Izinhlobo izindwangu zokwenziwa, izici zabo

Ubuchwepheshe banamuhla buye wathinta yonke imikhakha yomsebenzi womuntu. Mhlawumbe basembonini yendwangu - isibonelo esihlaba umxhwele kakhulu isayensi enkonzweni yasendlini kwansuku zonke. Ngenxa zamagama amakhemikhali le ndoda izwa ukukhiqiza Imicu yotshani nge izakhiwo oyifunayo. Kufanele ukuhlukanisa izindwangu yokufakelwa and zokwenziwa.

nezindwangu zokwenziwa wenza kusukela polymers ezivezwa ukusabela ezithile zamakhemikhali. I izinto zokusetshenziswa for ke kukhona uwoyela, igesi yemvelo noma amalahle. Of izindwangu zokwenziwa nge anezakhi ezikhethekile ekhiqizwa izingubo, izingubo ezivikelayo izimo ezimbi kakhulu, ukuma.

nezindwangu zokwenziwa akhiqizwa processing ngokomzimba of izinto zokusetshenziswa. Isibonelo esaziwa kakhulu indwangu esinjalo viscose eyatholakala kusukela cellulose (ukhuni).

Kwangezikhathi wenza kusukela nezindwangu zokwenziwa kunezimo eziningana ezisivunayo nemibi kuqhathaniswa izinto zemvelo.

izakhiwo Jikelele nezindwangu zokwenziwa

Naphezu kwakho konke ngokwehlukahlukana kwabo, epulasitikini iningi izici ezivamile. Ngu zokwenziwa izindwangu izinzuzo zihlanganisa izinga.

• Ukuvikeleka. izindwangu Artificial ziye zathuthukisa bafake ukumelana, musa ukubola, umonakalo by nezilokazane isikhunta. Special amakhorali ubuchwepheshe kanye ukudaya okwalandela imicu inikeza umbala fastness. Ezinye zokwenziwa izindwangu iqembu engazinzile elangeni.
• Lightness. Izingubo ezenziwe zokwenziwa ukala kancane kakhulu kuka nozakwabo zayo zemvelo.
• Seyomile ngokushesha. Imicu yotshani Iningi zokwenziwa musa ungamunca umswakama noma ube amanzi oxosha izakhiwo, isb abe hygroscopicity ongaphakeme.
• Ngenxa emikhulu ukukhiqizwa yezimboni futhi ongaphakeme izindleko feedstock, izicubu yokufakelwa kakhulu siphansi in izindleko. Esikhathini ukukhiqizwa uthole umkhiqizo eliphezulu futhi izindleko ongaphakeme, ekhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa embonini. abakhiqizi abaningi lokulawula izici kwezobuchwepheshe impahla ngokuhambisana nezifiso amakhasimende ezinkulu.

Okumbi zibangelwa isici ukuthi into yokufakelwa kungaba nethonya elibi eziphilayo.

• Zokwenziwa buthelela zikagesi (gesi).
• Ungezwa komzimba, hypersensitivity kuya yizici zamakhemikhali.
• kwezicubu Iningi yokufakelwa musa ungamunca umswakama - ngokufanele, musa ukuncela umjuluko babe ongaphakeme izakhiwo zenhlanzeko.
• Ungavumeli emoyeni - kubalulekile ukwenziwa izingubo nelineni.

Ezinye izakhiwo nezindwangu zokwenziwa ungaba nomuzwa okuhle nokubi, kuncike ezisetshenziswa. Ngokwesibonelo, uma indwangu akuyona esiwuhogelayo, kuba angahlanzekile ngenxa kwansuku bafake. Kodwa izingubo eliphezulu izinto ezinjalo kungafaneleka ngempela ukuze azivikele uma isimo sezulu sisibi.

Ukukhiqizwa kwezicubu zokwenziwa

I-patent lokuqala kokusungulwa nezindwangu zokwenziwa ezihlobana ngayo inkathi 30-yalolucwaningo kwekhulu elidlule. Ngo-1932 e-Germany kahle ukukhiqizwa PVC fibre. Ngo-1935, e-laboratory yase-inkampani American DuPont kwemiqondo polyamide. Indaba okuthiwa "inayiloni". Industrial Ukukhiqizwa yaqala ngo-1938, futhi ngemva konyaka, lapho eyayisetshenziswa kabanzi basembonini yendwangu.

