Izindlela komzimba womuntu. Izindlela kuhlolwa ukwakheka komzimba womuntu

Omunye endala kakhulu futhi libalulekile abantu Sciences kuyinto anatomy. Kungekhona lokho kuphela okufanele umuntu okuhlobana ngokuqondile. Izindlela wokutadisha isitshalo anatomy, izilwane nazo avunyelwe ukuba baqonde ingxenye enkulu yomhlaba e idivayisi.

Ngenxa yalesi isayensi kanye nentuthuko yayo, ngcono ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, abantu bakwazi ukuqeda izifo eziningi, baye bafunda ukuzisindisa ezingozini ukubaluleka wokunakekela kulondolozwe impilo yabo. Ngakho-ke, izindlela ezehlukene ukwakheka komzimba womuntu, izitho zomzimba kanye nezinto eziphathelene nenhlanzeko - kuyisihluthulelo sokuqonda izinqubo emzimbeni, isakhiwo layo langaphakathi, ngaphandle okuyinto akunakwenzeka kahle ukuthonya futhi uphathe impilo, ukusilondoloza.

Anatomy: umqondo jikelele, into cwaningo

Kuyini anatomy njengoba isayensi? Kuyinto isiyalo okhuluma ekutadisheni isakhiwo zangaphakathi nezangaphandle eziphilayo. Izindlela ezahlukene ukuvumela anatomy ukuqonda okulandelayo.

1. Indlela zitholakala izitho nomzimba we-umzimba.
2. Abeve nihlanganyele, lokho kubenza babe munye futhi yini ukubaluleka kwabo wonke nenhlalakahle iyonke.
3. Yiziphi isakhiwo zabo ngaphakathi nangaphandle, kuze mikroultrastruktur.
4. Yini okufanele ibe izitho evamile, futhi kanjani bayashintsha yezifo, imikhuba emibi, amathonya zangaphakathi nezangaphandle ezihlukahlukene.
5. Yini izinqubo ziyisisekelo ukuphila, futhi sibonga ngalo izinhlelo kanye nezinhlaka eziphilayo izinhlelo lapho.

Yiqiniso, hhayi kuphela eyodwa iye ukutadisha anatomy kwalokhu okungenhla. Kukhona lahlukene wesayensi ahlobene, okuyinto ndawonye enze kube nokwenzeka ukuba athole ulwazi oluphelele. Imisebenzi nokwakheka zomzimba nje ubilise phansi, ukuba amukele lonke uhla lolwazi mayelana ephilayo, mayelana isimo sawo futhi ukusebenza, kanye ukuqonda izinqubo zokusebenza kwengqondo nemicabango zengqondo ku CNS womuntu.

Umgomo ukufunda anatomy kummeleli ethile yasendle. Lokhu kungaba:

• abantu;
• isilwane;
• isitshalo;
• amagciwane;
• amakhowe.

Sizoxoxa awunake kakhudlwana enemininingwane uyisidalwa ezifana umuntu, ngokuya isiyalo okhethiwe.

Imisebenzi ukwakheka komzimba womuntu njengoba isayensi

Kukhona imisebenzi eyisisekelo eziningana eyenziwa isiyalo.

1. Ukutadisha nje ngokwakheka zangaphakathi nezangaphandle zisifake ngamunye, kodwa futhi uyalandisa izinqubo ezenzeka kuwo nge yobudala kanye nezinguquko zomlando ngesikhathi.
2. Ukutadisha phylogeny, ontogeny futhi anthropogeny into yayo.
3. Uyazicabangela ubudlelwano phakathi isakhiwo kanye nokusebenza kwezitho izinhlelo sixhumene.
4. Inikeza ukulinganisa isimo jikelele umzimba, umthetho-sisekelo walo, izitho zomzimba kanye izitho.

