I-Holography i ... Umqondo, isimiso sesenzo, isicelo

Isithombe se-holographic manje siyasetshenziswa kakhulu. Abanye baze bakholelwe ukuthi ekugcineni kungashintsha indlela eyaziwayo yokuxhumana. Ngakho noma cha, kodwa kakade manje sekusetshenziselwa ukusebenzisana ngezimboni ezihlukahlukene. Isibonelo, sonke siyazi ama-stickgraphic stickers. Abakhiqizi abaningi bawasebenzisa njengendlela yokuzivikela ekusetshenzisweni kocingo. Isithombe ngezansi sibonisa izinsimbi ze-holographic. Ukusebenzisa kwabo kuyindlela ephumelela kakhulu yokuvikela izimpahla noma amadokhumenti kusuka ekusebenziseni izinto.

Umlando wokutadisha i-holography

Isithombe esilandelayo esitholakala ngenxa yokukhishwa kwemibala saqala ukufundiswa maduzane. Noma kunjalo, singakwazi kakade sikhulume ngokukhona komlando wesifundo sakhe. UDennis Gabor, ososayensi waseNgilandi, ngo-1948 okokuqala ngqume ukuthi iyiphi i-holography. Lokhu kutholakala kwakubaluleke kakhulu, kodwa ukubaluleka kwayo ngaleso sikhathi kwakungakacaci. Abacwaningi abasebenza eminyakeni yama-1950 babhekene nokungabikho komthombo okhanya ngokubambisana, impahla ebaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni i-holography. I-laser yokuqala yenziwa ngo-1960. Ngalesi divayisi, kungenzeka ukuthola ukukhanya kube nokubambisana okwanele. I-Юрис Упатниекс kanye ne-Иммет Лейт, ososayensi baseMelika, bayisebenzise ekudaleni i-holograms yokuqala. Ngesizo sabo, izithombe zentathu-ntathu yezinto zatholakala.

Eminyakeni elandelayo, ucwaningo lwaqhubeka. Amakhulu ama-athikili esayense lapho kushiwo khona i-holography eshicilelwe, kanti nezincwadi eziningana ezinikezwe kule ndlela zishicilelwe. Kodwa-ke, le misebenzi iqondiswa kubachwepheshe, hhayi kumfundi jikelele. Kulesi sihloko, sizozama ukukhuluma ngawo wonke ulimi olutholakalayo.

Kuyini i-holography?

Singakwazi ukuphakamisa incazelo elandelayo: i-holography iyisithombe esithandwa yi-laser. Kodwa-ke, le ncazelo ayinelisekile ngokuphelele, ngoba kunezinye izinhlobo eziningi zezithombe ezintathu. Noma kunjalo, kubonisa okubaluleke kunazo zonke: i-holography yindlela yobuchwepheshe evumela ukuthi "urekhode" ukubukeka kwezinto; Ngosizo lwaso sithola isithombe sesithathu-ntathu esibonakala njengento yangempela; Ukusetshenziswa kwama-lasers kwadlala indima enkulu ekuthuthukiseni kwayo.

I-Holography nesicelo sayo

Ukufunda nge-holography kwenza kube lula ukucacisa imibuzo eminingi exhunywe nesithombe esivamile. Njengoba ubuciko bokubukwa, isithombe se-3D singansekela ngisho nakamuva, ngoba ikuvumela ukuba ubonise izwe elizungezile ngokunembile nangendlela efanele.

Ngesinye isikhathi ososayensi bahlukanisa imidwebo emlandweni wesintu ngokuxhumana, okwakwaziwa kulabo noma kwamanye eminyaka. Ungasho, ngokwesibonelo, mayelana nama-hieroglyphics ase-EGibhithe lasendulo, mayelana nokusungulwa komshini wokunyathelisa ngo-1450 . Ngokuphathelene nentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe egcinwe esikhathini sethu, izindlela ezintsha zokuxhumana, njengethelevishini nama-telefoni, zithathe isikhundla esiphezulu. Nakuba isimiso se-holographic sisasencane, uma sikhuluma ngokusetshenziswa kwayo emithonjeni yezindaba, kunezizathu zokukholelwa ukuthi amadivayisi asekelwe kuso esikhathini esizayo azokwazi ukushintsha indlela yokuxhumana eyaziwayo noma okungenani yandisa ububanzi bokusetshenziswa kwabo.

