KumiswaIndaba

I kabusha lensha yekubusa ezisemadolobheni, izizathu izinguquko yesibili wayebizwa.

kabusha Uhulumeni wasekhaya ngofaka uPetru mina, akazange ihluke njalo nangempumelelo. Ukwakhiwa kabusha amadolobha kanye neziphathimandla zendawo wawuphazanyiswa izikhulu. On lokho kwabangelwa izinguquko lensha yekubusa ezisemadolobheni, okuyinto nemibi izinguquko zamanje kwadingeka alungise, ukuchaza kulesi sihloko.

INGEMUVA kabusha ezisemadolobheni

Urban ukuphathwa kabusha Petru 1 lwaqala kahle ngaphambi kabusha kuhlelwe yemizimba emaphakathi namandla aphakeme kunawo wonke isimo. Izizathu eziyinhloko izinguquko lalilisha nobudlelwane bokuhlalisana kuleli zwe, ukunwetshwa emkhawulweni ekubizweni imisebenzi emisha samandla esiphezulu, okuyinto abaphathi bendawo ezindaweni.

kabusha Urban. Umzamo wokuqala

Kabusha iziphathimandla zendawo ukuthi isuke ibangelwa nezidingo isikhathi. Russia wazama ukunikeza indlela yokuveza noLwandle iBaltic, izidingo lempi yezwe lakhula. amafomu wesifundazwe kanye endala imiBhalo uhulumeni akakwazanga ukuhlinzeka ukusebenza imisebenzi wokuqoqa intela futhi ukuqasha ezindaweni ephethwe. Injongo eyinhloko kwaba ukwabiwa kwezibophezelo phakathi zemstvoes onobhala futhi ilawula ukwethulwa European ezisemadolobheni ukulawula izakhi. Lezi zici ukuchaza, lokho kwabangelwa izinguquko entsha omasipala bakahulumeni kanye nezingxenye abuyeziwe kanjani ukusebenza iziphathimandla. Ngenxa yalesi kabusha kuqala ezisemadolobheni wethulwa 1699.

Ngokuhamba ezisemadolobheni ukuphathwa kabusha kwazanywa ukuguqula umuzi Russian imodeli European, abanikeze amalungelo efanayo wathatha uthi European Western kanye nemikhandlu dolobha. idolobha Russian iphuma izifundazwe kwakuwukuthi, nokuphathwa wamnikela Burmistrov, okuyinto babezimisele ngokubamba ukhetho. Enhloko-dolobha, uvele burmistrskaya Chamber phambi lapho bailiffs abadobela edolobheni yabika isimo eqoqwe izintela, amanani nezinye iimali. Kwamanye amadolobha, izilawuli bathunyelwa Zemsky lwamakholi maqhugwane, okuyinto kwaholela bailiffs akhethwe.

Okumbi ekutjhugululweni lokuqala

On lokho kwabangelwa izinguquko lensha yekubusa ezisemadolobheni kungenziwa wehlulelwa Imiphumela esidumazayo sohlanga ukuguqulwa kuqala. uhlelo owawusanda kumiswa wawakhiwa non-okusobala futhi insufficiently ngempumelelo. I nokwehlukaniswa lohulumeni basekhaya ayivunyelwe ukwakha uchungechunge ecacile kwakuwukuthi. Eyayihambisana ezihlukahlukene ezincane emizimbeni ukudideka. Ngakho, amandla bureaucratic kaPetru I wanezela yokuqokwa ekilasini izikhungo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kanye nezombuso, esebenza kanye nokuphathwa yezempi, futhi lokho unesibopho ipasipoti ukulawula kanye iqoqo intela yokuvota, ngaleyo ndlela amakhophi ezinye nemisebenzi iziphathimandla lokho okumelwe zikwenze.

I kabusha lensha yekubusa ezisemadolobheni eliye labizwa phezu kwazo? Ngokusekelwe osekushiwo, kungenzeka ukukhiqiza yezizathu eziningana:

  • namanje ke nintule mpo esiqinile kwamandla;
  • amandla lokuqoka abaphathi emkhakheni kungagcini emizimbeni kuqokwa;
  • inombolo ngokweqile amahhovisi yokuqokwa (bailiffs, izimantshi ezingamaphoyisa, abameleli emihlanganweni ekilasini) sebehlushwa umsebenzi kohulumeni basekhaya.

Eyesibili kabusha ezisemadolobheni

Ngo 1720, enhloko-dolobha entsha umbuso Russian sidalwe Chief yeMantshi, owalalela zonke izimantshi kamasipala akhethwe.

Ngo 1721 ke kwavunyelwana imithetho lapho izimiso ezintsha amadivayisi ezisemadolobheni banikezwe. City ihlukaniswe ngenani enihlala kwaba namakilasi amahlanu athatha ezinkulu. Labantu lahlukaniswa laba "okungajwayelekile" futhi izakhamuzi "njalo". Phakathi izakhamuzi "okungajwayelekile" Iningi abameleli izigaba empofu kakhulu yenhloko-labantu. Acebile izakhamuzi "njalo" amalungelo wangaphambili ayesele.

Naphezu neziphathimandla nobuqotho bukaJesu kwaze kwaba izakhamuzi ezicebile, hhayi uhlelo olusha uhulumeni ikufakazele ngempumelelo ekuphathweni namanje kubuswa eqinile izindlela samasosha bureaucratic ka ekuxazululeni izinkinga, ngaphandle okwandisa yinye akazange avumele emizimbeni akhethwe ukuba siphishekele umgomo emhlabathini.

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