Inqubo yaseSoviet yokuthuthela isingeniso ezibanzi impumelelo yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali likhishiwe kule 60s. Ekuqaleni zokwenziwa waqonda njengendlela esikhundleni ezishibhile izindwangu zemvelo bese ke zaqala ukusetshenziswa womshini iyunifomu kanye amasudi zokuzivikela. With ukuthuthukiswa base yesayensi eqala ukudala izindwangu nge izakhiwo ezahlukene. I polymers inoveli kunezimo obungenakuphikwa phezu izindwangu yemvelo: ewonke alula, namandla futhi livikela kakhulu ukugqwala.

izindwangu yokufakelwa and zokwenziwa kuhluke indlela ukwakhiwa kanye nomnotho indices ukukhiqizwa. izinto zokusetshenziswa for womshini zokwenziwa ishibhile futhi kufinyeleleke kalula, ngakho lokhu legatsha umkhakha lithole kuqala ukuthuthukiswa. Macromolecules Imicu yotshani umqondo kusuka ongaphakeme yamangqamuzana isisindo compounds. ubuchwepheshe yamanje unikeze impahla ezinezici kusengaphambili.

Lokuluhlaza kwakhiwa kusukela Udambisa noma izixazululo. Kungenzeka olulodwa, eziyinkimbinkimbi noma ngesimo izinyanda imicu ukuthola obuphelele ezithile (ke wabo ukukhiqiza ntambo). Ngaphezu kwalokho sesigcilikisha kwakhiwa ifilimu izinto emaceleni (nezingubo zokugqoka kanye nezicathulo) we zokwenziwa mass yasekuqaleni.

ezihlukahlukene zokwenziwa

Okwamanje yasungulwa izinkulungwane eziningana imicu zamakhemikhali, nezinto ezintsha abonakala njalo ngonyaka. Ngokusho isakhiwo amakhemikhali zonke izinhlobo zokwenziwa izindwangu zihlukaniswe amaqembu amabili: carbon eside futhi hetero. Iqembu ngalinye ihlukaniswe yaba subgroups ukuthi babe izakhiwo efanayo ngokomzimba kanye nokusebenza.

carbon-chain zokwenziwa

Chemical uchungechunge macromolecule carbochain izicubu zokwenziwa siqukethe ngokuyisisekelo carbon ama-athomu (hydrocarbon). Eqenjini kukhona subgroups ezilandelayo:

• polyacrylonitrile;
• polyvinyl chloride;
• polyvinyl utshwala;
• polyethylene;
• polypropylene.

zokwenziwa hetero

Lokhu Indwangu eyenziwe nezindwangu zokwenziwa, le ukwakheka kwama-molecule awo, ngaphandle ama-athomu carbon zihlanganisa ezinye izici:-mpilo, i-nitrogen, fluorine, chlorine, nesibabule. Lezi inclusions ukunikeza indaba kokuqala izakhiwo ezengeziwe.

Izinhlobo amaqembu hetero zokwenziwa izindwangu:

• polyester;
• polyamide;
• polyurethane.

Lycra: polyurethane zokwenziwa izindwangu

Amagama asetshenziswa corporations commercial: spandex, lycra, spandex, neolan, dorlastan. Polyurethane ntambo uyakwazi esethola ukusonteka mechanical (ezifana iraba). Elastane uyakwazi welulela izikhathi 6-7, kubuyela kokuqala isimo khulula. It has a ukuzinza ongaphakeme ezishisayo: okwandisa izinga lokushisa ukuze +120 ° C fiber ilahlekelwa umswakama waso.

Kwayo polyurethane azisetshenziswa esimweni okumsulwa - bajwayele njengoba isidumbu navivaya emhlabeni nezinye zesivikelo sesifuba. A impahla equkethe nezindwangu zokwenziwa ezinjalo, has kuyaqina, welula kahle, nokunwebeka, ukumelana nokuhuzuka, kakhulu emoyeni permeability. Izinto ne ukwengeza izicubu polyurethane sesigcilikisha hhayi crease nokugcina ukuma yokuqala, amelana ukukhanya, qhubeka umbala wazo wangempela. Indwangu akuyona kakhulu Kunconywa ukuba wring, zisonteke omisiwe efomini sisalokhu.

Capron: polyamide zokwenziwa

Igama impahla kwakubangelwa iqembu amide, kuyingxenye. Nylon kanye inayiloni - abameleli eyaziwa kakhulu leli qembu. Izimpawu ezisemqoka zihlanganisa: amandla yanda, kunesithembiso kahle ezakheke, akusho ukubola, kulula. Ngaleso sikhathi, inayiloni indawo usilika, wasebenzisa womshini parachutes.