Izincwadi ze-Sci-fi kanye nomshini wokucubungula ngokuvamile uveza i-holography ekukhanyeni okungalungile, okuphazamisayo. Ngokuvamile badala ukungaqondi kahle ngale ndlela. Isithombe se-volumetric esibonwe okokuqala, i-bewitches. Kodwa-ke, incazelo ebonakalayo yesimiso sesakhiwo ayiyona into emangalisayo.

Indlela yokungafani

Ikhono lokubona izinto lisekelwe eqinisweni lokuthi amaza agesi, aphikisiwe noma abonakala kuwo, awela emehlo ethu. Amagagasi okhanyayo aboniswa ngento ekhonjiswe ukuma kwe-wave front ehambisana nokuma kwalento. Isithombe sezinhlobo ezimnyama nezikhanyayo (noma imigqa) yenza amaqembu amabili amaza ahambisanayo aphazamisayo. Yile ndlela iholo holography eyenziwa ngayo. Kulesi simo, lezi zibopho ezimweni ezithile zihlanganisa inhlanganisela exhomeke ekujuleni kwamagagasi, okuhlangene nomunye nomunye. Lesi sithombe sibizwa ngokuthi ukuphazamiseka. Kungagcinwa, isibonelo, esitokisini sezithombe, uma usibeka endaweni lapho ukuphazamiseka kwamagagasi kubonakala khona .

Izinhlobonhlobo zehologramu

Ngendlela evumela ukuthi urekhode (irekhoda) phambili kwegagasi kuboniswa kuleso sento, bese ubuyisela ukuze umbukeli acabange ukuthi ubona into yangempela, futhi yi-holography. Lokhu kuyimpumelelo, echazwe ukuthi isithombe esiphumelele si-tatu-dimensional ngezinga elifanayo njengento yangempela.

Kunezinhlobonhlobo eziningi ze-hologram lapho kulula ukudideka khona. Ukuze uhloniphe ngokukhethekile uhlobo oluthile lwezilwane, kufanele usebenzise izichasiselo ezine noma eziyisihlanu. Kuzo zonke eziningi zazo, sizocabangela kuphela izifundo eziyinhloko ukuthi i-holography yesimanje isebenzisa. Kodwa-ke, okokuqala sidinga ukutshela okuncane ngendaba efana ne-wave njengoba i-diffraction. Ivumela ukuthi sikwazi ukuklama (noma kunalokho, sibuyise kabusha) ngaphambili.

I-Diffraction

Uma into isendleleni yokukhanya, idonsa isithunzi. Ukukhanya kuhambazula le nto, ngokuya endaweni yangasese. Lo mphumela ubizwa ngokuthi i-diffraction. Kuchazwa yi-nature wave wave of light, kodwa kunzima ukuyichaza ngokucacile.

Ngendlela encane kakhulu lapho ukukhanya kungena khona esifundeni sezithunzi, ngakho-ke cishe asiqapheli. Kodwa-ke, uma sisendleleni kunezithiyo eziningi ezincane, ubude obuphakathi kwamapulangwe ambalwa nje omsakazo wokukhanya, lo mphumela ubonakala ngokucacile.

Uma i-wave front iwela esivinini esikhulu esisodwa, ingxenye ehambisana nayo iyawa, okuyinto engathinti isifunda esisele saso esivela phambili. Uma kuningi izithiyo ezincane ezisendleleni, lishintsha ngenxa ye-diffraction ukuze ukukhanya okusabalalisa ngaphesheya kwesithiyo kuyoba ne-qualitatively different wave front.

Ukuguqulwa kunamandla kangangokuthi ukukhanya kuqala ukusabalalisa ngisho nakolunye uhlangothi. Kulandela ukuthi ukuhlukahluka kusivumela ukuba sishintshe phambili kwangaphambili kwegagasi ibe yinto ehluke ngokuphelele kuyo. Ngakho-ke, ukuhlukahluka yiyona ndlela esithola ngayo isifuba esisha. Idivaysi eyenza njengoba ichazwe ngenhla ibhekwa njenge- grraction grating. Masikhulume ngakho ngokuningiliziwe.

