Hydration we propylene: Isibalo ukuphendula

izinto eziphilayo ebalulekile ezimpilweni zethu. Bangabaholi main ingxenye polymers ezikuzungezile kithi: kuba izikhwama zepulasitiki, iraba, kanye nezinye izinto eziningi. Polypropylene ihlanganisa kulolu chungechunge akuyona isinyathelo sokugcina. Liphinde kufakwe izinto ezihlukahlukene futhi lisetshenziswa ezimbonini eziningi ezifana ukwakhiwa, ukusetshenziswa ekhaya njengoba material for izinkomishi plastic kanye nezinye ezincane (kodwa hhayi isikali ukukhiqizwa) udinga. Ngaphambi sikhuluma inqubo enjalo, njengoba hydration ka propylene (ngawo, ngasendleleni, singathola utshwala isopropyl), sibheke umlando kokutholakala kwalesi into ebalulekile embonini.

indaba

Ngenxa yalokho, ngosuku wokuvula we propylene asipheli. Nokho, i-polymer yayo - polypropylene -was empeleni wavula ngo-1936 yi-wemithi odumile German Otto Bayer. Yiqiniso, kwakuthiwa, kwakwaziwa njengenye ungathola endabeni ebalulekile enjalo, kodwa umkhuba lokhu kungaphumeleli. It waphumelela kuphela phakathi nekhulu le-lamashumi amabili lapho-German kanye bamakhemikhali Italian futhi Ziegler Nutt wavula unsaturated hydrocarbon polymerisation kulethe (kokuba eyodwa noma ngaphezulu izibopho kabili), okuyinto kamuva futhi okuthiwa: Ziegler-Natta yelikhono. Kuze kube kuleli qophelo kwaba ngokuphelele engenakwenzeka ukwenza polymerization ukusabela izinto ezinjalo ubephumile. Babaziwa ngokuthanda polycondensation ukuphendula, lapho kulethe ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ketshezi exhunywe kwi-chain polymer, kanjalo ukwakha ngu-imikhiqizo. Kodwa nge -hydrocarbon unsaturated musa aphumelele.

Enye inqubo ebalulekile ezihlobene nale izidakamizwa, kwaba hydration yakhe. Propylene phakathi ekuqaleni ukusebenzisa kwayo kwaba impela eningi. Futhi konke lokhu ibonga yasungulwa ahlukahlukene uwoyela negesi ukucutshungulwa izinkampani ukuba propene ikhambi (futhi ngezinye izikhathi ibizwa ngokuthi into echazwe). I kwemifantu uwoyela ongahluziwe kwaba leyavela, futhi uma Kwatholakala ukuthi umuntu othile esuselwe yalo, isopropyl alcohol, isisekelo synthesis izinto eziningi ewusizo ngesintu, izinkampani eziningi, ezifana ka BASF, lobunikazi indlela yabo zokukhiqiza kanye umkhankaso ukuhweba omkhulu kule uxhumano. Propylene Hydration lwavivinywa futhi sisetshenziswe ngaphambi polymerization Yingakho acetone, i-hydrogen peroxide, isopropylamine waqala ekuqaleni ukukhiqiza polypropylene.

Umgudu okuthakazelisa kakhulu ukwehlukana propene kuyi-petroleum. Kuyinto kuye thina manje ujike.

Kwemihlambi propylene

Empeleni, ukuqonda ezincwadini indlela eyisisekelo eyodwa kuphela inqubo: uwoyela pyrolysis bese kuthi amagesi okuhlobene. Kodwa manje ubuchwepheshe implementations - nje ulwandle. Iqiniso liwukuthi yilowo nalowo inkampani efuna ukuthola ngendlela eyingqayizivele ukuvikela patent yayo nezinye izinkampani ezifanayo nazo ngifuna izindlela zabo ukuba usengenza uphinde uthengise propene njengoba impahla eluhlaza noma basenze sibe ezihlukahlukene imikhiqizo.

Pyrolysis ( "Pyro" - umlilo "LYS" - ukubhujiswa) - molecule chemical kwamazinyo inkiyankiya yenkinga futhi ezinkulu zenziwe kancane kancane ngaphansi kwethonya lokushisa eliphezulu kulethe. Amafutha, njengoba yaziwa, inhlanganisela hydrocarbon siqukethe ukukhanya, aphakathi nendawo kanye amafraktjhini esindayo. Kusukela lokuqala, liphansi kakhulu isisindo yamangqamuzana, futhi propene futhi ethane ku pyrolysis. Le nqubo wenziwa amaziko ekhethekile. Esikhathini abakhiqizi eziphambili kakhulu inqubo ubuchwepheshe lihlukile: ezinye isihlabathi isetshenziswa njengophawu Isibandisi, elinye - asebenza ngebhethri, nabanye - coke; Ungase futhi bahlukanise kuhhavini isakhiwo sabo: kukhona ijabulise futhi ezivamile, njengoba bebizwa kanjalo sikhungo.

