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Hydrochloric acid

Hydrogen chloride igesi imayelana 1.3 izikhathi ngoyisiwula kusinda kunakho emoyeni. Akanalo umbala, kodwa nge angafi abukhali futhi isici iphunga. At lokushisa lokususa 84C, i-hydrogen chloride igesi isuka isimo woketshezi, osemanzi at lokususa 112C. Hydrogen chloride siphela emanzini. Omunye ilitha H2O ukubamba 500 ml igesi. Isixazululo libizwa hydrochloric acid yayo noma hydrochloric acid. Kanzulu hydrochloric acid at 20c, libhekene esiphezulu kungenzeka ingxenyenamba mass ketshezi eziyisisekelo ukuba 38%. Isixazululo - kuyinto monobasic asidi enamandla (emoyeni "ebhema", futhi ukutholakala umswakama lapho obumba inkungu acid), libuye libe amanye amagama: hydrochloric, futhi ngesilwane esifuywayo Ukrainian - chloride acid. Ifomula kumakhemikhali kungase amelwe leli fomu: HCl. mass izinyo lomhlathi kuyinto 36,5 g / imvukuzane. Kwabantu kanzulu hydrochloric acid at 20 ° C elilingana 1.19 g / cm³. Lena into elimazayo okungokukaNkulunkulu isigaba ingozi yesibili.

Esikhathini "ezomile" ifomu hydrogen chloride Akakwazi ukuhlanganyela insimbi esebenzayo, kodwa khona umswakama ukusabela wabe ngempela ngamandla. Lokhu hydrochloric acid onamandla okwaziyo ukuxubana zonke izinsimbi okungesokuthuthukisa kwesokunxele hydrogen ochungechungeni electrochemical. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ixubana eziyisisekelo futhi amphoteric oxides, lezisekelo nosawoti nge:

  • Fe + 2HCl → FeCl2 + H2 ↑;
  • 2HCl + Cuo → CuCl2 + H2O;
  • 3HCl + Fe (OH) 3 → FeCl3 + 3H2O;
  • 2HCl + Na2CO3 → 2NaCl + H2O + CO2 ↑;
  • HCl + AgNO3 → AgCl ↓ + HNO3.

Ngaphezu izakhiwo jikelele isici ngayinye oqinile acid, hydrochloric acid uye ekunciphiseni izakhiwo ifomu kanzulu ihlangana ezihlukahlukene oxidizing ejenti, ukukhulula chlorine khulula. Zikasawoti we acid chloride ucingo. Cishe bonke kalula oncibilikayo emanzini futhi Nqamula ngokuphelele ku ion. Kancane oncibilikayo yilezi: Ukuhola chloride PbCl2, esiliva chloride AgCl, chloride mercurous Hg2Cl2 (calomel) kanye chloride cuprous CuCl. Hydrogen chloride uyakwazi ukungena kwalokho asabela ngayo hydrocarbon unsaturated nge isibopho double noma kathathu, lapho zezakhi kampompi ukuxova umuthi wokugoma organic kwakhiwa.

Ezimweni laboratory hydrogen chloride eyatholakala lapho zihlatshwa ome sodium chloride nge sulfuric acid Conc. Ukusabela ngaphansi kwezimo ezihluke kungavuka ukwakha sodium nosawoti (noma naphakathi acid):

  • H2SO4 + NaCl → NaHSO4 + HCl
  • H2SO4 + 2NaCl → Na2SO4 + 2HCl.

Ukusabela kokuqala egcina at ukushisa low, kwesibili - at okushisa ephakeme. Ngakho-ke, ku-chloride laboratory hydrogen kangcono ukuthola indlela yokuqala, okuyiwona inani sulfuric acid Kunconywa ukuthatha izinga kokuthola NaHSO4 usawoti acid. Khona-ke, ngo-Ukuqedwa hydrogen chloride emanzini etholwe hydrochloric acid. Ngo umkhakha, it is etholwe evutha emoyeni hydrogen noma chlorine ezithinta sodium ezomile chloride (kuphela wesibili yokusabela ezothando) ka-sulfuric acid Conc. Futhi i-hydrogen chloride etholwe njengoba ovela eceleni ku chlorination of elihlale organic compounds. Ngo umkhakha, i-hydrogen chloride etholwe eyodwa yezindlela ezingenhla usuhlakazekile emibhoshongweni ekhethekile khona uketshezi sidlulile kusukela phezulu kuya phansi, futhi igesi enikeziwe kusuka phansi phezulu, isb isimiso sokufudumeza.

Hydrochloric acid is uthuthwa ekhethekile amathangi gummed noma iziqukathi, kanye emgqonyeni 50 leplastiki noma ingilazi amabhodlela nge umthamo 20 amalitha. Lapho ukusabela acid ezisansimbi kukhona ingozi alufakwa hydrogen-air Izingxube. Ngakho-ke, kufanele ngokuphelele iqedwe ngenxa yokuxhumana kwakhiwa hydrogen ukuphendula emoyeni, kodwa futhi (nge ezinengilazi anticorrosive) acid contact ezisansimbi. Ngaphambi apparatuses outputting futhi amapayipi, lapho egcinwe noma ithuthwe, iyokhandwa, kubalulekile ukuqhuba ingashiswa nitrogen ne ukuqapha isimo esigabeni igesi.

Hydrogen chloride kabanzi lisetshenziswe ukukhiqizwa yezimboni kanye egunjini lokucwaninga esibhedlela. Isetshenziselwa Etching metal ukulungiselela nosawoti kanye njengendlela reagent ezifundweni kohlaziyo. Hydrochloric acid kuveza technical GOST 857-95 (umbhalo nsé ngamazwe ISO ejwayelekile 905-78), reagent - ngokuvumelana GOST 3118-77. Lokuhlushwa komkhiqizo lobuchwepheshe incike izinga futhi ezihlukahlukene futhi kungase kube 31.5%, 33% noma 35%, futhi ukubukeka mkhiqizo aphuzi ngenxa okuqukethwe yensimbi okuphothula chlorine kanye nezinye izinto zamakhemikhali. Esisheshayo acid kumele kube ketshezi kungekho nto enemibala emihle futhi esobala nge ingxenyenamba mass kusuka 35 kuya 38%.

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