I-Diffraction grating

Kuyinto ipuleti elincane elinemigqa ehambisanayo ehambisanayo efanayo (imigqa) esetshenziswa kuyo. Zihlukanisiwe ngekhulu noma ngisho nenkulungwane yemilimitha. Kwenzekani uma i-laser ibhambela endleleni yayo ihlangana ne-grating equkethe amaqoqo amaningana acwebezelayo amnyama nekhanyayo? Ingxenye yayo izohamba ngqo nge-lattice, futhi i-bend - bend. Ngakho-ke, kwakhiwa imishayo emibili eshiya i-grating ngenye indlela eya ku-ray yangempela futhi ihlangothini layo. Uma kwenzeka ukuthi i-laser eyodwa ibhaliswe, isibonelo, iplanethi yomsindo wezindiza, imishayo emisha emibili eyakhiwe kamuva ngemuva kwayo izoba nezindawo ezivulekile. Ngakho-ke, ngokudlulisa i-laser beam nge-grraction grating, sakha i-front front amabili entsha (flat). Kubonakala sengathi i-grraction grating ingabhekwa njengesibonelo esilula kakhulu sehologramu.

Ukubhaliswa kwehologramu

Isingeniso kwimigomo eyisisekelo ye-holography kufanele iqale ngokucwaninga kwamabili ama-wave fronts. Ukusebenzisana, bakha iphethini lokuphazanyiswa, elirekhodiwe epulazini lesithombe elifakwa endaweni efanayo neskrini. Lesi sigaba senqubo (yokuqala) ku-holography kubizwa ngokuthi ukurekhoda (noma ukubhaliswa) kwehologramu.

Ukuthola isithombe

Sizocabangela ukuthi elinye lamagagasi ezindiza yi-A kanti eyesibili yi-B. I-wave A ibizwa ngokuthi i-wave wave, futhi uB yi-wave objective, okungukuthi, kuboniswa ngento okufakwe isithombe sayo. Ngeke ihluke noma yini kusuka ku-wave wave. Kodwa-ke, lapho udala i-hologram yezinto zangempela ezintathu, ububanzi obunzima bokukhanya buboniswa kusukela into eyenziwe.

Iphethini lokuphazamiseka elifakwe kwifilimu yezithombe (okungukuthi, isithombe se-diffraction grating) - yilo hologram. Ingafakwa endleleni yegobolondo eliyisisekelo (isibhamu sokukhanya kwe-laser esine-front wave wave). Kulolu cala, kwakhiwa ama-fronts amabili amasha omabili emaceleni omabili. Eyokuqala kubo ikhophi eqondile ye-wave front subject, eyosakazwa ngendlela efanayo nomswakama B. Lesi sigaba esichazwe ngenhla sibizwa ngokuthi ukwakha isithombe.

Inqubo yeHolographic

Iphethini lokuphazanyiswa elabangelwa amagagasi amabili ahambelana nomkhumbi, ngemva kokuliqopha epulatifini elithombeni, iyisidingo esivumela umuntu ukuba aphinde avuse elinye igagasi lendiza uma kukhanyiswa elinye lamagagasi. Ngakho-ke, inqubo ye-holographic inezigaba ezilandelayo: ukubhalisa nokugcina "kokugcina" kwe-wave front subject ngendlela ye-hologram (iphethini lokuphazamiseka), nokubuyiswa kwayo emva kwanoma yisiphi isikhathi njengoba umtshina wokubhekisisa udlula ihologram.

I-wave wave yemigomo ingaba yilokho. Isibonelo, singabonakaliswa ngento ethile yangempela, uma kungumvuthwandaba ohambisanayo. Eqanjwe yiziphi izingxenye ezimbili zokuzungeza ngokuhambisana, iphethini lokuphazamiseka yisisetshenziswa esivumela ukuthi enye yalezi zintambo iguqulwe ibe yinye ngokuhlukaniswa. Kulapha ukuthi isihluthulelo sesiqalo, njenge-holography, sifihliwe. UDennis Gabor nguye owokuqala ukuthola le ndawo.

Ukuqaphela isithombe esakhiwa yi-hologram

Esikhathini sethu, idivayisi ekhethekile isetshenziselwa ukufunda i-holograms - iphrojekthi ye-holographic. Ikuvumela ukuba uguqule isithombe kusuka kokubili kuya kwezingu-ezintathu-ntathu. Noma kunjalo, ukuze ubuke ama-hologram alula, iprojekti ye-holographic ayidingekile nhlobo. Asichaze kafushane ukuthi ungabuka kanjani lezo zithombe.