Kodwa inqubo pyrolysis ukhiqiza esi ngokwanele ehlanzekile, njengoba, ngaphandle kwakhe, kwakhiwa kukhona inqwaba hydrocarbon, okuyinto ke kufanele bahlukanise izindlela sasivumela amandla khudlwana. Ngakho-ke, ukuthola impahla okumsulwa njengoba osetshenziselwa dehydrogenation ka alkanes kulandele hydration: nangathi --propane. Kanye inqubo polymerization ezichazwe ngenhla nje kungenzeki. Cleavage hydrogen molkuly nokukhawulela hydrocarbon kwenzeka ngaphansi isenzo yelikhono trivalent chromium oxide ne-aluminiyamu oxide.

Kodwa ngaphambi kokuba aye kule ndaba ebonisa indlela inqubo hydration, sibheke ukwakheka hydrocarbon yethu unsaturated.

Ikakhulukazi propylene isakhiwo

Propen ngokwayo - kuphela ilungu eziningi alkenes (hydrocarbon nomunye isibopho double) yesibili. Ukuze kube lula, nguye yesibili kuphela ethylene (lapho, njengoba ungase ukuqagela, wenze polyethylene - isisindo polymer emhlabeni). Esikhathini evamile propen isimo - igesi ngokuthi "isihlobo" yayo womndeni alkanes,-propane.

Kodwa okuphawulekayo umehluko propane kusukela propene - wukuthi leli temu ukubunjwa yayo isibopho double, okuyinto ngokuphelele eshintsha yawo yamakhemikhali izakhiwo. It ivumela uxhumano molecule hydrocarbon unsaturated nezinye izinto, lapho ekhuthaza etholakala nge izakhiwo ezahlukene ngokuphelele ngokuvamile ibaluleke kakhulu umkhakha nendlu.

Sekuyisikhathi sokukhuluma ngale ndlela ngemfundiso yokuziphendukela ukuphendula, okuyilokho, eqinisweni, isihloko lesi sihloko. Esigabeni esilandelayo kwethulwa, uzofunda ukuthi kwakhiwa elinye imikhiqizo eminingi ebalulekile ukudayiswa, futhi lokhu kwenza kanjani ukuphendula futhi yiziphi ezicashile kuwo lapho propylene hydration.

Imfundiso yokuziphendukela hydration

Ukuze uqale, ake sibheke inqubo ajwayelekile - solvation - okuhlanganisa futhi ukusabela kuchaziwe ngenhla. Lokhu ukuguqulwa amakhemikhali, esakhiwa ukujoyina molecule kuphela ukuba amangqamuzana we solute. Ngakho bangakwazi yakha i-molecule entsha, noma kunjalo ebizwa solvates, - izinhlayiya ehlanganisa yezinhlayiya solute kanye kuphela ukuxhumana ahlobene electrostatic. Thina abanesifiso kuphela uhlobo lokuqala izinto, ngoba lapho hydration ka propylene is okungcono kwakhiwa mkhiqizo.

Esikhathini ngenhla indlela solvation molecule kuphela Banamathele solute, etholwe kwakwakhe entsha. Kwamakhemikhali organic advantageously imiswe phakathi hydration alcohols, ketones futhi aldehydes, kodwa kukhona ezinye izimo, ezifana ukwakheka glycols, kodwa kungeke kuxoxwe. Empeleni, le nqubo silula, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo kubenzima.

hydration indlela

isibopho Double, njengoba yaziwa, siqukethe izinhlobo ezimbili izibopho-athomu: pi kanye sigma izibopho. Pi-isibopho ngobugebengu phezu hydration njalo ukusabela kokuqala, njengoba incane eqinile (has a amandla amancane ngibopha). Ngezinye ukudabuka yayo yakha orbitals amabili singenamuntu we emibili elandelanayo carbon ama-athomu okungase izibopho entsha. I-molecule yamanzi okukhona isixazululo ngesimo izinhlayiya ezimbili ion hydroxide kanye proton, uyakwazi ngokujoyina yamila isibopho double. Lapho ion hydroxide unamathele emaphakathi carbon athomu kanye proton - kuze kwedlulele yesibili. Ngakho, ngo-hydration ka propylene Kumiswa ogxile 1-propanol, noma isopropyl alcohol. Lena yindzaba lebaluleke kakhulu, kusukela kungenzeka ukuthola namachibi of acetone, wasebenzisa obuningi ezweni lethu. Sitshelwa ukuthi kwakhiwa ogxile it is, kodwa lokhu akulona iqiniso. Mangisho lokhu: kuphela umkhiqizo ezakhiwe hydration ka propylene, futhi lokhu - utshwala isopropyl.

