Imfundo:Isayensi

Okuhlangenwe nakho kukaRutherford

U-Ernest Rutherford - ososayensi oyingqayizivele, onolwazi kakhulu futhi ongavamile kakhulu. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi izitho ezibaluleke kakhulu ezitholwe nguye ngemuva kokuthola umklomelo weNobel. Ngo-1911, le ndoda yaphumelela ekuhlangenwe nakho kukaRutherford (ngakho wabizwa kamuva), okwakungavumela ukubheka ngaphakathi kwe-athomu futhi uthole umqondo wokuthi uhlelwe kanjani.

Ukuhlolwa okuningi nama-athomu kwenziwe ngaphambilini. Umqondo wabo oyinhloko kwakuwukuqoqa ulwazi olwanele olusuka emaqenjini ahlukene okuphambuka kwezinhlayiya, ngokusho ukuthi kuzoba yini ithuba lokusho okuthile okukhonkolo mayelana nesakhiwo se-athomu. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, ososayensi sebevele bakholelwa ukuthi kuqukethe ama-electron aphikisiwe. Kodwa-ke, okwakusakazeka kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi kwakuwumqondo wokuthi i-athomu kufana negridi elincanyana elikhokhisiwe eligcwele icala, eligcwele ama-electron anecala elibi. Lo modeli wabizwa ngokuthi "igridi enomisiwe."

Okuhlangenwe nakho kukaRutherford kwakuhlukile. Usosayensi wakha isibhamu esanikeza izinhlayiya ezigxile futhi eziqondisiwe. Kwakubukeka njengebhokisi le-leaden, lapho kwakuyi-slot encane. Ngaphakathi kwakungumuthi omsakazo. Izinhlayiya ze-alpha, ezikhishwe yizinto ezivuthayo emzimbeni kuzo zonke izikhombisi ngaphandle kweyodwa, zafakwa ngesikrini ukusuka ekuholeni, futhi kuphela ngokusebenzisa i-slot ibhotela eliqondisiwe eliqondile lezinhlayiya zaphuma. Lapho esendleleni, kwavela ezinye izikrini zokuhola ezihamba phambili, ezivimbela izinhlayiyana ezihluke ekuqondeni. Ngenxa yalokhu okuhlangenwe nakho kukaRutherford, inqwaba yezinhlayiyana zafinyelela ehlosheni, ihlongo ngokwalo laliyiphepha elimnyama kakhulu lokubilisa. Kulo, bese ushaya i-alpha-ray.

Ngemuva kwezinhlayiyana ze-alpha zihambisana ne-athomu yesilwane, zaqhubeka endleleni yazo, futhi ekugcineni zizitholela kwideskithophu ye-fluorescent eyabekwa ngemuva kwalolu hlelo. Lapho izinhlayiya zifika esikrinini, ukukhanya kwakubhalisiwe kuyo, ngokusho ukuthi umhloli ozokwahlulela kanjani ukuthi kunani nokuthi ngakanani inani lezinhlayiyana ze-alpha ezihlukana ukusuka ekuqondeni okuqondile kwe-motion ngenxa yokushayisana ne-athomu foil yegolide.

Okuhlangenwe nakho kukaRutherford kwakungokwemvelo ngoba akekho owayengaphambi kwakhe ozama ukuhlola ukuthi izinhlayiya ezithile ziyahlukahluka yini. Imodeli yakudala yegridi ayizange ivumele ngisho nokuba khona kwezinto ezinzima futhi ezinamahloni e-athomu ukuthi zingakwazi ukulahla izinhlayiya ze-alpha ngokushesha ngama-angles amakhulu.

Okuhlangenwe nakho kukaRutherford kusenze sikwazi ukuphetha ngokuthi inqwaba yesisindo igxile emthonjeni okhulu kakhulu, ophakathi nendawo ye-athomu. Eminye impela yayincane kakhulu kunokuba ibonakale ngaphambili. I-athomu kaRutherford yayinezikhungo eziphezulu, okwakuthiwa i-nucleus, lapho, ngendlela, isisindo esihle sagxila.

Isithombe se-athomu, esathathwa usosayensi, sesiyaziwa manje. Imodeli kaRutherford iqukethe ukuthi phakathi nendawo kukhona i- nucleus ye - athomu enecala elihle, lapho lonke ubukhulu be-athomu lugxila khona. Ngokuvamile, i-athomu ayithathi hlangothi. Ngakho-ke, inani lama-electron ngaphakathi, kanye nokukhokhwa kwe-nucleus, lilingana nenombolo yezinto ezikuyo ohlelweni lwezikhathi. Kusobala ukuthi ama-electron awakwazi ukuphumula ngaphakathi kwe-athomu, ngoba ayezovele ewa phansi. Bayahamba nxazonke ngendlela efanayo namaplanethi azungeze ukukhanya kwelanga.

Umlingiswa onjalo wokunyakaza kunqunywe yizenzo zamandla we-Coulomb engxenyeni ye-nucleus. Ama-athomu azinzile, esimweni esingaxhunyiwe angahlala isikhathi eside ngaphandle kokuhambisa noma yikuphi amagagasi kagesi. Noma kunjalo, imodeli yeplanethi ye-athomu, nakuba ilungele ukuhlolwa, ayivumeli ukuba sikwazi ukuchaza ukuthi kungani ezinzile.

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