganisa umshushisi kanye pair of zekhulu. izindaba Fiscal futhi zezimali yathatha Exchequer. Imfundo nosizo lwezempilo ephethwe imiyalo zomphakathi esiza abantulayo. Semthethweni futhi owazenza abameli ababili ummeli.

kabusha wesiFundazwe Catherine 2 wathinta nezokuphatha wesifunda. Lapho, imi inhloko yamaphoyisa Zemsky Isikhulu wakhetha gentry wendawo. Kwakukhona emizimbeni yenu ehlangene, ngokuthi zemstvo etinkantolo letiphansi. Ngaphezu phoyisa, futhi kwakukhona bahloli ezimbili. Izinkantolo okhonzile kwaba amaphoyisa Zemsky. Libuye umthwalo wabo wemfanelo ukuqapha ukuqaliswa kwe-oda kuleyo nsimu Ngaphansi kokulawula kwazo izinqumo ezahlukene nemithetho amabhodi yesifundazwe. Kodwa emizini kukhona post entsha - umphathi wamaphoyisa.

Ukuphathwa amayunithi eziningana ezinkulu indawo wathwalwa umbusi-jikelele. Yibona izinduna abakhulu kulezi zifunda, uma kwakungekho Umbusi ngokwakhe, futhi wayenelungelo lokwenqaba ukungena tindlela letingetulu kwekwenta hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi ukufinyelela ngqo imibiko le nkosi.

Mangisho ukuthi amandla eyodwa waba unyaka obaluleke kakhulu 1775. I kabusha wesifundazwe seluphinde okwengeziwe zayiqinisa. sokuhlukanisa Ngakho insimu yezwe, kuba waqinisa kakhulu isikhundla kwabasebenzi bayo zokuphatha kuzo zonke izifunda. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenhloso efanayo ukuze kabusha uhlelo lwezobulungiswa kanye nemitimba ekhethekile Kuye kwakhiwa amaphoyisa nemisebenzi ingajezisa.

le kabusha ezihlongozwayo

Ngo-1769, Ikhomishini Legislative, kwenziwa imizamo ezingeni izifundazwe uhlukanise yemfanelo bentando nezinkantolo. Ukuze wenze lokhu, ke kuhlelwe ukudala uhlelo zezinga ezine, okwakuba khona kuyo wesifunda futhi yesifundazwe oda, raspravnye yesifundazwe Chamber futhi iSigele, okuyinto inkantolo yesikhalazo.

Edolobheni sasifuna ukugcina izinkantolo yesifundazwe izimantshi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le nhlangano iye okuhleliwe izinkantolo lombhalo - ngokuhlukile abalimi nabakhulu. Kolunye amalungu lenkomfa wasikisela ukuthi izilingo babé ovulekile futhi umphakathi. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, basisekela futhi ukudalwa ekilasini lwemikhumbi. Kungenzeka ezimbili ngokushesha bese ima, ekugcineni, ukuhlukanisa umsebenzi sokwahlulelwa uhulumeni. Zamaphini wayazi ukuthi bavikele amalungelo kanye nesimo ekhethekile yabakhulu kwaba kuphela kungenzeka ngosizo kokungenela abaphathi. Naphezu kwalokhu, iningi iziphakamiso ezenziwe kuyiLegislative Commission, ziye busuka umkhuba, lapho kuqale kabusha yesifundazwe 1775.

izitsha Ngokwahlukana

Ngo-1769, amalungu ephalamende sengilungisile bill, okuyinto ezilungisiwe izisekelo amalungelo zokwahlulela. Kwakufanele ukudala ezinye izitsha: yezitolo, ekubhekaneni Brokerage kanye umthengisi izindaba; ekhethekile - yena wayephethe izinkinga namasiko; lobugebengu, amaphoyisa nezakhamuzi - babehilelekile "deaneries"; ezingokomoya - ngezinto isonto kwangaphakathi ophathelene nomthetho nokholo; lempi - ehilelekile lobugebengu izikhulu zegceke izenzo.

Amaphoyisa, isigebengu futhi amakhotho wezakhamuzi wawuzohlukaniswa ube ngokuvumelana nesimiso indawo - e ezisemadolobheni nezisemakhaya. Konke ababenakho ungenele ezivamile ezintathu-mbili sokusabalalisa kwakuwukuthi: wesifundazwe - wesifunda - sifundazwe. Kusalindeleke ukuthi iziphathimandla zokwahlulela uzokwazi ukuhlola oda okuvela kuhulumeni, ngokuya obaluleke kakhulu ezweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinkantolo ezisemadolobheni nezisemakhaya kwadingeka ukuba kwenziwe kuqokwa kanye icala - evulekile. Konke lokhu iziphakamiso ezenziwe yiKhomishana ngesikhathi, zazibaluleke kakhulu ngenxa kungafiki kabusha zokwahlulela eRussia 1775.

