Ubani i-ornithologist? Iyini indawo yayo? Yenzani i-ornithology?

I-Ornithology ingenye yezingxenye zezilwane jikelele. Uzinikezele ekutadisheni izinyoni, ukukhokha intela, ubuchwepheshe, ukukhiqiza. Ukusatshalaliswa kwemvelo kanye nokuziphatha kwezilwane kwalezi zilwane kubuye kufundwe.

Ulwazi jikelele

Leli gama laqalwa ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-16 ngu-Naturalist wezilwane u-A. Aldrovani. Igama elithi "ornithology" elisuka ngesiGreki lihunyushwa ngokuthi imfundiso yezinyoni (λόγος - izwi, imfundiso kanye ne-ὄρνιθος - inyoni). Ngakho-ke, kubonakala ukuthi yikuphi "i-profession ornithologist". Omunye wemisebenzi esemqoka yomcwaningi ukuhlelwa kwezinhlobo zezitshalo, inani lezilwane endaweni yokuhlala, kanye nokuhlelwa kwazo. Okubaluleke nakakhulu ukuvikela izinhlobo ezingavamile. Kukhona nokukhethekile okuhlukile - i-ornithologist. Lo msebenzi uhilela ukwelashwa kwabantu abanezinyosi, kuhlanganise nabasekhaya.

Izinto zokucwaninga

Izinyoni ziseklasini lama-vertebrates ama-oviparous, ama-feathered, anegazi elifudumele. Izandulela zabo zimelelwa ngendlela yamaphiko. Isakhiwo esikhethekile somzimba sivumela izilwane ukuba zihambe. Kodwa-ke, namuhla kunezinhlobo ezimbalwa zezinhlobo ezingezona ezindizayo. Isici esiyingqayizivele sezinyoni yilokho okukhona khona. Ngokulinganiselwa kwezi-ornithologists namuhla kunabantu abangaphezu kuka-9800 abanamafutha. Kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-600 ezisakazwa kulo lonke elaseRussia Ngenxa yale namba yezinyoni ibhekwa njengeqembu elivame kakhulu le-superclass yama-quadrupeds. Izilwane zihlala kuwo wonke amazwekazi aseMhlabeni, kuhlanganise ne-Antarctica. Inyoni encane kunazo zonke i-hummingbird (ubukhulu bayo buba ngu-5.7 cm). Ummeleli omkhulu kunazo zonke ekilasini yizinyoni zase - Afrika ( zikhule zibe ngu-270 cm). I-Ancestor yezinyoni zanamuhla i-archeopteryx (yayihlala cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-150 edlule) namadinosaurs omuntu (cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-80 edlule). Amaqembu ezinyoni ezikhona namhlanje ziyi-infra-class ye-fan-tailed. Futhi, ihlukaniswe ngezigaba ezimbili: izinyoni ezingenakubalwa (izinkanyezi) nezinye izinhlobo (neobneznye).

Isifinyezo Esifushane Esimlando

Ubani i-ornithologist? Ngesikhathi sokuqala indoda yaqala ukuhlola izinyoni? U-Aristotle wabeka isisekelo sokuthuthukiswa kwesayensi. Nguye owaqala ukuhlela izinhlelo zezilwane ezaziwa ngaleso sikhathi. U-Aristotle wayehlala ku-IV. BC. E. Wadala imisebenzi Ezingxenyeni Zemfuyo naseMsuka Wezilwane. Ukusebenza kuzo, ososayensi wasendulo wamaGreki wachaza uhlobo oluhlukile lwezinyoni, echaza indlela yokuphila nokuphila kwezinhlobo zazo ezingu-160. Lesi sigaba sika-Aristotle sasingaphelele, kodwa asizange sishintshe kuze kube sekhulwini le-17. Kuphela ngo-1676 uFrancis Villouby (isazi sezinto eziphilayo zesiNgisi) wadala umbhalo othi "i-Ornithologiae libri tres", eyanyatheliswa ngemva kokufa kwakhe ngumsosayensi uJohn Ray. Ngemuva kwekhulu leminyaka, ngo-1758, umsebenzi kaWilloughby wathola ukuqhutshwa kwayo emaphethweni awaziwa kakhulu "Systems of Nature" kaKarl Linnaeus. Umsunguli wemvelo waseSweden wasakaza lezi zilwane ngokulandela izigaba ezizimele futhi wakha isiqephu segama elibizwa nge-binominal nomenclature ngokubizwa kwezinhlobo zezilwane. Ngokwezigaba zayo, zonke izinyoni zahlukaniswa zaba yimithetho eyisithupha, kuhlanganise nezinhlobo ezingu-554 ezivela ku-78 ezikhona. Lokhu kusistimu (cishe okungashintshi) kusetshenziswa nanamuhla. I-Linneem nayo yasungula inqubo ye-ornithophenology, eyayisetshenziselwa ukutadisha izinyoni ezifudukayo. Yonke imininingwane ephulwa emhlabathini mayelana nezinyoni zaleso sikhathi yashicilelwa isosayensi nomlobi uJ. Buffon. Washicilela lo msebenzi ezincwadini eziyishumi "Umlando Wezinyoni". Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, konke okuhlobene nalezi zinyoni kuyaphenywa yi-ornithologist. Usosayensi uthini ukuqoqa imininingwane edingekayo? Mayelana nalokhu - ngokuqhubekayo.