Ngezinye zokwenziwa polyamide fibre band ukumelana ongaphakeme okushisa aphakeme (ncibilika luqala ekushoneni +215 ° C), they jika phuzi ubayise ekukhanyeni, ngaphansi kwethonya ukujuluka. Indaba ayikwazi ukudonsa umswakama futhi bome ngokushesha buthelela zikagesi nokubi azigcina ukushisa. Kusukela ukukhiphele tights kanye leggings. Ukwakheka inayiloni kanye inayiloni izindwangu yaphathwa imali 10-15%, okuyinto kwandisa amandla ngezinto zemvelo ngaphandle impairing izakhiwo zabo yokuhlanzeka. Zezinto zokusebenza ezinjalo ukukhiqiza amasokisi kanye knitwear.

Amanye amagama okuhweba zokwenziwa izinto polyamide Group: anide, Perlon, Meryl, Taslan, iYordan helanka.

Velsoft - Indwangu onephunga isihlwathi, kuphazanyiswa Mahra. Kulo thunga ingane izingubo, izingubo kanye amaphijama, ekhaya izinto (amathawula nezingubo zokulala). Indaba emnandi touch, umoya omuhle permeability akuyona esishwabene, akusho shwabanisa, awusebenzi fade. Kuyinto ukumelana wokuwasha, seyomile ngokushesha. isithombe Okuprintiwe alupholi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Polyester: polyester Imicu yotshani

polyester Zokwenziwa has kuyaqina okusezingeni eliphezulu, ukugqoka ukumelana, awusebenzi ahlale kusuka izicubu hhayi crumple futhi kahle ugcine isimo sabo. Inzuzo enkulu uma siqhathanisa nabanye iqembu zokwenziwa izindwangu - ukumelana ukushisa ngcono (ukumelana phezu +170 ° C). Material kanzima, ayikwazi ukudonsa umswakama, akusho ukuqoqa uthuli, musa fade elangeni. Ngesimo okumsulwa isetshenziswa ukwenza amakhethini, amakhethini kanye nezinye. Ngo ingxube nge Imicu yotshani emvelo ayesetshenziselwa womshini zokugqoka imvunulo izindwangu, kanye impahla kanye coat noboya yokufakelwa. Polyester fibre inikeza ukumelana nokuhuzuka crease lokuluhlaza zemvelo ezibangela inhlanzeko, abangenalo izindwangu zokwenziwa. Amagama izindwangu ka-polyester izinto: i-polyester, i-polyester, Terylene, Trevira, tergalii, diol, Dacron.

Uboya - Zokwenziwa ezithambile polyester Indwangu ukuthi ifana uboya. Nezingubo uboya soft, ukukhanya, elifudumele, esiwuhogelayo, nokunwebeka. Indaba kalula washable, seyomile ngokushesha futhi ayidingi ayina. Uboya akakubangeli komzimba, ngakho-ke sisetshenziswa kabanzi womshini izingubo zezingane. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izicubu eqhubeka futhi ilahlekelwa ezakheke ngayo.

Polisatin eyenziwe polyester efomini okumsulwa noma lihambisana ukotini. Material obukhulu, bushelelezi futhi kancane shiny. Seyomile ngokushesha, ayihlali phansi, musa ukugqoka, ningachithi. Isetshenziselwa womshini amashidi, imikhiqizo yasendlini (amakhethini, zokudla kuhlanzekile yini, Upholstery ifenisha), ikhaya ukuguga, othayi kanye scarves. ethandwa kakhulu namuhla elinemishwe 3D-umdwebo Yenziwe polisatina.

Acrylic: izinto polyacrylonitrile

Ngezindawo mechanical efana le micu yoboya, acrylic Ngakho ngezinye izikhathi ibizwa ngokuthi "uvolo yokufakelwa". Zokwenziwa olumelana kwelanga, kuba ukushisa ukumelana, kunesithembiso kahle ezakheke ngayo. Ayikwazi ukudonsa umswakama, ezinzima, gesi, ke onjani.

Ingabe sisetshenziswa ndawonye indwangu uboya ukwenziwa ifenisha, umntwana omatilasi, ukuthunga izingubo kanye nokukhiqiza noboya yokufakelwa. Acrylic ingeyona zithutha, okwenza kube i kwalokho kubalulekile ntambo insontfo ukunitha. Izinto ezivela kuhlanganiswe ntambo elula kancane, kukhona okuhlala isikhathi eside futhi engasindi.

amagama okuhweba polyacrylonitrile izinto: acrylic, nitrone kashmilon, Dralon, Dolan, Orlon.