Ngakho, inkinga komzimba womuntu e uhla eligcwele ulwazi oludingekile. Ukuze ukuxazulula izinkinga kushiwo, njengoba kuzo zonke neminye imikhakha yesayensi, phambi kwethu ngesiyalo Ubuye izimfihlakalo zayo. Izindlela cwaningo ukwakheka komzimba womuntu zahlukahlukene kakhulu, futhi kwakhiwa isikhathi eside. Kukhethwa ukuthi isuke ibangelwa izidingo wolwazi izindlela ezijulile zomzimba womuntu.

ngezigaba

Kukhona izigaba ezinkulu eziningana, okuyiwona ayingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu isayensi embuzweni.

1. anatomy Jwayelekile.
2. Sokugembula.
3. Ukuqhathanisa.
4. Elicacisa ngesimo sendawo.

Ngamunye wabo has izindlela ayo ngoba kuhlolwa ukwakheka komzimba womuntu, kanye jikelele, ngawo uhlola nemingcele ahlukahlukene. Zizonke, lezi eyala unikeze incazelo egcwele isakhiwo sale into cwaningo, kanye nokusebenza kwawo nokuthuthukiswa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Izindlela wokutadisha nokwakheka

Kunezindlela ezihlukahlukene ongakhetha ezahlukene ucwaningo emkhakheni anatomy, izitho zomzimba, kanye nesayensi ahlobene. Phela, le ndoda yakwazi ukubheka ekujuleni essence, bheka futhi hlola microstructure umzimba. Izindlela ebaluleke kakhulu nokutadisha anatomy okulandelayo.

1. Umjovo.
2. Corrosion indlela.
3. yokucacisa indlela.
4. Ice anatomy, noma usike izidumbu eqandisiwe.
5. Vorobyova indlela, noma micro-macroscopic.
6. X ray.
7. computed tomography.

Ngayinye yalezi kuhlanganisa eziningi ezicashile kanye iphuzu izinqubo luhlolo. Ndawonye, zonke lezi zindlela ukwakheka komzimba womuntu futhi unike imiphumela babe odokotela, anatomists, physiologists nabanye ososayensi e emkhakheni wezakhi womuntu. Cabangela lezi zindlela ukufunda anatomy ngokuningiliziwe.

Indlela umjovo-ukugqwala

Le ndlela ibizwa kabanzi anatomy. Izindlela ukutadisha womuntu, esekelwe yethula ngisho capillary zokwakheka thinnest solidifying ekhethekile noma izinto ezinemibala ezivumela nqunu iso ukucabangela uhlelo legazi kwemigudu ye-lymph. Lapho yalolu ketshezi kungenzeka bemvelo ezahlukene, isibonelo:

• Gypsum;
• gelatin;
• wax;
• rosin;
• Celluloid nabanye.

Ngokuvamile, isisindo upende ngemibala ehlukene kanye uthole ngomzimba olunembile kusuka ngaphakathi. Ngalesi ukufundisa kuyinto isithombe atholakalayo, okubonisa umyalo nokuxhumana phakathi kwabo imikhumbi ethile igazi liphuma kuma-capillary.

Futhi, uma kunesidingo anatomy izindlela ezifana umjovo, anganika impahla i umzimba olunembile moulage. Ngenxa yalesi mass anemibala iyelapheka is busuka umkhumbi qinisa. Khona-ke ukusebenzisa into ethile enamandla okubhubhisa izicubu ophilayo emhlabeni, kodwa hhayi ezinomthelela isisindo ketshezi iqondiswa (isib acid eqinile noma alkalis). Ngakho kukhona umzimba chaza, kusale kuphela umbono wakhe onengubo izinga eliphakeme lokunemba e reflection yokulandelana kwayo ngokohlu yangaphakathi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho kugcizelelwe ukugqwala ngaphansi isenzo oxidants eqinile, ngokuvamile isetshenziswa kanye nezinye izinto okuyinto bayakwazi amakhorali kwezitho ahlukahlukene. Lezi izinto zihlanganisa:

• glycerol;
• benzene;
• umsedari uwoyela leaf;
• Gcoba i-Benzyl benzoate;
• izozafrol nabanye.