Izindlela Zokucwaninga

Ubani i-ornithologist namuhla? Okokuqala, ungumlindi. Enye yezindlela ezifinyeleleka kakhulu zokutadisha abantu abanamahloni, imikhuba yabo nempilo yabo yonke into ibona. Kungenziwa nge-eye iso. Kodwa, njengomthetho, imishini ekhethekile isetshenziswa. Phela, ngubani ongu-ornithologist? Lena isayensi yesayensi, ngokuyinhloko. Abacwaningi basebenzisa amakhamera wevidiyo, amakhamera, ama-binoculars njalonjalo. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukubhekwa akuyona nje inqubo yongcweti. Namuhla lokhu kuyisimo sokuzijabulisa esivamile. Ukuqaphela kwenza kube lula ukuthatha izinyathelo ukuqinisekisa ukuvikelwa kwezinhlobo ezingavamile. Ngaphezu kokucwaninga okubonwayo, izinyoni nazo zilalelwa. Ezimweni eziningi, lokhu kunganika ulwazi oluthe xaxa kunokubona.

Ukushaya

Yini i-ornithologist eyenza ukulandelela ukufuduka kwezinyoni? Ukukhala - indlela yokucwaninga kwamagugu - isetshenziswa iminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu. Izinyoni ezitholakala kuyizintambo zimboze i-aluminium ekhethekile noma iplastiki (umbala ogqamile) onyawo. Ngezinye izikhathi kudivayisi kuyinombolo ye-serial. Indlela yokukhala ikuvumela ukuba ulandele ngokunembile imizila yokuhamba kwezinyoni zonyaka, bese wenza indawo yokuhlala ngayinye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinyoni zingabathwala izifo ezihlukahlukene. Kule ndaba, imizila yokulandelela esebenzisa indlela yokukhala ibaluleke kakhulu. Ukusebenzisa le ndlela, phakathi kwezinye izinto, inani elilinganiselwa labantu libalwe. Ukusebenza ezingeni lomhlaba kuhlanganiswa yi-International Ring Committee kanye nesigaba sayo saseYurophu (Euring), esakhiwe ngo-1962 yi-ornithologist Echecopard eParis. Okubalulekile emsebenzini we-Euring ukuhlola imibuzo ngokuhlanganisa izindlela zokuqoqa, ukucubungula nokugcina ulwazi.

Ukubaluleka okusebenzayo kwesayensi

Umsebenzi wezinyoni wezinyoni, ukuhlukaniswa, ukufuduka, ukusatshalaliswa, ukuziphatha kwemvelo - ngokujwayelekile, konke okufundiswa yi-ornithologist, kubaluleke kakhulu kwezomnotho namuhla. Ngenxa yokusheshiswa okwandayo nokwandisa izinga lokuthutha, ukuhamba kwabagibeli, inani lezindiza kanye nokushayisana kwezinyoni kuye kwanda kakhulu. Enkambeni yokuthuthukisa izindawo ezingabanjwanga, umuntu waba nomthelela wokuxhumana nabantu abanezinsizwa, eziningi zazo ezithwala izifo eziyingozi zezilwane zombili zasemapulazini nabantu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izizathu zokuzingela zaqala ukubikezela njalo nokulawula ukufuduka nezinombolo zezinyoni.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwesayensi

Ukubuyela embuzweni wokuthi ubani ongu-ornithologist, umuntu angasho ukuthi namuhla ngokuyinhloko uchwepheshe onomsebenzi wakhe obonisa ulwazi hhayi kuphela emkhakheni wezinto eziphilayo. Esikhathini samanje, ukuvikela nokuphila kwezinyoni kuhlinzeka ngokubambisana kwamanye amazwe kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwabacwaningi bamazwe ahlukene. Ngakho-ke, isibonelo, kusukela ngo-1963 imihlangano iqhutshwa ngaso sonke isikhathi lapho abamele iminyango yezindiza kanye nezinhlangano ze-ornithologists zihlangana. Ekuthuthukiseni isayensi kokubili futhi manje nokubambisana kwamanye amazwe kubaluleke kakhulu.

I-Ornithology namuhla

Okwamanje, izikhungo ezikhethekile nezikhungo zokuqeqesha zisebenza emhlabeni wonke. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunamaphephandaba angamakhulu amabili anikezwe intuthuko yakamuva e-ornithology. Kumele kuthiwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ukuthi ezinye zezincwadi ziyisayensi kuphela, kanti ezinye zindawo eziphilayo nezithandwayo. Ngokwesiko, izincwadi ezikhiqizwa ezweni elithile zibizwa ngokuthi i-specimen ethandwa kakhulu. Ngakho, isibonelo, eNgilandi kusukela ngo-1852 "Ibisi" ishicilelwe, e-Federal Republic of Germany kusukela ngo-1857, "Journal of Ornithologie" ishicilelwe. Ekuxhumaneni komsebenzi wezibalo zesayensi ezibaluleke kakhulu yimiphakathi yama-ornithological, eminingi yayo esebenzayo kusukela phakathi nekhulu leminyaka elidlule.