I-chemistry Organic futhi fizkolloidnaya: incazelo, izinjongo kanye nezici

Fizkolloidnaya-chemistry - isayensi etadisha Izakhiwo namakhemikhali surface izenzakalo futhi ukuhlakaza izinhlelo.

ichaze

Fizkolloidnaya-chemistry elihlobene ne izinhlelo abahlakazekile bengaba. Ngaphansi kwazo ke uyiswa kusho esimweni lapho eyodwa noma ngaphezulu izinto abahlakazekile (wahlukana) isimo ngesisindo impahla yesibili. Isigaba ubizwa ngokuthi i-niphihlizwe isigaba bahlakazeka. Lesi sangoma ukuhlakazwa ibizwa ngokuthi kube khona isimo lapho ifomu wahlukana isigaba discontinuous.

Adsorption kanye ebusweni imihlola

Fizkolloidnaya-chemistry ucabangela ebusweni izenzakalo zenzeka ngesikhathi esibonakalayo izinhlelo bahlakazeka.

Phakathi kwabo siphawula:

• ogelezayo nokumanzisa;
• ukuvundulula ukungezwani;
• adsorption.

Chemical ihlaziya Fizkolloidnaya izinqubo ezibalulekile lobuchwepheshe ngokuphathelene indle futhi umoya uhlanzekile, kwandzisa amaminerali, Welding metal, coloration evele ezahlukene, Lubrication, ukuhlanza evele.

surface ukungezwani

i-chemistry Organic futhi fizkolloidnaya ukuchaza izenzakalo ezenzeka ngesikhathi esibonakalayo. Sihlaziya uhlelo esakhiwa igesi futhi uketshezi. Per-molecule, okuyinto ngaphakathi ohlelweni, ukukhangana amabutho isinyathelo ingxenye eseduze molecule. Per-molecule, esemgwaqweni phezu, futhi nomphumela amandla, kepha inzuzo.

Isizathu siwukuthi esimweni gaseous of ibanga phakathi molecule ungamandla enkulu ngokwanele cishe omncane. Ingcindezi sangaphakathi uzama qinisa zishintshe ketshezi ukujula, kuphumele kokucindezelwa.

Ukwakha surface interface entsha, isibonelo, esisuka ifilimu, kubalulekile ukwenza umsebenzi ngokumelene ingcindezi zangaphakathi. Phakathi amandla owenziwe kanye nokucindezela sangaphakathi okusobala ukhona. Amandla bagxila kule molecule sise ebusweni, surface khulula amandla kubhekwa.

Kubaluleka wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka kwezinto

The main imisebenzi fizkolloidnoy-chemistry kuhlanganisa ukubala zibalo thermodynamic. Kuye ukusabela umbuzo, singakwazi ukuthola ukuthi kungenzeka ivela khona nokuguqulwa.

Ngenxa nokuntengantenga thermodynamic ukugeleza izinhlelo izinqubo okuyizinto ezihlobene kweNdikimba izinhlayiya, ephelezelwa nokuncipha esibonakalayo.

Izizathu ushintsho esimweni thermodynamic

Yiziphi izici ezithonya ukungezwani surface?

Okokuqala kubalulekile ukugqamisa ubunjalo ketshezi. Ukungezwani ebusweni ngokuqondile okuhlobene izici esigabeni olujiyile. Ngokwandisa polarity e ketshezi kwenzeka ukungezwani amabutho ukwanda.

Isimo esibonakalayo kuthinta isigaba kanye lokushisa. Endabeni ka nesanda ukwehla ketshezi zamabutho esebenza phakathi izinhlayiya ngabanye.

I lokuhlushwa izinto ziyoncibilika isivivinyo uketshezi, futhi kuthinta isimo uhlelo thermodynamic.

Kukhona futhi izinhlobo ezimbili zezinkantolo izinto. TID (impahla ebusweni-asisebenzi) ukwandisa ubukhulu isimo esishubile isixazululo kuqhathaniswe kuphela enhle. izinto ezinjalo electrolyte eqinile. Surfactants (ngaphandle ejenti asebenzayo) ukunciphisa ubukhulu ukungezwani ekusebenzisaneni ikhambi okuholela. Ngokwandisa lezi izinto isixazululo siyenzeka, ingqondo ku ungqimba ebusweni isixazululo. compounds Polar organic kukhona acid, alcohols. Basuke eyakhiwa amaqembu polar (acid, carboxyl, hydroxo) kanye nonpolar hydrocarbon chain.

sorption Izici

Fizkolloidnaya yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali (UMTHETHO) sifaka incenye eziphathelene izinqubo sorption. Adsorption - inqubo yezinguquko sebengavela ungqimba ebusweni lomcebo lokuhlushwa maqondana nenani yabo ivolumu isigaba.