Uhlelo ekilasini

Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, ushintsho abathintekayo hhayi kuphela apharathasi zokuphatha. kabusha wesifundazwe ngamthatha futhi izinguquko isimiso sokwahlulela. It hhayi kuphela lamukele kodwa futhi kakhulu waqinisa division of lombhalo isisekelo.

● Kukhona izinkantolo eziyisipesheli ngoba izikhulu Kwamiswa e esifundeni ngasinye. Bona kwakuba ijaji bahloli ezimbili. Basuke abakhethwe izikhulu zendawo isikhathi engu-3. Ezinkantolo wesifundazwe High abadlale indima izinkantolo yokudlulisela amacala kanye lalinabashumayeli neminyango emibili ukuhileleka ezintweni civil kanye nomthetho wezobugebengu. Babenomoya kuphela sonke isifundazwe futhi lalinabashumayeli abantu ababili - usihlalo nesekela lakhe bamiswa kumbusi. Babekwazi ukuqhuba ukubalwa kwezimali kanye ukuqapha imisebenzi yezinkantolo wesifunda.

● Izinkantolo aphansi emizini babe izimantshi. amalungu abo nazo ukhethelwa isikhathi esiyiminyaka 3. Ngenxa yalezi imikhumbi amacala izimo babekhona izimantshi yesifundazwe. It sakhiwa usihlalo kanye bahloli ezimbili 2 ezivela emphakathini wendawo.

● Esikhathini aphansi ijaji wesifunda ukubulala uyaca lwabantu ababengekho abalimi isimo. Kukhona ukuzwa amacala civil kanye nomthetho wezobugebengu. Bona babehilelekile izinceku babemiswa iziphathimandla. Inkantolo yesikhalazo ngoba steel aphansi ubudlova phezulu. Lezi zigameko kuphela ngebheyili, elalisendlini amandla ngeviki elilodwa.

● kabusha yesifundazwe futhi osungulwe okubizwa ngokuthi izinkantolo ngenxa kanembeza. Babephinde babizwe esakhiwe phezu kwesimiso lombhalo. Babehlanganisa amalungu asebukhosini kanye bendawo futhi abalimi. Lezi izilingo zazenziwa okuthiwa umsebenzi nalenekubuyisana (wasiza ukuxazulula ingxabano phakathi isicelo). Ngaphezu kwalokho, umthwalo wabo wemfanelo, nenqubo ekhethekile maqondana namacala abantu uyahlanya noma izingane. Iphinde ahlolwe futhi amacala obuthakathi.

● Esikhathini izifundazwe kuhlaziywe futhi izinkantolo amacala kwakufanele kuhlolo Chamber ezimweni zombili ebugebengu kanye. Bayibuyekezile izimangalo eza kubo kusukela High Ezinkantolo wesifundazwe nokubulawa, kanye kusukela izimantshi yesifundazwe. Njengomthetho, izikhalazo ayehambisana idiphozi enkulu ngokwanele.

● Umkhandlu Wezigele esingesikhulu kakhulu zonke izitho zokwahlulela.

Ngabe yini okunye kuyinto kabusha ezithakazelisayo yesifundazwe Catherine 2 (ngonyaka 1775)? Yingaleso sikhathi lapho umzamo wokuqala nguMnyango nokuphathwa inkantolo lwenziwe. Kodwa lona wesifazane wayengenayo aphumelele. Ababusi esakwazi ukuthonya ukukhishwa imisho, isibonelo, kwi bokuhlukaniswa udumo, noma isigwebo sentambo. Inkantolo omongameli babemiswa iziphathimandla, njengoba abameleli izigodi wayenalo ilungelo lokwenza ukhetha kuphela abasekeli. Ezimweni eziningi ukuza amaphoyisa edolobheni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izenzo kanye nobulungiswa patrimonial.

imisebenzi

izimiso ukuphathwa amaphoyisa okuxoxwa ngazo emihlanganweni kuyiLegislative Commission, ngaphambi ukuqala kabusha yesifundazwe. Unyaka 1771 kwaphawulwa kwaqedwa umsebenzi wokwakha, okwasetshenziswa abathintekayo ukudalwa eminyangweni amaphoyisa emadolobheni. Kwakufanele babe iyunithi ukuvikelwa komphakathi.

