I-crusade yokuqala kanye nendima yayo ekwakheni "umphakathi weshushiso"

Ngaphambi Kweminyaka Eyinkulungwane, amapapa ayefuna ukuphunyuka emandleni ababusi boMbuso Ongcwele WaseRoma. Lo mzabalazo wokutshalwa kwezimali usuphelile ekunqobeni kweSonto. U-Pope Gregory VII othanda ukuzithoba futhi ohloniphekile waqala ukuguqulwa okukhulu kwesilinganiso se-ecclesial reconstruction, ogama lakhe linguGregorian. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lo mbonisi wazama ukugxeka abafundisi abathandwayo futhi abuyisele igunya elizungezile lamasonto ngokusungula ukukhokha nokudala imiyalo emisha ye- monastic nge-charter enzima. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, upapa wazama ukuvimbela iklasi eliya ngokuphindaphindiwe elingenamhlaba (ngenxa yamalungelo amakhulu) ama-knights. Amadodana amancane amakhosi angama-feudal, ngokuzalwa ngokufanele abantu benkemba, ayemelela "imayini yokuhamba kancane" emphakathini. Wamemezela "Izinsuku zokuthula zikaNkulunkulu" - ukuvimbela ukuqhuba imisebenzi yempi ezinsukwini ezithile - kulondoloze isimo kancane. Lezi zici - isifiso sokuqinisa ukuhlonipha uNkulunkulu ngaphambi kwabefundisi kanye nenqwaba yabantu abangahlomile - futhi balungisa umkhosi wokuqala.

Ngemuva kokuqalekisa phakathi kukapapa kanye nenzalamizi yaseConstantinople ngo-1053, amaKatolika amabili ahlukaniswa. Nokho, lapho uSeljuks ehlasela uMbuso waseByzantine, uBasil Alexis I Comnenus wabuza ababusi baseNtshonalanga Yurophu ukuba basize ezempi. Isimo esinjalo esidabukisayo saseByzantium sasisezandleni zamapapa. Kwakungenakwenzeka nje ukuthumela ubuningi be-chivalry ngaphesheya kolwandle, kodwa futhi ukuqinisa igunya leSonto, okuhola umkhankaso wokuqala. Kodwa ngenxa yalokhu bekudingekile ukuguqula impi ejwayelekile yezwe yezwe ibe yimpi engcwele yeTomb of the Lord. Nokho, ukuze abe umholi walo mkhankaso wezempi, ukuxoshwa kukaHenry IV waseJalimane noFilip I waseFrance, kwakudingekile ukuba benze inkolo eyodwa ebalulekile yenkolo.

Kuze kube yilesi sikhathi, iBandla elibizwa ngokuthi ukubulala ngesono nempi kungumthetho wesono, noma okungenani kubi. Manje ngaphambi kokuba abe ngumsebenzi wokubiza ngokuthi "abamnyama abamhlophe" futhi abaningi bahlanganyele ngqo ekuchitheni igazi. Ukusebenzisa isithombe esivela esAmbulo sikaJohane ngomzabalazo wezingelosi enkulu kanye nebutho lezingelosi ngebutho lomphik'ukristu, uPapa waseRoma waqala ukukhuluma ngezimpi zokulunga. Ngakho ekwindla ka-1095 eCermermont (manje eCermermont-Ferrand eFrance) esontweni lesonto lesonto, uPapa Urban II, kwacaciswa ingqungquthela engcwele yokuqala. Khona-ke izazi zemfundiso yenkolo ziqinisile lokhu ngezinsolo zokuthi ukulahla impilo yomuntu ongakholwayo, akukho ukubulawa okwenziwe, kodwa ngokuphambene nalokho, ukuqedwa kobubi kwenzeka.

Amabutho e-Crusader endleleni eya eZweni Elingcwele azihlukanisa ngamaJuda amakhulu amakhulu, futhi ukuthunjwa kweJerusalema ngo-1099 kwaholela ekubulaweni okunjalo, okusho ngokukhumbula kukaFulko Chartrsky, "izinyawo zene egazini labafazi nabazali ababulewe emagumbini." Futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke lokhu, ukukhala kwebutho "lamaKhristu" kwaxosha: "Lokhu kuyamjabulisa uNkulunkulu!". Lo mkhankaso uphendule izisekelo zasemuva zomphakathi. Ngokusho kukaMurray, inkulumo ethi Murray, lapho iqembu elilodwa lilandelana, lingabandakanywa emphakathini (izitha zikaNkulunkulu ezitshengiswayo) ngamaqembu athile wabantu: AmaJuda, abaphikisi benkolo, ama-Orthodox, abanochoko, njll. Kunzima ukusho ukuthi zingaki izinkolo ezikhona, ngoba akuzona zonke ezazishunyayelwa ngokusemthethweni ePapa (kwakukhona abantu abanjalo abangu-8), kodwa ziphefumulelwe kuphela ngezintshumayelo.

Into eqinisekile: kusukela ekuhlaselweni kokuqala kweZwe Elingcwele, ukubulawa komuntu ozokwethwa yiSonto LamaRoma Katolika njengesitha kwakungasabhekwa njengesono, kodwa ubuhle obukhulu benkolo. Ekhulwini le-13, lapho umkhankaso wokuqala wenkolo uqaliswa emazweni angamaKristu (ngokumelene nama-Albigensians), ukubekezelelana kwabizwa ngokuthi yisono. Emkhandlwini we-IV Lateran ngo-1215, uPapa Innocent III wamemezela ukuthi izitha zeNkosi ziyi-schismatics, okungukuthi, amaKristu angama-Orthodox. Futhi kakade ngo-1232, uGregory IX wanxusa amaKatolika amahle ukuba athulule isiphambano futhi aye empini noNovgorod no-Pskov. Umkhankaso wezempi waqhubeka nokuphumelela okungafani kusukela ngo-1232 kuya ku-1240, ngenkathi iMpi yaseLake Peipsi ngo-Ephreli 1242 (ebizwa ngokuthi i- Battle of Ice) ayizange iqede izimangalo zikaPapa emazweni aseMpumalanga Slavic. Kunzima ukucabanga ngesiphetho sabantu baseSlavic uma imikhosi eya eRussia iphelile ngokuhlukile, ngoba enkunzi yakhe (9.12.1237), uGregory IX unxusa amaKriphani ukuba "abulale izitha zesiphambano" ngokungenangqondo.