I adsorbent kuyinto into owenziwa phezu kwezulu. Adsorbate - into okwazi sebethule. Adsorbate - ukugqashuka impahla. Desorption - inqubo reverse adsorption.

izinhlobo sorption

Mfundisi fizkolloidnoy Chemistry ukhuluma ezimbili izinhlobo adsorption. Endabeni ngokomzimba umusi sebethule kuyinto ukwabiwa imali ezincane amandla okuyinto efana ne nokuvutha ukufingqa. Le nqubo kuba esethola. Lokhu adsorption kunciphisa ukwanda lokushisa kwandisa ijubane inqubo reverse (desorption).

I adsorption kumakhemikhali samuntu engelapheki, ebusweni engashiyanga adsorbate futhi ekhuthaza ebusweni. Ngo chemisorption ukushisa kuphezulu, kuba sokuboshwa ubukhulu enthalpy esezingeni kumiswa. Nge lokushisa okwandisa kwandisa chemisorption Inkomba kwandisa ukuxhumana phakathi izinto.

Njengoba isibonelo thina ukubalula adsorption umoya-mpilo chemisorption we ebusweni metal kusukela emoyeni, uhlola fizkolloidnaya kwamakhemikhali. Imisebenzi kanye nezixazululo zivame ezihlobene ukungezwani ukubaluleka ukuzimisela okwenzeka ekusebenzisaneni phakathi kwabezindaba ezimbili.

Ukuze quantitatively ukuchaza adsorption evelele, sebenzisa adsorption ngokuphelele. Ikhombisa inani adsorbate (e Mol) per unit endaweni adsorbent athathwe. Ngo fizkolloidnoy Chemistry izinhlelo zihlanganisa ukuzimisela ambalwa of lesi silinganiso.

Izimpawu adsorbents

Physical futhi Colloid Chemistry unaka ngokukhethekile imitsetfo yekuhlatiya izinhlobo adsorbents futhi isicelo sabo esisebenzayo. Kuye ngobukhulu we ebusweni adsorbent, mhlawumbe amanani angalingani izinto adsorbed. I adsorbents ezikhiqiza kakhulu ukuthola izinto kokuba surface athuthukile: colloids, izimpushana, reagents ukungena nakwamanye amazwe.

Njengoba izici eziyisisekelo ambalwa of adsorbents secrete ethize surface area kanye porosity. Inani lokuqala kubonisa isilinganiso isisindo ebusweni adsorbent. Isici sesibili eqala izici oyiyo.

Kwamakhemikhali Colloid ukuhlukanisa izinhlobo ezimbili adsorbents. izidakamizwa Non-ukungena nakwamanye amazwe adalwe izinhlayiya okuqinile ukwakha ukungena nakwamanye amazwe isakhiwo "powder diaphragm" nge emasakeni obukhulu. Njengoba ngezikhawu eside phakathi kwabo isinyathelo phakathi nangangesihlabathi izidakamizwa. Isakhiwo kungenzeka isakhiwo micro- noma macroporous. adsorbents ukungena nakwamanye amazwe kukhona izakhiwo ukuthi yakhiwa okusanhlamvu kokuba porosity yangaphakathi.

Kwamakhemikhali emzimbeni ligxile kwebalingisi of izinhlelo indawo. Ziyakwazi powder izingoma ukuthi akhiwa okusanhlamvu noma powder e ngokucindezelwa emasakeni abo obukhulu tube. I izinhlelo okuholela anezici ezithile thermodynamic, ukutadisha okuyinto into eyinhloko fizkolloidnoy kwamakhemikhali.

Kukhona inqubo iyunithi (ikhumbula ubunjalo adsorptive) ku ionic, yamangqamuzana, adsorption colloidal. inqubo Yamamolekhula elihlobene ne izixazululo of electrolyte ababuthakathaka noma dielectrics. Kwenzeka adsorption ka solutes phezu kobuso adsorbent okuqinile.

Ingxenye amasayithi asebenzayo phezu adsorbent elalihlala molecule kuphela. Nge ukudlula inqubo sebethule kanye adsorptive molecule kuphela isinyathelo nesincintisana nabo.

isiphetho

Physical futhi Colloid Chemistry izindawo ezibalulekile yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali. Bayachaza izinqubo eziyisisekelo okwenzeka izixazululo ukuvumela izibalo ingcosana ukushisa sasikhipha (matasa) kwetinhlavu izinto ezintsha. Umthetho oyisisekelo kusetshenziselwa ukufeza izibalo ambalwa, ngumlayo Hess. It uxhuma eziningana izici thermodynamic izinto esingokwemvelo: enthalpy, entropy, amandla. Inqubo thermodynamic kumiswa compounds eziyinkimbinkimbi kusuka elula (kokuqala) izingxenye angabhekwa ngokomthetho Hess. Izibalo enze kube nokwenzeka ukuba anqume nekusebenta inqubo.