Okungukuthi, abangabantwana izicubu emhlabeni kunobukhulu bendawo owethulwa ukuxegiselwa nje abe esobala, kakhulu. Liphinde lunikeze ulwazi mayelana owakheke ngayo nosebenza ngayo lo mkhumbi.

Umjovo kubhekwa eyodwa yezindlela inembe kakhulu kunazo zonke-anatomy. It is ngokuvamile sisetshenziswa ngokuhlanganyela kucutshungulwe. Ngakho, lapho abantu abaningi iqondiswa akuyona gamma emisebeni transmissive, umzimba kumele iphenywe eminye usebenzisa-X ray. Ngakho uthole eliphezulu ngomzimba, setha ubuqotho bayo, ubuhlobo noma ezinye izinto.

Ngemva umjovo kwenzeka uma kudingeka ukwethula into anamandla anekhono ukubhubhisa ophilayo izicubu imbangela ukugqwala emhlabeni eqandisiwe ekwakhiweni isisindo. Lokhu kwenziwa ngoba isakhiwo isidumbu imodeli qualitative. Le ndlela ungakwazi ukususa umzimba umfuziselo of izingxenye yangaphambili umzimba, futhi isithombe kuyoba enengqondo kunazo futhi idluliselwe nezinto ezincane.

izindlela Injection-ukugqwala of komzimba womuntu aqalwa ezisetshenziswa ososayensi F. Ruysch. ERussia, anatomists waqala ukusebenzisa le ndlela kamuva. Phakathi kwamagama edume kunazo wendawo eziye waqalisa kanye nokuthuthukiswa kule ndawo, lokhu okulandelayo umsindo:

• P. F. Lesgaft;
• V. M. Shumlyansky;
• IV Buyalsky.

Amalungiselelo waqala ngayo imizamo yabo, Namanje lisetshenziswa njengedivaysi izinzuzo zemfundo nesayensi, futhi zigcinwa Museum yokwakheka.

Imisebenzi nokwakheka izindlela yiwona asondelene engaphansi nomunye. Phela, lokho ofuna ukwazi, inquma izindlela zokufinyelela lokhu. Bheka ku zonke izitho, ukuze ubone ukuthi izici morphological kanye kwendawo, ukukhomba ukusebenzisana nabanye izingxenye zomzimba - lokhu ingenye imisebenzi yesayensi embuzweni.

indlela Elonakalisayo ivumela ukuxazulula ngempela ngempumelelo. Kungenzeka ukuthola onobuhle olunembile sibonakalisa isakhiwo:

• izitho eziyize (inhliziyo, ventricles zobuchopho);
• parenchymal izitho (izinso, isibindi);
• futhi semithambo Macro isiteshi microcircular;
• wendlala.

Okubaluleke kakhulu yiyona Ukungena ungaphakathi imithambo yegazi kanye capillary, njengoba usebenzisa ezinye izindlela akunakwenzeka. Okwamanje, izinto ezidume kakhulu abicah imijovo waqala, ukuthi Uqinisa isikhathi eside, kodwa ngaphansi anobuthi kunabanye futhi akusho shwabanisa. Ngakho-ke kubonakala nje ngokwakheka kodwa ubukhulu langempela isitho ihlolwa.

yokucacisa indlela

Lena enye yezindlela ezithakazelisayo kakhulu ukufunda anatomy. essence yayo kanje. Umzimba noma ingxenye yomzimba elifakwe izixazululo ekhethekile esidi ukuthi uyivumele ukuhlanganisa uxhumano nomsebenzisi amanzi futhi azihlanganise, abe mass jelly-like. Kulokhu, inkomba yezokubona of emzimbeni kuphela nokukhanya ayalingana nomunye, ingxenye yomzimba iba sobala.