Yiqiniso, bonke ubuqili. Eqinisweni, yonke into ingaba lula kakhulu ukuchaza. Futhi manje siyazi ukuthi ukubhala Yiqiniso isikole inqubo efana hydration ka propylene.

Ukusabela: kwenzeka kanjani

Kwamakhemikhali selisho yonke into ilula: ngosizo ezothando yokusabela. Lokho chemical ukuguqulwa of ngendaba enixoxa ngayo lingachazwa ngale ndlela. Hydration we propylene, ezothando yokusabela silula futhi kuthatha indawo ngezigaba ezimbili. Okokuqala kokuhlephula pi-isibopho, ingxenye double. Khona-molecule yamanzi ifomu izinhlayiya ezimbili anion hydroxide ne-hydrogen seka, efanelekayo propylene-molecule kokuba isikhathi asebenzayo lezihlalo ezimbili ukunqamula esigangeni lapho izibopho. ion hydroxide akha khona ubuhlobo obuqinile athomu carbon kancane hydrogenated (isb ne, lapho ayimbijana zama-athomu ye-hydrogen), futhi-proton, ngokulandelana, - ne kakhulu okusele. Ngakho, umkhiqizo eyodwa: nokukhawulela utshwala monohydric kuyinto isopropanol.

Indlela ukurekhoda impendulo?

Manje sizofunda indlela ukubhala ulimi ukusabela zamakhemikhali, sibonakalisa inqubo efana hydration ka propylene. Ifomula ukuthi kuwusizo kithi: CH ₂ = CH - CH _3. Lona formula starting impahla - propene. Njengoba ubona, it has a isibopho double kuboniswa uphawu "=", futhi le ndawo ingeke prisoednyatsya amanzi lapho hydration ka propylene kuzokwenzeka. Ukusabela kwesibalo singatlolwa bunjesi: CH ₂ = CH - CH ₃ + H ₂ O = CH ₃ - CH (OH) - CH _3. Iqembu hydroxyl ku abakaki kusho ukuthi le ngxenye alikho indiza ye ifomula, futhi ngezansi noma ngenhla. Lapha singakwazi ukubonisa engele ophakathi kwala maqembu amathathu, esukela phakathi carbon athomu, kodwa bona bathi cishe ulingana nomunye futhi wenze kuze kube degrees 120.

kusetshenziswa kuphi?

Sishilo kakade ukuthi etholakale ngokuhamba ketshezi yokusabela is kabanzi synthesis nezinye izinto ezibalulekile kithi. Kuyinto efanayo kakhulu isakhiwo acetone, okuyindawo kuyahluka kuphela ukuthi esikhundleni emi lapho gidroksogrupp keto (ie, umoya-mpilo-athomu exhunywe ngesibopho okukabili-athomu nitrogen). Njengoba yaziwa, acetone ngokwalo lisetshenziswa varnishes futhi anamandla, kodwa ngaphezu kwalokho, isetshenziswa njengendlela reactant ngoba zamagama obengeziwe ngaphezulu izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi ezifana polyurethanes, epoxy resin, anhydride acetic , nokunye.

acetone esikhiqiza ukuphendula

Sicabanga kuyasiza ukuchaza ushintsho utshwala isopropyl, acetone, ikakhulukazi kusukela okunjena akuyona eziyinkimbinkimbi kanjalo. Ukuze uqale, propanol futhi ayahwamuka at 400-600 degrees Celsius oksilyayut mpilo ebangeni kulethe ekhethekile. Umkhiqizo okumsulwa kakhulu eyatholakala ngokufeza ukusabela anezikhala esiliva.

ukuphendula kwesibalo

Ngeke bangene imininingwane indlela yokusabela ukuze namachibi of propanol e acetone ngoba sinzima kakhulu. Yiba ezivamile chemical ukuguqulwa kwesibalo: CH ₃ - CH (OH) - CH ₃ + O ₂ = CH ₃ - C (O) - CH ₃ + H ₂ O. Njengoba kuboniswe Isikimu zonke ulula, kodwa kubalulekile ukuba uhambe ujule inqubo, futhi sizobhekana eziningana nobunzima.

isiphetho

Ngakho adiliza le propylene hydration inqubo equation for ukusabela wafunda futhi mshini ivela khona. Kubhekwe izimiso zobuchwepheshe ziyisisekelo izinqubo langempela ezazenzeka umkhakha. Kwabe sekuvela ukuthi, awayona eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, kodwa abe inzuzo sangempela ekuphileni kwethu kwansuku zonke.