Ukuze uqaphele isithombe esakhiwe yi-hologram elula, kuyadingeka ukuyibeka cishe emkhatsini wamamitha ayi-1 esweni. Ngomshini we-diffraction, umuntu kufanele abheke indlela okuqhutshwa ngayo amagagasi ezindiza (kabusha). Njengoba kuyizindiza zezindiza eziwela esweni lombukeli, isithombe sokuhlanza sisezingeni eliphansi. Kubonakala ngaphambi kwethu "njengodonga oluyimpumputhe", olukhanyiswa ngokukhanya okuba nombala ofanayo nomsakazo we-laser ohambelanayo . Njengoba lolu "donga" lungenalo izici ezithile, akunakwenzeka ukuthi unqume ukuthi likude kangakanani. Kubonakala sengathi ubheka udonga olunwetshiwe olunezintambo ezingaphelele, kodwa ubona ingxenye yalo kuphela ongayibona ngokusebenzisa "iwindi" encane, okungukuthi i-hologram. Ngenxa yalokho, i-hologram yindawo ebonakalayo ekhanyayo esingaboni lutho olufanelekile ukunakwa.

I-grraction grating (hologram) isisiza ukuba sigcine imiphumela eminingana elula. Kungabonakala futhi besebenzisa i-hologram yehlobo oluhlukile. Ukudlula i-grraction grating, igoli elikhanyayo liyahlukana, kwenziwa imishayo emibili emisha. Ngosizo lwamapayipi emisebe ye-laser, kungenzeka ukuba ukhanyise noma iyiphi i-grraction grating. Kulesi simo, imisebe kufanele ihluke kumbala osetshenzisiwe uma ibhalwa. I-angle yokujikijela isigxobo sombala sincike kumbala onayo. Uma ibomvu (i-wave eside kunazo zonke), khona-ke intambo enjalo igoqa ngecala elikhulu kunebhokisi elihlaza okwesibhakabhaka elinenani elincane kakhulu.

Ngokusebenzisa i-grraction grating, ungakwazi ukweqa ingxube yayo yonke imibala, okungukuthi, emhlophe. Kulesi simo, ingxenye ngayinye yombala yale hologram iyigugu ngaphansi kwe-angle yayo. Ekuphumeni, i-spectrum efana neyadalwa i-prism yenziwa.

Ukubeka imivimbo yokugaya

Ukujatshulwa kwe-grraction grating kufanele kwenziwe eduze kakhulu komunye nomunye ukuze ukuvuthwa kwemibala kubonakale. Isibonelo, ukugoqa ibhilidi elibomvu ngo-20 ° kuyadingeka ukuthi ibanga eliphakathi kwemivimbo alidluli ku-0.002 mm. Uma zibekwe eduze, i-ray yokukhanya iqala ukugoba ngisho nangaphezulu. Ukuze "urekhode" leli gridi, udinga ipuleti yezithombe ezikwazi ukurekhoda imininingwane encane kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubalulekile ukuthi ipuleti ihlale ihlala kahle ngesikhathi sokuchayeka, kanye nokubhaliswa.

Isithombe singafakwa kakhulu, ngisho nokunyakaza kancane, nokuningi kangangokuthi ngeke kuhlukaniswe ngokuphelele. Kulesi simo ngeke sibone iphethini yokuphazamiseka, kodwa isitsha seglasi, ngokufana nomnyama noma grey kuyo yonke indawo. Yiqiniso, kulokhu, imiphumela ye-diffraction ekhishwa yi-grraction grating ngeke iphindwe kabusha.

I-hologram yokudlulisa nokubonisa

I-grraction grating ecatshangwa yithi ibizwa ngokuthi i-grating transmission, ngoba yenza ngokukhanya kwayo. Uma sisebenzisa imigqa yegridi hhayi epulazini elibala, kodwa esibusweni sesibuko, sithola i-diffraction grating ibonakala. Kubonisa ukukhanya kwemibala ehlukahlukene kusuka emazingeni ahlukene. Ngakho-ke, kunezigaba ezimbili ezinkulu zeholograms - ukucabangela nokudlulisa. Izangaphambili zitholakala ekukhanyeni okubonakalayo, kanti lokhu kukhanya ekukhanyeni okudlulisiwe.