Ngakho, umfanekiso eliphezulu imvelo yangaphakathi ngokusebenzisa izicubu esobala ngaphandle phansi, ezifana, ngokwesibonelo, lapho inqubo insimbi. Ngokuvamile, le ndlela isetshenziswa ekuhloleni isimiso sezinzwa, izingxenye zayo eziyishumi nemitshingo.

Lokho ikuvumela ukuba ubone futhi ukukhomba ngendlela efanayo ukufunda?

1. Ukuma kwendawo yendlela indawo izitho zomzimba.
2. izici ezicacile zomzimba wonke umzimba noma izingxenye zayo.
3. Ubudlelwano izitho zomzimba.

Ngokusobala, le ndlela kunezinzuzo phezu indlela ngaxoxa ka ukugqwala.

ice nokwakheka

Imisebenzi ukwakheka komzimba womuntu futhi izitho zomzimba womuntu ziyancipha ukuqhutshelwa isifundo eningiliziwe nje ngokwakheka, indawo, kodwa futhi ukusebenza umzimba futhi umzimba iyonke. Lokhu kudinga ukuthola izithombe ezinjalo noma umfuziselo ukuthi siyobonisa ngokugcwele ukuziphatha kweqiniso zomzimba ngendlela eziphilayo.

Kodwa isihloko umuntu ophilayo akukwazi ephelele izifundo yokwakheka. Usebenza ngaso sonke isikhathi kwadingeka nezidumbu. umfutho womoya, ukusonteka mechanical nezinye izinto ezaholela ushintsho isikhundla umzimba ngemva kwesidumbu, ukuze izinguquko zalo morphological bokuphila. Ngakho-ke, isikhathi eside kwakungenakwenzeka ukuba uthole isithombe okuthembekile.

Le nkinga yaxazululeka ngu Academician NI Pirogov. Wasikisela indlela ukusika izidumbu eqandisiwe. Ngenxa yalesi isidumbu sendoda ngaphambilini fixed, kusetshenzwe futhi kakhulu eqandisiwe. Futhi lokhu kwenziwa ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka ngemva kokufa, ukuze umzimba akalilahlile isikhathi sokuphila kwalo sendawo kwezitho.

Ngemva le nqubo, isidumbu ezineqhwa - i material ekahle umsebenzi. Ungakwazi nisike izinkomba ezahlukene zonke izingxenye zomzimba futhi uthole izithombe olunembile ngokuphelele yangempela. Le ndlela ucwaningo kude isihambile zokuhlinzwa.

okubizwa ngokuthi ice ebaziwe kwahlongozwa yi ososayensi efanayo. Ukudala kangakanani izingqimba ngomzimba kakhulu eqandisiwe ukususa nemigubuzelo nezicubu ezihleli kuze kube Bagunyaziwe. Ngakho, izithombe namaqiniso ngakuthathu etholakala, ngesisekelo okungase ukwahlulela mayelana nesimo sendawo, ilungiselelo mutual interconnection kuzo zonke izingxenye zomzimba ndawonye.

Radiography futhi tomography

Izindlela zanamuhla kakhulu ucwaningo anatomy ezihlobene nokusetshenziswa kwe-computer nobuchwepheshe ngogesi futhi eduze esekelwe ukusetshenziswa emisebeni kagesi. Into ebaluleke kakhulu yilezi:

• imaging (resonance kazibuthe, ikhompyutha);
• X ray.

Tomography iyindlela yesimanje, kungena esikhundleni ngokugcwele indlela Pirogov. Ngenxa resonance kazibuthe noma X-ray kungenzeka ukuthola isithombe ezintathu-ntathu of yiluphi uhlaka womuntu, ngokuba isimo eziphilayo. Lokho sibonga le ndlela yesimanje iqedwe isidingo afeze ucwaningo ku cadavers.

computed tomography ukusetshenziswa kuma-X ray. indlela aqanjiwe kwaba ngo-1972 ososayensi American, zona uMklomelo KaNobel. Iphuzu liwukuthi umthamo ukudluliswa izicubu-X-ray. Njengoba ziyashiyana kwabantu, futhi ukumuncwa akuyona ngaleli zinga. Ngakho-ke uba kungenzeka layering isifundo eningiliziwe ingaphakathi umzimba.