Amaphoyisa icala nokucindezela izenzo ezehlukene lokungaziphathi kahle. Isibonelo, lokhu kungaba womanizing, izimpi, ukubonisa ngokweqile okunethezeka, ukushayela okusheshayo noma ukwephulwa oda ngesikhathi amasevisi saphezulu nezindwendwe. Amaphoyisa aphinde wayenalo ilungelo ukulawula mkhosi ahlukahlukene, ukubukela ukuhweba ezimakethe nokuhlanzeka amadolobha, emifuleni, ukudla, amanzi kanye nabanye abaningi. et al.

Ngu imisebenzi amaphoyisa futhi zihlanganisa umlilo lokulwa, amasela Vagabonds, emihlanganweni yomshoshaphansi nezinye izigilamkhuba. Iphinde ezilungisiwe imithetho zokuhweba kanye okuqukethwe zokudlela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imisebenzi amaphoyisa kubalwa ukulawula intela, ukuhlela zasemadolobheni kanye inhlangano izenzakalo ezihlukahlukene.

izikhulu zamaphoyisa

kabusha wesifundazwe waqala Catherine 2. Unyaka 1775 kuhlinzekelwe kudalwa izikhulu zamaphoyisa eziningana ezikhethekile. Kodwa lo msebenzi "Charter ye deanery" yaqedwa eminyakeni engu-6 kuphela. Ngonyaka olandelayo, inyatheliswe. Lalinama izahluko 14 no-274 izihloko. Lokhu-sisekelo ichaza isakhiwo amaphoyisa, inhlelo yamasu abo, izici eyinhloko umsebenzi, kanye uhlu izenzo kujeziswe.

Komthetho igunya umkhandlu wedolobha baba deanery. Inani abasebenzi bayo Rathmann amakhansela, amaphoyisa abathintekayo ezimweni zombili ebugebengu kanye, imeya (noma umlawuli abakhulu) futhi isikhulu samaphoyisa.

Ukuze kube lula, zonke dolobha lalihlukaniswe amakota nezingxenye (kwesigaba ezenzeka esikhathini inani izakhiwo). Isikhulu samaphoyisa umnyango phoyisa ingxenye, futhi kwikota yokuqala - umbonisi. Wonke amazinga ezazisemizini "Uhlu Amazinga." Bamhola lo izikhulu zamaphoyisa iziphathimandla zesifundazwe. Kuyinto ba abanquma yonke imibuzo ephathelene le offset noma uya khona izikhundla. Namaphoyisa enhloko-dolobha elawulwa ngokukhethekile ukuba isiGele saseRoma.

emacaleni

I "Charter of okubhekwa 'sasitholakala eziningi amacala kanye unswinyo, okufanele aphathe amaphoyisa. Nazi ezinye zazo:

● izenzo ezihlobene ze-non-ukuhambisana nemithetho kanye izikhulu zamaphoyisa;

● nemisebenti lehlose ngokumelene nokukhulekelwa ukholo Orthodox, nabathi wonkana;

● ukufumbathisa;

● izenzo eziphula oda yomphakathi;

● izenzo eziphikisana imithetho okubhekwa, ezifana nokugembula, izethulo kungavunyelwe, ukudakwa, ukuthuka, izakhiwo ngaphandle kwemvume, ukuziphatha okubi;

● izenzo zobugebengu aqondiswe uhlelo olukhona, impahla yomuntu nabanye.

Amaphoyisa Unelungelo zisebenze mthetho ka unswinyo kuphela amaphutha ambalwa, isibonelo, nesibhamu esingekho izikhali, ukweba nokuphatha impahla, kusebenta kubukwe yenkolelo, ukuhlukumeza imithetho amasiko, njalo njalo. D. Kodwa ngaphezu kwakho konke amaphoyisa ehilelekile uphenyo lokuqala futhi ukudluliswa alandelayo impahla eqoqwe ezinkantolo. Into kuphela ukuthi akuzange kusebenze, ngakho-ke kuba ubugebengu zezombusazwe. Ngenxa yale njongo, kwakukhona neminye imigwamanda.

kabusha wesiFundazwe Catherine 2 nomthelela ukwehlukana iziphathimandla mphathi zokwahlulela. Zonke amakilasi, ngaphandle inqaba, waqala ukuthatha indima ngaphezulu asebenzayo yokubusa ezingeni lendawo. Futhi enkantolo wakhe wamiswa ngamunye wabo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinguquko yesifundazwe abuqede ekusebenzeni cishe wonke amakolishi. Ukuxolela yayimane nje abaluleke kakhulu - Foreign, yezokuVikela Admiralty. Izibopho amabhodi kwavala baye bathuthela iziphathimandla zesifundazwe.