Spectrum futhi daynema: Imicu yotshani polyolefin

Kuleli qembu, zihlukaniswa polyethylene ne-polypropylene zesivikelo sesifuba. I akhanya zonke izinhlobo wezinto zokwenziwa, izinto polyolefin musa minza emanzini, babe hygroscopicity ongaphakeme futhi okuhle ezishisayo ukwahlukanisa properties, ukunwebeka Imicu yotshani cishe zero. Have ongaphakeme lokushisa ukuzinza - kuze kufinyelele +115 ° C. Zisetshenziswa uma udala impahla kabili ungqimba, thunga ezemidlalo izingubo zokudoba, ukuhlunga Upholstery, oseyili, amatshe. Lihambisana Imicu yotshani yemvelo - ukwenziwa zangaphansi futhi hosiery.

Amagama Trade: spectrum daynema, tekmilon, gerkulon, ulstren, wathola meraklon.

zokwenziwa izindwangu Polyvinylchloride

Indaba kakhulu ukumelana izinto amakhemikhali nolaka, ongaphakeme conductivity kagesi ukuntengantenga lokushisa (libhujiswa ngo-100 ° C). Ngemva ukwelashwa ukushisa unciphe.

Ngesimo okumsulwa yenziwa izingubo ezivikelayo. Ngosizo elicinene zokwenziwa Indwangu - lesikhumba yokufakelwa, nawo owabhalwa noboya mbumbulu amatshe.

Amagama Trade: teviron, chlorine, Vignon.

polyvinyl utshwala fibre

Leli qembu kuhlanganisa vinol, mtilan, vinylon, kuralon, Vinalon. Sinenkosi zonke izinzuzo zokwenziwa: okuhlala, ukugqoka nemithi, amelana ukukhanya lokushisa imiphumela. Ngokwe extensibility futhi kuyaqina kukhona ezomhlaba. Isici ehlukile - kukhona umswakama, imikhiqizo aleli qembu elithi zokwenziwa izindwangu abe hygroscopicity okusezingeni eliphezulu, ofana no-izakhiwo imikhiqizo ukotini. Ngaphansi kwethonya amanzi vinol yinde futhi kancane unciphe, amandla ayo incipha. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinto Imicu yotshani chemical, kunethemba elincane amelana kuhlasela zamakhemikhali.

Vinol esetshenziselwa ukwenza izingubo, izingubo zangaphansi, lihambisana ukotini kanye viscose - womshini hosiery. Indaba hhayi ilele, is asisekho, it has a isicwebezelisi enhle. Ukungabi imikhiqizo kusukela vinola - basheshe baba singcoliswe.

Mtilan ezisetshenziswa emasimini ukukhiqiza ukudla sutures kuhlinzwa.

Inhlanganisela imicu ehlukene inikeza izici ezithakazelisayo zobuchwepheshe. Isibonelo esimangalisayo - kabanzi eyaziwa namuhla wangaphandle. Wenziwe inhlanganisela inayiloni kanye polyester zesivikelo sesifuba. Microfiber akuyona ocwilayo, ningachithi, unalo impahla okusezingeni eliphezulu hygroscopic, ngaleyo ndlela seyomile ngokushesha. Isetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa izindwangu wathungela, nokwelukiweyo futhi okungezona nokwelukiweyo Indwangu. Kuye ukujiya kanye fibre ukulungiswa zihluka umsungulo ukuqina umkhiqizo wokugcina. Microfiber ungafakiwe nezinye endwangwini, ukwelashwa imikhiqizo ezinzima elula - bengasesabi wokugeza, yokuhlanza elomile lokushisa imiphumela. Nge ikhule ezimbotsheni eziningi kangaka emoyeni, indwangu kusiza lokulondoloza ukushisa komzimba elilungile, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo kuvikela kahle umoya. Microfiber senziwa nezemidlalo kanye izingubo ongaphandle, ekhaya izindwangu, amathawula kanye izipanji ukuze bahlanze.

Njengoba ubona, le micu kwemiqondo amakhemikhali kabanzi emsebenzini wokukhiqiza ukukhanya umkhakha izimpahla. Benza ezemidlalo kanye izingubo, izindwangu for ifenisha kanye umhlobiso ingaphakathi izakhiwo, lonke uhla zokugqoka ezikhululekile, kusukela zangaphansi ukuba zokwakha amajazi noboya Faux. izindwangu Modern ifa eziningi eziwusizo ukuthi awatholakali ababengaphambi zabo: lokhu kungaba hygroscopic, "ukuphefumula" nokugcina ukushisa kahle. Inhlanganisela imicu ezahlukene intambo eyodwa, kanye ukudalwa multi-ungqimba izindwangu uvumele abakhiqizi ukuhlangabezana ngokugcwele izimfuno ezakha kakhulu ezweni lanamuhla.