Idatha etholwe selulayisheke kukhompyutha, bakuphi eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ukucubungula izibalo okusekelwe izilinganiso zobukhulu bawo yi ikhishwa. Ukufunda ngezinto ezinjalo ziyadingeka izimpawu wezokwelapha ezilandelayo:

• ngaphambi imisebenzi;
• e ukuhlukumezeka okukhulu;
• ukopha ebuchosheni ;
• umdlavuza wamaphaphu;
• yokufikelwa;
• isiyezi kwenja;
• ukulimala imithambo yegazi kanye izitho;
• wokubhoboza nezinye izinqubo.

Magnetic resonance imaging kusekelwe ekushayweni amagagasi ethize kagesi ensimini njalo kazibuthe. Uma lokhu kubangelwa excitation ka nuclei-athomu, impendulo yabo kagesi kukalwa futhi, okusekelwe izinkomba iziphetho. Nale ndlela ukuhlola ubuchopho, umgogodla, izitsha nezinye izakhiwo.

izindlela Radiographic anatomy esekelwe ukusetshenziswa gamma emisebeni kokuba permeability ukungalingani for izicubu ezahlukene. Uma lokhu ugongolo kubonakala kulotshwe iphepha esikhethekile noma ifilimu, ngakho wathola oyifunayo isitho isithombe. izindlela ezinjalo ukuhlola:

• emgogodleni;
• izitho besisu;
• ukukhanya;
• izitsha;
• skeleton;
• izifo neoplastic;
• namazinyo;
• amabele kanye nezinye izitho zomzimba.

Kubhekwe yezindlela zesimanje komzimba womuntu kukhona jikelele akubo bonke abahlala futhi lisetshenziswa nasekuthandeni izinto wezilwane. Nokho, ngamunye wabo kukhona eziningi Izimo, okuyinto zichazwe izici ngazinye isidalwa ngasinye, izifo yayo kanye nempilo jikelele.

anatomy okukhwantabalisayo

Isihloko nokwakheka izindlela kufanele kuhambelane nomunye ngokuvumelanayo kakhulu, ukuze abantu bakwazi ukuthola imiphumela enokwethenjelwa kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, cishe njalo kwesigaba anatomy has awayo izindlela eziqondile ukufunda komuntu.

Ngakho, anatomy sokugembula - ke kuyisiyalo esiyisa ukuthi uyakwazi ukubona futhi uhlole, kutfola tindlela pathologies ekulweni, izifo ngisho ezingeni micro, okusho ukuthi lo komqondo nezinga lokukhula kwengane yeselula. Lokhu isayensi esifanayo iye yaba imbangela yokufa. Ukuze ucwaningo emkhakheni microstructures - amaseli, izicubu kanye nezinguquko intracellular zasebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene anatomy sokugembula.

Lezi zihlanganisa izinhlobo ezilandelayo.

