I-Cenozoic Era

Inkathi yokuthuthukiswa komhlaba yahlala iminyaka ehlukile. Bafaka phakathi kwabo kanye nezikhathi ezahlukene. Inkathi yeCenozoic yindawo esanda kushalwa yendawo. Isikhathi salo siyiminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-65. Inkathi yeCenozoic ihlukaniswe ngezikhathi ezintathu : i-anthropogenous, i- Neogene ne-Paleogene. Ngamunye wabo, naye, uhlukaniswe ngama-epochs.

Inkathi yeCenozoic iyaqhubeka nanamuhla.

Isikhathi se-Paleogene sihlanganisa i-Oligocene, i-Eocene, i-Paleocene, i-Neogene - i-Pliocene ne-Miocene, i-Anthropogenic-i-Holocene ne-Pleistocene.

Indlela ukuphila okwaqhubeka ngayo ngenkathi yeCenozoic

Iminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-65 edlule isikhathi sePaleogene saqala.

Inkathi yokuqala kwakuyiPaleocene. Kusukela kwaqala inkathi yeCenozoic. Ngaleso sikhathi, amazwekazi aqhubeka nokuhamba kwawo, futhi iGondwana (izwekazi elikhulu) laqhubeka lihlukaniswa. INingizimu Melika yaqedwa ngokuphelele emhlabeni .

Emhlabathini, izilwane ezincelisayo, izibeletho zakuqala zaqala ukukhula, izinambuzane nezimbongolo zavela. Kwakukhona abameleli abakhulu bezimbili zomzimba kanye nezilwane ezidliwayo. Emanzini olwandle, izinhlanzi ezintsha zezinhlanzi nezinye izinhlanzi ezidliwayo zaqala ukuthuthukisa.

Phakathi kwalezi zitshalo kwaqala ukusakazeka kwezinhlobo zezimbali.

Inkathi ye-Eocene yaqala eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingamahlanu nanhlanu edlule. Izwekazikazi eziyinhloko zaqala ukutholakala cishe ngendlela abaphila ngayo namuhla. INingizimu Melika isiyeke ukuhlanganiswa ne-Antarctica, iNdiya isithuthele e-Asia. I-Australia yaqala ukuhlakazeka ne-Antarctica.

Emhlabathini kwavela ama-lemurs, amantombazane, ama-herbivores amakhulu (okhokho bezinkomo, amahhashi, izindlovu, izingulube nabanye). Ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane nazo zashintsha.

Inani lenhlanzi yamanzi ahlanzekile landa , imikhomo ibuyele emanzini.

Amapulazi aqala ukukhula ezindaweni ezisezingeni eliphansi, amahlathi ezindawo eziningi zomhlaba ayegcwele izitshalo.

Inkathi ye-Oligocene yaqala eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingamashumi amathathu nesishiyagalombili edlule. Izwekazi lase-Australia ne-Antarctica lahlukaniswa ngokuphelele, futhi iNdiya yawela umugqa we-equatorial. Isimo sezulu eseplanethi sesiphelile. Isembozo esikhulu se-glacial esakhiwe ngenhla kweSouth Pole. Lokhu kwaholela ekwandiseni umhlaba nokunciphisa umthamo wamanzi. Ngokuqondene nokupholisa, izimila zashintsha. Esikhundleni sehlathi lemvula ama- steppes asakazeka.

Izilwane ezincelisayo ezincelisayo zaqala ukukhuthaza kakhulu ezindaweni zasemaphandleni. Kwakukhona izinhlobo ezintsha zamanogwaja, onogwaja, ama-rhinoceroses, abameli bokuqala be-ruminants bavele.

Iminyaka eyizigidi ezingamashumi amabili nanhlanu ezedlule isikhathi seNeogene saqala. Ihlanganisa ama-epochs amabili.

Phakathi neMiocene, cishe wonke amazwekazi aqhubeka nokuhamba. Ngenxa yokuphikisana kwe-Afrika ne-Europe ne-Asia, i-Alps yakhiwa. Ngemuva kokuhlanganiswa kweNdiya ne-Asia, ama-Himalaya asungulwa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kwavela ama-Andes namaRocki. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amazwekazi ase-Australia naseNingizimu Melika ahlala ahlukaniswe nezwe. Ezwekazi ngalinye, izitshalo nezilwane eziyingqayizivele zithuthukile. Ukusabalala kweqhwa leqhwa e-Antarctica kwavusa ukushisa okubandayo.

Phakathi neMiocene, izilwane zasuka kwelinye izwekazi ziya kwelinye.

Eminyakeni eyizigidi ezinhlanu edlule, i-Pliocene yaqala.

Amazwekazi atholakala cishe ezindaweni ezifanayo nanamuhla. Ukupholisa nokusabalala kwama steppa kwaqhubeka.

Izidumbu nezilwane eziphilayo zithuthuka ngokuqinile. Ihhashi yavela. Indawo yokuzalwa yalesi silwane eNyakatho Melika. Ukusuka lapho amahhashi asakazeka emhlabeni jikelele.

Ekupheleni kwePliocene, iNyakatho neSouth America yaxhunyaniswa. Esikhathini esakhiwe "ibhuloho yasemhlabeni" saqala ukuhamba kwezilwane ezivela kwelinye izwekazi kuya kwelinye. Abacwaningi basikisela ukuthi ngalesi sikhathi, izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane zafa ngenxa yenkinga enkulu yokuphila.

Eminyakeni eyizigidi ezimbili ezedlule isikhathi sokuqala sabantu base-Anthropogenous saqala.

Inkathi yokuqala - i-Pleistocene - ibonakala ngokusabalalisa kweqhwa. Ngalesi sikhathi, izikhathi zokufudumala nokupholisa zishintshashintsha, futhi izinga lokushisa kolwandle lishintshashintsha. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi isimo esinjalo sisekhona.

Izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane ziye zavumelana nesimo sezulu. Abantu bokuqala bavele.

Cishe eyizinkulungwane eziyishumi ezedlule, iHolocene yaqala - isikhathi sesibili se-Anthropogenous period.

Isimo sezulu sasifana nezikhathi zanamuhla, ezishintshayo zokupholisa nokufudumala. Ukuthuthukiswa kohlanga lwesintu kwaqala.