1. Autopsy - ngamanye amazwi kuba kwesidumbu of umzimba ngemva kokufa ukucacisa imbangela yayo. Uveza yayo udokotela-sezifo. Uthatha amasampula avela emzimbeni ucwaningo kuphunywa egunjini lokucwaninga esibhedlela. umbono kwabo okubhaliwe ngoMthethosivivinywa izimbangela zokufa izinguquko morphological ngesisekelo idatha etholwe udokotela owakwazi ukulungisa. Ngokuvamile, kwalesi sinqumo kuvumelana lwasemtholampilo, ukuthi ubeka Udokotela owayephethe. Nokho, umahluko zenzeka, it is acatshangelwa izingqungquthela jikelele yokwakheka nezokwelapha.
2. Biopsy. Lezi zindlela zibandakanya izifundo nezichaza zezinhlobo bukhoma kusuka womuntu kanye impahla kusukela zalokho izitho zangaphakathi (wokubhoboza). Ngokungafani indlela odlule itholakala yokuthi ucwaningo Kwenziwa ngesisekelo a eziphilayo.
3. Immunohistochemistry ukulitadisha izinqubo ezihleli ngaphakathi kwengqamuzana, amaprotheni alo Ukwakheka, ubulungu ethile izicubu hlobo. Lezi zindlela abaluleke kakhulu ukuhlola yesimanje umdlavuza.
4. Electron microscopy - ukusetshenziswa imishini kukhona isinqumo eliphezulu kakhulu, okuyinto ikuvumela uhlole ngisho ultramikrostruktury kabi noma isiphi isitho namaseli.
5. Ngo situ hybridization. Le ndlela isekelwe ukusebenza ukuthola of acid nucleic. Ngale ndlela ulwazi eyatholakala ku izinqubo sokugembula ukuthi kufihlwe noma esicashile. Une-kwesibindi, ingculaza, i-herpes nezinye izifo.

Sekukonke, idatha ukwakheka komzimba womuntu sokugembula kubaluleke kakhulu sokuthuthukisa ulwazi lwezokwelapha mayelana nesakhiwo nokuthuthuka komuntu.

CNS nokwakheka

Imisebenzi CNS anatomy sehliselwe isifundo umnyuziki nangokuhlola ngokujulile ukwakheka ezinzwa, izicubu, kwezitho izinhlelo ngokuvamile. Futhi lafundvwako akuyona kuphela zomlando, kodwa futhi ukuthuthukiswa ngabanye isimiso sezinzwa ngeminyaka. It wayebheka ingqondo njengendlela substrate ngokuba ukuqaliswa yonke imisebenzi yengqondo.

Njengoba zonke izimpikiswano ezihlobene isakhiwo kanye nokusebenza kohlelo abaluleke kakhulu futhi zidinga ukwaziswa okuningiliziwe, isimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko nezindlela ukwakheka komzimba womuntu ke ubuye ngempela eziyinkimbinkimbi neziqondile. Kunezindlela ezimbili zocwaningo kule ndawo.

1. Encanyana. Zisekelwe ukusetshenziswa imishini ekhethekile okuphindwe kaningi okhulisiwe isithombe uhlaka (noma ingxenye yalo). Ngakho, ezicezile microscopy optical - Ukutadisha sezinzwa izicubu tincetu, e - ekutadisheni izakhiwo amaselula, ama-molecule izinto zakha sphere elingaphandle into.
2. Macroscopic. Kukhona izinto ezimbalwa inani esaphila futhi ongakhetha poslesmertnyh ucwaningo. Ukuze esikhathini sakhe yilezi:

• X-ray;
• computed tomography;
• resonance kazibuthe;
• positron ekushayweni;
• electroencephalography.

Ngu poslesmertnym izindlela zihlanganisa ezifana:

• nokwakheka;
• umjovo kanye ukugqwala;
• X ray.

Zonke lezi zindlela wokutadisha anatomy we isimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko ziye okuxoxwe ngawo ngenhla. Kusukela esinda ethize lesi simiso ethile kuba Bheka (electroencephalography) kanye positron ekushayweni tomography. Eyokuqala kusekelwe yokubhalisa ngosizo ekhethekile encephalograph biorhythms amangqamuzana obuchopho (alpha ne-beta isigqi), esekelwe okuyinto ephetha ngokuthi ukusebenza futhi isibalo izinhlayiya zamangqamuzana aphilayo. Lucwaningo lolwentiwe yi-yayinjalo Uthwale ingqondo ku umuntu ophilayo. Ngokuvamile, inqubo aphephile, Nokho, kukhona ezinye Izimo.